以摇瓶所得摄氧率为基准进行发酵放大

通过设计特殊摇瓶,用亚硫酸盐法测出摇瓶口纱布层氧通透率的基础上,在实际发酵情况下通过测定瓶内气、液相氧的变化得出其发酵过程中的摄氧率(OUR)及氧传递系数(K_La)。以特制摇瓶取得的菌体CUR为基准进行发酵过程和发酵罐的放大。通过质谱仪在线检测及采样分析,研究了3种不同供气流量及搅拌转速下的放大结果。摇瓶与发酵罐在菌体OUR、菌体产量方面吻合很好,而在整个放大过程中,发现摇瓶与发酵罐内的氧传递系数(K_La)、溶解氧(C_L)差异较大。     

CellCul－20A反应器的丝网间液体交换速率及氧传递模型

针对笼式通气搅拌生物反应器的特点,本文提出了一种简单可信的测量丝网内外液体交换速率的实验方法,根据此方法,在CellCul-20 A生物反应器中得出了通过丝网的液体交换速率关联式: 单层丝网：Qs=1．93×1O^-5N^1.81+1．13×10^-4UG^0.61(Ⅰ) 双层丝网：Qs=3．42×10^-5N^1.49+1．46×10^-4UG ^0.68 (Ⅱ)并在此基础上,建立了台适的深层通气的氧传递模型,得到： 1- 1- 1- (K_La)d.Vc Qs + Vb.[(K_La)b-(K_La)d](Ⅲ)理论分析和实验结果表明,增大丝网内的液体体积和提高丝网内的氧传递速率,可以有效地提高反应器的体积氧传递系数。     

低高径比喷射环流生化反应器流体力学和发酵性能的研究

对高径比s≤2．5喷射环流生化反应器的流体力学和传质特性进行了系统的研究,选出反应器的最佳结构,关联出氧的体积传递系数(k_La)表达式。在此基础上,进行了谷氨酸发酵试验,摸索出用该设备进行各氨酸发酵的最佳工艺条件,使5批一次性投糖发酵的糖酸转化率达到50％以上。     

高等植物光系统Ⅱ中强光照射产生超氧阴离子自由基的ESR探索

利用自旋捕捉电子顺磁共振（ESR）的方法对从菠菜叶绿体中分离提纯的光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)颗粒产生O₂^-_·的机理进行了直接检测.通过对样品充氧、加入超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）抑制剂四氰乙烯（TCNE）以及原位光照检测ESR信号等手段，在PSⅡ中检测到O₂^-_·与DMPO加合物的特征ESR信号.而在没有SOD抑制剂的情况下，光照时PSⅡ中O₂^-_·与DMPO加合物浓度显著下降.进一步实验发现PSⅡ中O₂^-_·产率与氧分子浓度直接正相关.O₂^-_·产率还具有pH值依赖性，在pH值为6.0～6.5范围内，O₂^-_·产率最高，大于此范围时则呈显著下降趋势.而PSⅡ颗粒的Tris处理也将导致O₂^-_·产率的急剧减少.以上结果证实水裂解放氧十分活跃的PSⅡ也是高等植物叶绿体在光照下产生活性O₂^-_·的主要部位，通常大部分的O₂^-_·能被内源SOD清除，且O₂^-_·的生成与PSⅡ的电子传递活性密切相关.     

超氧化物歧化酶模拟化合物的生物活性研究

根据天然超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性部位结构合成了含苯并咪唑的5种配体及其32种分别含Cu（Ⅱ）、Fe（Ⅲ）、Mn（Ⅱ）、Co（Ⅱ）的模拟化合物.经光谱、电化学测试证明这些化合物具有拟S3D活性,其50％抑制率浓度（IC50）为10-6～10-8mol·L-1,催化超氧离子自由基（O-·2）歧化的反应速率常数kq为106～108mol-1·L·s-1.同时观察到几种模拟化合物有抗肿瘤活性或增强水稻抗寒性.     

金针菇FV088菌株液体培养工艺的研究

通过单因子试验统计分析,优化筛选了适于金针菇（Flammulinavelutipes）FV088的适宜培养基和摇瓶培养条件,结果表明,其适宜的液体培养基组成为：5.0％玉米粉,2．0％鼓皮,0．L％KH₂PO₄,0．05％MgSO₄·7H₂O,10μgVB₁／100ml,50μgVB₂／100ml;适宜的摇瓶培养条件为：培养基的起始pH6．0～7．0,500ml     

喷射自吸管式生化反应器研究

本文研究了喷射自吸管式生化反应器的吸气及所液传质特性,提出了吸气量(Qs)和容积氧传递系数(kLa)的数学表达式：Qg=5.2×10^-2W^0.144_cLR^0.079_cD(L-D)^0.328D²_nPoπ——P^o_gTo[(D-Dn)²-1](Pn-Pl)-1)(Kla)₁=0.999(W-V)^0.38V^0.90_sg(L-D)^-0.16(Kla)2=1.003(W-V)^0.71V^0.28_sg(L-D)^-0.32(加C圈)反应器的具优工况为：L/D=320-400,D/D=2.7—3。8,Pn=5—13×10⁴N/m²。Kla最高达4280h^-1,比能耗为0.72—2.16×10³kJ/kgO₂用于培养饲料酵母,酵母浓度达40.04kg/m³.最大生长速率为6.24kg/m³·h,比能耗为1.66—2.52×10³KJ/kg DBM.空气利用率为10—20%.是一般生化反应器的2—4倍。     

真菌-氧化氮还原酶细胞色素P-450nor 2 cDNA序列的测定

在真菌的反硝化作用中,一种细胞色素P-450起着一氧化氮还原酶的作用,被称为细胞色素P-450nor^[1]。最近的研究发现：真菌细胞色素P-450nor有三种类型。除了缣孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum)P+450nor(即F．P-450nor)外。还有两种存在于柱孢菌(Cylindrocarpon tonkinense)．即C. P-450norl和2^[2]。 F．P-450nox和C．P-450norl能以NADH为直接的电子供体,使NO还原生成N₂O。C. P-450nor2不仅能直接利用NADH。而且能直接利用NADPH．还原NO生成N₂O。F. P-450nor基因已被克隆和测序^[3-4]。本文测定了C．P-450nor2的eDNA编码区全序列,3’非编码区部分序列和5’引导序列。     

云南红豆杉培养细胞系的建立

紫杉醇(Taxol)最初是从红豆杉属植物短叶红豆杉(Taxus brevifolia)树皮中分离出的一种二萜类化合物^[1]．对卵巢癌,转移性乳腺癌和恶性黑色寮瘤等患者疗效显著^[2],全世界红豆杉属植物有近11种,都含紫杉醇成分．但含量很低,加之现存数量很少,生长极为缓慢．造成了紫杉醇原料供应的危机^[3]。紫杉醇化学合成已经成功^[4-6],但繁杂的反应过程及前体化合物来源的限制使得它们无法实现商业化生产。最近从短叶红豆杉中分离出一种生产紫杉醇的内寄生真菌Tgromyer andreanae^[7]．由于紫杉醇含量仅为24～50ng/L．没有实用价值。植物细胞和组织培养可能是解决天然抗肿瘤药物长期供应的有效方法之一^[8]。自1991年Christen等人申请利用红豆杉细胞培养物生产紫杉醇专利以来^[9]．有关红豆杉细胞培养的研究已有不少报^[10-12]。但云南红豆杉(T.yunnanensis)仅见愈伤组织诱导的报道^[13]。本文报道云南红豆杉愈伤组织诱导和细胞培养的初步结果,并分析了细胞培养物中紫杉醇含量。     

微囊化K562细胞生长周期及代谢特性的研究

以K562细胞为模型,分别进行微囊化和游离培养,运用流式细胞术考察两种培养体系下细胞周期和生长代谢变化;建立数学模型,模拟了两种培养体系下细胞的生长活性和代谢特性。实验发现：微囊化培养过程中的K562细胞处于DNA合成期（S期）的百分含量显著高于游离培养,并且细胞保持较高的增殖活性。模型计算表明,所建模型动力学参数能够很好地描述微囊化和游离两种培养体系下细胞的代谢情况;对细胞活性的理论计算表明,微囊化的细胞具有较高的增殖和代谢活性,同时细胞能够较长时间保持此活性;模型参数表明,两种培养体系下,葡萄糖对细胞生长的影响无显著差别 (k^Free_L≈k^APA_L),乳酸对游离培养细胞的生长具有明显抑制作用,但对微囊化培养细胞抑制作用较小(kFreeL>≈kAPAL)。     

Oxygen transfer characteristics of miniaturized bioreactor systems

Since their introduction in 2001 miniaturized bioreactor systems have made great advances in function and performance. In this article the dissolved oxygen (DO) transfer performance of submilliliter microbioreactors, and 1–10 mL minibioreactors was examined. Microbioreactors have reached k_La values of 460 h^?1, and are offering instrumentation and some functionality comparable to production systems, but at high throughput screening volumes. Minibioreactors, aside from one 1,440 h^?1 k_La system, have not offered as high rates of DO transfer, but have demonstrated superior integration with automated fluid handling systems. Microbioreactors have been typically limited to studies with E. coli, while minibioreactors have offered greater versatility in this regard. Further, mathematical relationships confirming the applicability of k_La measurements across all scales have been derived, and alternatives to fluorescence lifetime DO sensors have been evaluated. Finally, the influence on reactor performance of oxygen uptake rate (OUR), and the possibility of its real‐time measurement have been explored. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 1005–1019. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

钙对根际低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗活性氧代谢的影响

采用营养液栽培系统,以黄瓜品种中农8号为材料,研究了Ca2 对根际低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗体内超氧阴离子(O2?-)、过氧化氢(H2O2)、丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱苷肽还原酶(GR)活性的影响.结果表明:低氧胁迫下黄瓜体内活性氧含量和保护酶活性均高于对照;低氧缺钙处理的活性氧含量最高,而保护酶活性却较低;营养液Ca2 浓度提高到8mmol/L后,显著降低了低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗体内MDA、H2O2含量和O?2-产生速率,提高了SOD、POD、CAT、APX、GR活性,说明Ca2 可减少低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗体内活性氧的产生,提高抗氧化酶的活性、降低膜脂过氧化水平,减缓低氧胁迫对植株的伤害,增强黄瓜幼苗对低氧逆境的适应性.     

Oxygen and the Spatial Structure of Microbial Communities

Oxygen has two faces. On one side it is the terminal electron acceptor of aerobic respiration – the most efficient engine of energy metabolism. On the other hand, oxygen is toxic because the reduction of molecular O₂ creates reactive oxygen species such as the superoxide anion, peroxide, and the hydroxyl radical. Probably most prokaryotes, and virtually all eukaryotes, depend on oxygen respiration, and we show that the ambiguous relation to oxygen is both an evolutionary force and a dominating factor driving functional interactions and the spatial structure of microbial communities.We focus on microbial communities that are specialised for life in concentration gradients of oxygen, where they acquire the full panoply of specific requirements from limited ranges of PO₂ , which also support the spatial organisation of microbial communities. Marine and lake sediments provide examples of steep O₂ gradients, which arise because consumption or production of oxygen exceeds transport rates of molecular diffusion. Deep lakes undergo thermal stratification in warm waters, resulting in seasonal anaerobiosis below the thermocline, and lakes with a permanent pycnocline often have permanent anoxic deep water. The oxycline is here biologically similar to sediments, and it harbours similar microbial biota, the main difference being the spatial scale. In sediments, transport is dominated by molecular diffusion, and in the water column, turbulent mixing dominates vertical transport.Cell size determines the minimum requirement of aerobic organisms. For bacteria (and mitochondria), the half‐saturation constant for oxygen uptake ranges within 0.05 – 0.1% atmospheric saturation; for the amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii it is 0.2%, and for two ciliate species measuring around 150 μm, it is 1‐2 % atmospheric saturation. Protection against O₂ toxicity has an energetic cost that increases with increasing ambient O₂ tension. Oxygen sensing seems universal in aquatic organisms. Many aspects of oxygen sensing are incompletely understood, but the mechanisms seem to be evolutionarily conserved. A simple method of studying oxygen preference in microbes is to identify the preferred oxygen tension accumulating in O₂ gradients. Microorganisms cannot sense the direction of a chemical gradient directly, so they use other devices to orient themselves. Different mechanisms in different prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes are described. In O₂ gradients, many bacteria and protozoa are vertically distributed according to oxygen tension and they show a very limited range of preferred PO₂. In some pigmented protists the required PO₂ is contingent on light due to photochemically generated reactive oxygen species. In protists that harbour endosymbiotic phototrophs, orientation towards light is mediated through the oxygen production of their photosynthetic symbionts. Oxygen plays a similar role for the distribution of small metazoans (meiofauna) in sediments, but there is little experimental evidence for this. Thus the oxygenated sediments surrounding ventilated animal burrows provide a special habitat for metazoan meiofauna as well as unicellular organisms.     

Oxygen dynamics in choanosomal sponge explants

Oxygen microprofiles were measured over the boundary layer and into the tissue of 10-day-old cultivated tissue fragments (explants of 2-4 cm³) from the choanosome of the cold-water sponge Geodia barretti with oxygen-sensitive Clark-type microelectrodes. At this time of cultivation, the surface tissue and the aquiferous system of the explants is regenerating, which makes oxygen and nutrient supply by pumping activity impossible. Oxygen profiles showed a parabolic shape, indicating oxygen flux over a diffusive boundary layer and into the tissue. Oxygen was always depleted only 1 mm below the sponge surface, leaving the major part of the explants anoxic. Diffusive oxygen flux into the explant was calculated from three oxygen profiles using Fick's first law of diffusion and revealed 9 μmol O₂ cm^-3 day^-1, which is in the lower range of in situ oxygen consumption of whole sponges. The ability of G. barretti to handle continuous tissue anoxia enables choanosomal explants to survive the critical first weeks of cultivation without a functional aquiferous system, when oxygen is supplied to the sponge explant by molecular diffusion over its surface.     

活性氧簇对蛋白尿的影响

蛋白尿不仅反映肾小球损伤,而且是一个独立的导致肾脏病变进展的主要因素,任何能够使蛋白尿减少的治疗干预都有利于减慢肾脏疾病的进展,遗传性蛋白尿性肾病是由于基因突变所致,获得性肾病大量蛋白尿成因目前尚未阐明。免疫异常,炎症介质及氧化应激反应均可导致肾损伤。氧自由基是肾损伤的主要介质,它作为强氧化剂是造成蛋白尿的重要原因之一。活性氧分子(ROS)可以通过降解肾小球乙酰肝素硫酸盐、肾小球基底膜Ⅳ型胶原富含赖氨酸的NCl区域发生交联、损伤足细胞破坏肾小球滤过屏障及与其他活性因子作用增强血清蛋白的渗透性等作用,造成蛋白尿。本文就近年来人们对活性氧造成蛋白尿的机制的研究做一综述,便于帮助医务工作者更好的了解和治疗蛋白尿性肾病。     

Effect of 30% Oxygen Administration on Verbal Cognitive Performance, Blood Oxygen Saturation and Heart Rate

This study investigated the effect of 30% oxygen administration on verbal cognitive performance, blood oxygen saturation, and heart rate. Five male (24.6(±0.9) years) and five female (22.2(±1.9) years) college students were selected as the subjects for this study. Two psychological tests were developed to measure the performance level of verbal cognition. The experiment consisted of two runs: one was a verbal cognition task, with normal air (21% oxygen) administered and the other was with hyperoxic air (30% oxygen) administered. The experimental sequence in each run consisted of Rest 1 (1 min), Control (1 min), Task (4 min), and Rest 2 (4 min). Blood oxygen saturation and heart rate were measured throughout the four phases. The results of the verbal behavioural analysis reveal that accuracy rates were enhanced with 30% oxygen administration compared to 21% oxygen. When 30% oxygen was supplied, blood oxygen saturation was increased significantly compared to that with 21% oxygen administration, whereas heart rate showed no significant difference. Significant positive correlations were found between changes in oxygen saturation and cognitive performance. This result supports the hypothesis that 30% oxygen administration would lead to increases in verbal cognitive performance.     

Active MnOx Electrocatalysts Prepared by Atomic Layer Deposition for Oxygen Evolution and Oxygen Reduction Reactions

The ability to deposit conformal catalytic thin films enables opportunities to achieve complex nanostructured designs for catalysis. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is capable of creating conformal thin films over complex substrates. Here, ALD‐MnO_x on glassy carbon is investigated as a catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), two reactions that are of growing interest due to their many applications in alternative energy technologies. The films are characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, ellipsometry, and cyclic voltammetry. The as‐deposited films consist of Mn(II)O, which is shown to be a poor catalyst for the ORR, but highly active for the OER. By controllably annealing the samples, Mn₂O₃ catalysts with good activity for both the ORR and OER are synthesized. Hypotheses are presented to explain the large difference in the activity between the MnO and Mn₂O₃ catalysts for the ORR, but similar activity for the OER, including the effects of surface oxidation under experimental conditions. These catalysts synthesized though ALD compare favorably to the best MnO_x catalysts in the literature, demonstrating a viable way to produce highly active, conformal thin films from earth‐abundant materials for the ORR and the OER.     

Oxygen consumption of flying locusts

ABSTRACT. Desert locusts ( Schistocerca gregaria Forskal.) were flown into an airstream from a wind tunnel while tethered to a balance. Rate of oxygen consumption and lift were recorded. The mean rate of oxygen consumption of male locusts in level flight at airspeeds between 2.5 and 3m/s was found to be 12.6ml/g/h.     

L—异亮氨酸发酵对氧需求的研究

L—异亮氨酸主要用于医药和食品行业,是人体八种必需氨基酸之一.合理地供氧L—异亮氨酸产酸多,杂氨基酸量低.以钝齿棒杆菌(Corynebacterium Crenatum)为菌株,在71自动控制发酵罐中分批培养,在1.0—1.5vvm通气量范围内,测得了L—异亮氨酸发酵的多项参数,并对它们之间的关系及控制手段进行综合分析,提出了工业发酵过程中继续提高发酵水平的依据.     

Tunable Internal and Surface Structures of the Bifunctional Oxygen Perovskite Catalysts

Perovskite oxide ceramics attracts significant attention as a strong candidate of bifunctional oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalyst for the metal‐air batteries. Numerous approaches to the viability of bifunctional perovskite electrocatalyst represent that the electro­chemical performance is highly correlated with defect chemistry, surface structure, and overall polycrystalline perovskite structure. By making use of the intrinsic flexibility of internal structure and high nonstoichiometry in perovskite oxide, the heat treatment effect of the complex Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Co_xFe_1‐xO_3‐δ (x = 0.2 and 0.8) perovskites in argon atmosphere at 950 °C (Ar‐BSCF5582 and Ar‐BSCF5528) on the surface structure/defect chemistry and electrocatalytic performance is intensively investigated. Upon heat‐treatment in argon atmosphere, the amorphous thickness layer increases from ≈20 to 180–200 nm in BSCF5582, while there is little change in BSCF5528 with ≈20 nm. The electrocatalytic performance of BSCF5582 catalyst both in ORR and OER deteriorates seriously, while Ar‐BSCF5528 demonstrates a significant increase of electro­chemical performance in ORR. This study demonstrates that the electrochemical performances of a perovskite catalyst can be significantly determined by the simultaneous modification of both surface structure and internal defect chemistry, which are explained with transmission electron microscopy and atomic‐selective X‐ray absorption fine structure analyses, respectively.