E.国家检定要求

<正>1.总则 按修订的第1号生物制品规程B部分有关检定实验室的基本要求执行。(生产单应和检定实验室的基本要求) 国家质控当局应为人血和血液制品的质量检定的需要提供标准品和参考制品。在适宜情况下,这些标准应与相应的国际标准进行标校。     

一株有争议的志贺氏菌的抗原分析与血清型检定

对中国医学细菌保藏管理中心所存,1935年国外分离,国内检定结果不一的一株志贺氏菌51331进行了详细的抗原分析,确定为福氏志贺氏菌X变种。 该菌能与国内外出品的福氏3型特异血清发生交叉凝集的原因,主要是由于上述诊断用血清中交叉反应性抗体尚未吸收纯净,至少没用类似51331这样的菌株参与成品血清检定的缘故。因此,建议在生产福氏3型特异血清时,应用本菌种参与检定以提高制品质量。本菌种作为诊断血清检定时用的菌种是十分有价值的。     

组分菌疫苗质量管理的几个问题——(中华预防医学会生物制品学会庆祝中华人民共和国成立四十周年论文报告会演讲稿)

<正> WHO给生物制品下的定义是:“效价或安全性检定仅凭物理化学的方法或技术不足以解决问题而必须采用生物学法检定的制品”。换言之,即不采用动物实验、微生物或动物细胞实验就不能确定其有效性的存在或程度以及影响其安全性的各种性状,这样的制品称微生物制品。根据这一定义,即使从前曾属于生物制品的某些制品也将随着科学技术的进步,一旦其有效成分的化学结构或物理学结构被弄清楚之后。生物学检定法就可能是不必要的,这么     

氯化钠及蛋白浓度对胎盘血白蛋白热原检定结果的影响

人胎盘血白蛋白是目前临床治疗中广泛使用的血液制剂之一,严格检定和控制其热原,是保证制品质量的一个重要环节。一九七二年,我们按照全国各生物制品研究所统一制定的《胎盘血白蛋白暂行质量标准》进行热原检定工作中,曾发现样品蛋白浓度(蛋白总量不变)对检定结果有很大影响。如2010批胎白,在冻干前用10%蛋白浓度检定热原,家兔平均升温为0.65℃(不合格),冻干后用25%蛋白浓度检定,结果家     

注射用重组人干扰素α2b冻干制剂稳定性试验

本文通过对三批注射用重组人干扰素α２ｂ（ｒＩＦＮ－α２ｂ）冻干制剂在不同温度下,保存不同时间取样,对其外观、生物学活性、ｐＨ值、溶解状态及无菌试验等各项理化指标的观察试验,结果本品的冻干制剂在－２０℃和４－８℃的条件下保存４２个月,其上述各项检定指标无明显变化,均符合质检规程,即本文制品在此条件下稳定性良好,有效期可定为三年。同时说明该产品的生产工艺稳定。     

重组双功能水蛭素质量标准研究

以生色底物法测定抗凝血酶活性,比浊法测定抗血小板聚集活性,还原型SDS-PAGE测定分子量,SDS-PAGE和反相高效液相色谱测定纯度,毛细管电泳法测定等电点,胰蛋白酶酶切后进行肽图分析,其余检测项目按《中国药典》2005版三部规定进行。结果显示,用建立的方法对原液和成品进行了检定,各项指标均符合《人用重组DNA制品质量控制技术指导原则》和《中国药典》2005版三部的要求。建立的质控方法和质量标准具有保证产品安全、有效、质量可控的特点,可用于重组双功能水蛭素产品的常规检定。     

人用狂犬病疫苗效力检定方法的改进

人用狂犬病疫苗的效力检定,各所均采用Habel氏法,唯该法需时较长,相应地延长了制品的生产周期,影响制品的及时发出。 毛主席教导我们:“在生产斗争和科学实验范围内,人类总是不断发展的,自然界也总是不断发展的,永远不会停止在一个水平上。”我们总结了多年狂犬疫苗效力检定的经验,在Habel氏法的基础上作了某些简化,结合生产检定与原法作了比较,(以     

1975年以来在美国正常人血清白蛋白经鲎变形细胞溶解物检验而发放的总结报告

<正>美国生物制品检定所对领有生产执照厂商所出品的5和25％正常人血清白蛋白(NSA)和纯制蛋白组份(PPF)负有检定和批准发放的责任。规定每批制品应不含或含极少热原物质,从而用于输注人体不得发生热原反应。直至最近,传统的家兔检定热原法是保证这类制品安全的唯一方法。当前,美国生物制品检定所由于人力、试验室以及实验动物场所的限制,只能对送检制品的一小部分进行抽检。 但是,在过去18个多月里,随着鲎变形     

血液制剂鲎试验的标定

<正>在爱丁堡血浆蛋白组份分离中心采用鲎变形细胞溶解物试验(LAL试验,简称鲎试验)以检测制品中热原质的存在与含量已经有4—5年了。由于鲎试验尚不是检定血液制剂中热原质的法定公认方法,一切成品的热原质检定仍按欧洲药典规定的家兔热原检定法与鲎试验平行进行。 鲎试验法与家兔检定方法之间对于如蒸馏水与晶体溶液之类制品已有良好的相互关系。     

生物检定实验室质量体系建设及考虑要点

完善的实验室质量体系是保证检测结果可靠性的关键。本文主要介绍实验室质量体系建设的基本要求,并针对生物检定实验室的特点,结合世界卫生组织疫苗质量管理实验室质量体系培训的内容,介绍生物检定实验室质量体系建设的考虑要点。主要内容涉及人员与培训、生物安全、仪器设备的校准、验证和维护、实验方法验证、实验结果超出质量标准规定的处理、标准品管理、实验室内部审核与年度审评等。     

The clastogenic potential in vitro of pyrrolizidine alkaloids employing hepatocyte metabolism.

Three pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), monocrotaline, retrorsine and isatidine, were tested for their clastogenic activity under different conditions of metabolic activation in vitro. All three compounds exhibited a weak activity when V79 cells were treated at very high concentrations for 18 h in the absence of a metabolizing system. Short-term (2 h) treatment with rat liver S9 mix led to a strong and concentration-dependent increase in chromosomal aberrations for retrorsine. Isatidine was not mutagenic with S9 mix and monocrotaline was positive at high concentrations only. In contrast, a prolonged treatment (18 h) in vitro under activation conditions in the presence of primary hepatocytes led to clear concentration-dependent positive responses for all three PAs investigated. Particularly the results with isatidine demonstrate that in vitro tests using S9 mix for metabolization can generate misleading results. It is not clear whether the results could be attributed to a better activation of the test compounds by intact hepatocytes in comparison to S9 mix or if the fact that only hepatocytes allow a treatment for the whole culture period under activation conditions was more important. Owing to its strong cytotoxicity the exposure to S9 mix is generally limited to 2-4 h, limiting also the exposure of the target cells to a test chemical as well as its metabolites. The results presented show significant differences in mutagenic potency of PAs due to variations in the activation system. This underlines the usefulness of primary hepatocytes, e.g., for the detection of pre-mutagens. The PAs investigated are present in plants which are used for phytotherapeutic medicinal products. They do not contribute to their efficacy and are, therefore, not to be tolerated in amounts that may impose a risk for the user.     

New Approach for the Application of USP Apparatus 3 in Dissolution Tests: Case Studies of Three Antihypertensive Immediate-Release Tablets

The USP Apparatus 3 is a compendial dissolution Apparatus that has been mainly used to assess the performance of modified-release drug products. However, this Apparatus can be applied to dissolution testing of immediate-release tablets as well, with several advantages such as lower consumption of dissolution media, reduced setup time in quality control routine, and minimized hydrodynamic issues. In this work, three immediate-release (IR) tablets containing antihypertensive drugs of different Biopharmaceutic Classification System (BCS) classes were evaluated in order to assess the possible interchangeability between the official dissolution method using typical USP Apparatus 1 or 2 and the proposed methods using USP Apparatus 3. Depending on the selection of the appropriate operational conditions, such as dip rate and sieve mesh size, it was observed that USP Apparatus 3 could provide similar dissolution profiles compared to USP Apparatus 1 or 2 to the drug products tested. In addition, USP Apparatus 3 avoided conning issues related to USP Apparatus 2. The successful application of USP Apparatus 3 in dissolution tests for IR drug products depends on the definition of specific test conditions for each product, considering all the equipment variables, as well as drug and formulation characteristics.     

WHO/KFDA joint workshop on implementing WHO guidelines on evaluating similar biotherapeutic products, Seoul, Republic of Korea 24-26 August, 2010

In August 2010, the World Health Organization and the Korea Food & Drug Administration jointly organized the first implementation workshop of WHO guidelines on evaluating similar biotherapeutic products (SBPs) at the global level. The objective of the Workshop was to facilitate implementation of the newly adopted WHO Guidelines into the practice of national regulatory authorities (NRAs). WHO Guidelines were recognized by the workshop participants as a tool for harmonizing regulatory requirements worldwide. By reviewing and practicing several case studies, better understanding and consensus on the principles of clinical trial designs were reached. However, variations in terms of the national requirements for quality, safety and efficacy of these products revealed diversity in the regulatory expectations in different countries and regions. In addition, lack of terminology for the products developed as copy products (so called "me too" products) with a partial comparability to an RBP, led to a great diversity in evaluating as well as naming these products. The workshop participants proposed the following actions: a) NRAs should make efforts to build their capacities for regulation of SBPs; b) WHO should revise WHO Guidelines for assuring the quality of products prepared by recombinant DNA technology (WHO TRS 814) and continue monitoring progress with the implementation of the Guidelines on evaluating SBPs. Publication of the outcome of the Workshop was recognized as another action that WHO should coordinate.     

Investigation of parameters that affect the success rate of microarray-based allele-specific hybridization assays

Background

The development of microarray-based genetic tests for diseases that are caused by known mutations is becoming increasingly important. The key obstacle to developing functional genotyping assays is that such mutations need to be genotyped regardless of their location in genomic regions. These regions include large variations in G+C content, and structural features like hairpins.

Methods/Findings

We describe a rational, stable method for screening and combining assay conditions for the genetic analysis of 42 Phenylketonuria-associated mutations in the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene. The mutations are located in regions with large variations in G+C content (20–75%). Custom-made microarrays with different lengths of complementary probe sequences and spacers were hybridized with pooled PCR products of 12 exons from each of 38 individual patient DNA samples. The arrays were washed with eight buffers with different stringencies in a custom-made microfluidic system. The data were used to assess which parameters play significant roles in assay development.

Conclusions

Several assay development methods found suitable probes and assay conditions for a functional test for all investigated mutation sites. Probe length, probe spacer length, and assay stringency sufficed as variable parameters in the search for a functional multiplex assay. We discuss the optimal assay development methods for several different scenarios.     

流行性感冒裂解疫苗的研制

作为换代产品,流行性感冒裂解疫苗的研制已取得突破性进展,根据WHO有关规程的规定和大量的试验研究结果。完整建立了该疫苗的生产工艺和生产质量控制系统,完成了“流行性感冒裂解疫苗制造及检定规程”等规定性文件的起草和审核工作,以中试规模连续生产了三批疫苗并全部自检合格,通过疫苗稳定性试验,效力试验,异常毒性试验及过敏性试验等观察。进一步肯定了疫苗的质量。     

Predictors of success of semen cryopreservation in chickens

Semen cryopreservation is very important for the ex situ management of genetic diversity in birds but it is rarely used. This is partly because of the highly variable success rates, and this emphasizes the need for predictors of semen freezability. This study evaluated the ability of semen quality tests to predict the success rates of semen cryopreservation in chickens and the relationships between each test. Individual variations of in vitro quality tests of semen were compared to the fertility obtained with fresh and cryopreserved semen. The in vitro semen quality tests represented viability, integrity, motility (percentage of viable and morphologically normal cells (PVN); mass motility (MMOT) and different motion parameters including percentage of motile spermatozoa (PMOT)) and biophysical tests (OSM, resistance to osmotic stress; membrane fluidity (FLUID)). Different in vitro tests were significantly correlated between each other for fresh (MMOT, PVN and FLUID, many criteria of objective motility) and cryopreserved semen (MMOT, different objective motility parameters, PVN). Fertility was significantly correlated with PVN for fresh semen and PVN and different objective motility criteria for cryopreserved semen. Membrane fluidity, followed by PVN, PMOT and MMOT, measured on fresh semen samples was positively correlated with fertility obtained with cryopreserved semen. The combination of the first three tests explained 85% of the variability of fertility observed with cryopreserved semen. In conclusion, we showed that different in vitro tests of semen quality are of predictive value for the success rate of semen cryopreservation in the chicken, the most accurate being membrane fluidity.     

从兽用生物制品企业角度看我国SPF鸡质量控制现状

SPF鸡和鸡胚是兽用生物制品生产和检验环节的主要原材料,直接影响到产品质量和检验结果,2010年版《中国兽药典》（三部）附录《生产、检验用动物标准》明确要求,用于禽类制品毒种制备与鉴定、病毒活疫苗生产与检验、灭活疫苗检验的鸡和鸡胚应符合国家无特定病原体（SPF级）动物标准.SPF鸡的质量控制包括遗传、微生物、环境和营养四个方面,本文主要从兽用生物制品生产企业的角度,分析国内SPF鸡质控指标,结合禽用活疫苗生产和检验实践,提出对SPF鸡质量控制的思考和建议.     

Product quality research institute evaluation of cascade impactor profiles of pharmaceutical aerosols, part 3: Final report on a statistical procedure for determining equivalence

The purpose of this article is to report final results of the evaluation of a chi-square ratio test proposed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for demonstrating equivalence of aerodynamic particle size distribution (APSD) profiles of nasal and orally inhaled drug products. A working group of the Product Quality Research Institute previously published results demonstrating some limitations of the proposed test. In an effort to overcome the test's limited discrimination, the group proposed a supplemental test, a population bioequivalence (PBE) test for impactor-sized mass (ISM). In this final report the group compares the chi-square ratio test to the ISM-PBE test and to the combination of both tests. The basis for comparison is a set of 55 realistic scenarios of cascade impactor data, which were evaluated for equivalence by the statistical tests and independently by the group members. In many instances, the combined application of these 2 tests appeared to increase the discriminating ability of the statistical procedure compared with the chi-square ratio test alone. In certain situations the chi-square ratio test alone was sufficient to determine equivalence of APSD profiles, while in other situations neither of the tests alone nor their combination was adequate. This report describes all of these scenarios and results. In the end, the group did not recommend a statistical test for APSD profile equivalence. The group did not investigate other in vitro tests, in vivo issues, or other statistical tests for APSD profile comparisons. The studied tests are not intended for routine quality control of APSD.     

Genotoxic effects of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) in cultured mammalian cells are not independently reproducible

Conflicting results have been published regarding the induction of genotoxic effects by exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). Using the comet assay, the micronucleus test and the chromosome aberration test with human fibroblasts (ES1 cells), the EU-funded "REFLEX" project (Risk Evaluation of Potential Environmental Hazards From Low Energy Electromagnetic Field Exposure Using Sensitive in vitro Methods) reported clearly positive effects for various exposure conditions. Because of the ongoing discussion on the biological significance of the effects observed, it was the aim of the present study to independently repeat the results using the same cells, the same equipment and the same exposure conditions. We therefore exposed ES1 cells to RF-EMF (1800 MHz; SAR 2 W/kg, continuous wave with intermittent exposure) for different time periods and then performed the alkaline (pH>13) comet assay and the micronucleus test (MNT). For both tests, clearly negative results were obtained in independently repeated experiments. We also performed these experiments with V79 cells, a sensitive Chinese hamster cell line that is frequently used in genotoxicity testing, and also did not measure any genotoxic effect in the comet assay and the MNT. Appropriate measures of quality control were considered to exclude variations in the test performance, failure of the RF-EMF exposure or an evaluation bias. The reasons for the difference between the results reported by the REFLEX project and our experiments remain unclear.     

Evaluation of the applicability of the bacterial endotoxin test to antibiotic products.

Fundamental conditions for applying the bacterial endotoxin test to antibiotic products were investigated so as not to affect the level of regulation by the rabbit pyrogen test. According to accuracy evaluation of test methods, the kinetic-turbidimetric and kinetic-colourimetric assays were shown to allow more accurate measurement and, therefore, more sensitive detection of interference to the bacterial endotoxin test than the gel-clot method. In total, 102 antibiotic products were evaluated on their interfering effect to show that the antibiotics could be categorized into three groups depending on intensity of the interference. Although the test was shown to be applicable even to the group showing the strongest interference, it was assumed to be crucial to use appropriate reagents and an accurate test method for avoiding approval of a pyrogenic product. Accordingly, lists of antibiotics are presented to provide limits of concentration for eliminating interference and endotoxin limits for approval to facilitate effective bacterial endotoxin tests.