汶川大地震对生态系统的影响

汶川大地震的主要影响区位于四川盆地西缘,是四川盆地向青藏高原的过渡地带,地质构造复杂,山高谷深坡陡,是我国生态环境十分脆弱的地区,同时该地区还是具有重要生态服务功能,是长江上游生态安全的重要屏障。汶川大地震不仅造成巨大人员伤亡和财产损失,也对生态系统造成了严重破坏,对区域生态安全带来巨大威胁。研究运用遥感数据和实地调查,评估了地震对生态系统的影响,研究结果表明：（1）汶川大地震造成严重的生态破坏,导致生态系统丧失面积为122136hm^2,并形成了包括汶川县、彭州市、绵竹市等10县市的地震生态破坏重灾区。（2）地震导致65,584hm^2大熊猫生境丧失,损失比例5．92％。（3）94．64％的受损生态系统分布在地震烈度Ⅸ以上区域,53．82％的受损生态系统分布在海拔2000m以下的区域,66．09％的受损生态系统分布在坡度30～50°之间。地震导致的生态破坏将影响区域生态安全,在恢复重建中要加强生态保护和生态系统的恢复重建。     

Automated Hazard Assessment Techniques Using Satellite Images Following the 2008 Sichuan China Earthquake

Rapid seismic hazard assessment is crucial for accurate damage estimation right after earthquakes. New technologies provide faster damage detection compared to the traditional, manual assessments. One of the new technologies includes using satellite images. Pre- and post-earthquake satellite images can be used to identify damage patterns. One of the recent disastrous earthquakes occurred in Sichuan (M_w = 7.9) on May 12, 2008. Records show that 5 million buildings have collapsed, and more than 21 million buildings were damaged. This article presents an approach for earthquake hazard assessment using a change detection method applied to pre- and post-earthquake satellite imagery of Sichuan. The damage inspection for the identified areas was carried out performing image analysis of the pre- and post-event satellite images. In this study, a novel automated image analysis technique was developed to assess the impact of the earthquake on the flooding of the area's rivers as well as the tectonic movement of mountains. The technique was used to quantify the flooding and movement of mountains in Sichuan right after the earthquake. The proposed methodology utilizes satellite images and may potentially be used as a rapid procedure to quantify damage soon after an earthquake.     

汶川地震区灾后植被恢复时空过程及特征——以都江堰龙溪河流域为例

定量评估地震区灾后植被恢复,对于灾区生态系统恢复重建及区域社会经济可持续发展规划具有重要科学意义.以都江堰龙溪河流域为案例区,采用MODIS-NDVI的时间序列数据,确定植被恢复评估的Landsat影像时间,并以Landsat影像定量揭示龙溪河流域植被在“5.12”汶川地震前后的动态变化;进而根据区域水系和地形因子,定量解析并揭示植被覆盖度受损恢复率的时空变化特征.结果表明:研究区植被覆盖受损恢复情况整体较好,但植被覆盖度对地震损害的响应存在滞后现象;受损植被恢复率与河流水系距离、海拔、坡度和坡向存在显著的相关性.本研究结果可为地震灾后植被恢复的决策干预提供技术支撑.     

Electrophysiological evidence of personal experiences in the great Sichuan earthquake impacting on selective attention

Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were measured when 24 Chinese subjects performed the earthquake color-matching Stroop task. All of them have experienced the great Sichuan earthquake (5.12), with 12 subjects in each of Chengdu city and Chongqing city (different earthquake experiences) groups. The behavioral data showed that the earthquake Stroop task yielded robust the earthquake interference effect as indexed by longer RT for earthquake-related (Related) words than earthquake-unrelated (Unrelated) words only in the Chengdu group. Scalp ERP analysis also revealed the neurophysiological substrate of the interference effect: a greater positivity (P350–450) in Related words as compared to Unrelated words was found between 350 and 450 ms post-stimulus over fronto-central scalp regions in the Chengdu group, while the interference effect was not found in the Chongqing group. The P350–450 might reflect an earthquake experience interference, but also attention enhancing, effect of earthquake-related words. Dipole source analysis of the difference wave (Related-Unrelated) showed that a generator was localized in the parahippocampal gyrus, which was possibly associated with flashbulb memory (personal earthquake experience). The results indicated that different personal earthquake experiences might be critical in engaging the neural mechanisms that underlie the modulation of selective attention. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30800293), the Key Project of Philosophy and Social Science of Chinese Ministry of Education (Grant No. 08JZD0026), and the Southwest University Doctoral Fund.     

不同管理主体对泸沽湖流域生态系统影响的比较分析

行政边界将自然生态系统从主观上切割为可供管理的空间单元,而人类介入一个相对完整的生态系统,会从根本上影响生态系统的格局和生态学过程,这种影响对流域生态系统更为显著。以我国西南川滇两省交界处的泸沽湖流域生态系统为例,运用对比分析法,先从不同行政尺度定性比较了流域两侧生态系统管理主体在自然、社会、经济子系统方面的差异性。再采用遥感与地理信息系统变化监测技术,定量分析流域省界两侧土地利用类型、林分结构、归一化植被指数、生态系统服务功能等关键要素上的差异,形成对流域省界两侧生态系统功能的差异性的全面认识,从而对产生生态系统功能差异的驱动力进行了分析。最后,以此为基础,有针对性的提出了泸沽湖流域综合管理的对策,以实现泸沽湖流域生态系统的可持续发展。     

2005-2015年四川省土地利用变化及驱动力分析

以2005、2010、2015年三期四川省土地利用栅格数据为基础,应用ENVI和GIS技术对数据进行预处理,采用土地利用转移矩阵与土地利用动态度模型,并结合四川省土地利用实际情况分析四川省2005-2015年土地利用变化特征,并利用SPSS软件对2005-2015年间统计年鉴上相关的社会经济数据进行因子分析,研究影响四川省土地利用变化的主要驱动力因素并分析其作用机理,为后来的四川省土地利用规划提供参考依据。结果表明：(1)四川省近10年土地利用类型面积变化较为频繁,表现为城乡居民工矿用地大幅度增加,但各类土地占比总量土地面积变化不大。(2)耕地、林地、草地始终为四川省的主要土地利用类型,占比较为均衡且保持性好,耕地处于25%左右,林地和草地始终处于35%左右。而城乡居民工矿用地、水域以及未利用地面积虽有变化但占比始终较小。(3)四川省土地利用存在明显的区域差异,东部土地利用程度高,西部利用程度低。林地和草地大量且长期集中在西部,城乡居民工矿用地则在东部集中,东西分布极不均衡,不利于四川省区域经济均衡发展。(4)影响四川省土地利用变化的主要驱动力因子为常驻人口数和GDP,常驻人口始终保持较大数额且稳步增长,保持劳动力人口数量的同时带来社会经济快速发展的结果,从而促使土地利用结构不断发生变化。     

避灾露营对城市公共绿地土壤呼吸的短期影响

2008年5月12日四川汶川发生里氏8．0级大地震后,城市居民大规模在公共绿地上露宿避灾,而这些强人为干扰活动对绿地植被和土壤影响的科学研究却十分少。选择不同时间露营点和出入帐棚必经的践踏区域,测量土壤CO2通量的变化及相关环境因子（空气温湿度、土壤容重、孔隙度和微生物生物量等）。结果发现土壤CO2通量明显地受露营和人为践踏的影响,露营和人为践踏区土壤CO2通量明显地低于对照区。随着露营的增加,土壤CO2通量呈现先降低（大约10d后）后略有增加（大约20d后）,后期又下降的趋势（大约25d后）。在露营区,土壤紧实和遮荫是土壤CO2通量减少的两个主要过程,在早期,严重遮荫后引起根系呼吸下降是主要过程,而在后期,随着人入睡帐棚次数的增加,土壤紧实是控制土壤CO2通量的主要过程;而在践踏区,踩踏引起土壤紧实是土壤呼吸下降的主要原因。因此地震露营避灾后退化草坪恢复的一个关键措施是松土改善土壤的物理状况。     

Effects of an earthquake on wildlife behavior: a case study of takin (Budorcas taxicolor) in Tangjiahe National Nature Reserve,China

The question of whether large-scale disturbances, such as earthquakes, impact an animal’s behavior significantly is an important question, but one that is difficult to answer due to the unpredictability of these types of events. Here, we collected 323 GPS locations of four takin (Budorcas taxicolor tibetana) in 13 days before and after a powerful (8.0 magnitude) earthquake on May 12, 2008 in Sichuan Province, China. The movement during this period was compared to that of three of the same animals during a corresponding period in 2009 (April 30 to May 25) and a slightly later 2009 period based on the start of migration (May 6 to May 31). We found that home ranges reduced in size during each study period, due to the migration process, but with no discernable differences due to the earthquake. The takin also showed the same pattern of elevation change and linear travel distance during 2008 and 2009, indicating no detectable effect of the earthquake on spatial behavior of takin. These findings add to our knowledge of how animals respond to catastrophic natural events in the wild.     

The 1992-1999 World Bank Schistosomiasis Research Initiative in China: outcome and perspectives.

Ongoing efforts over the last 50 years, aiming at the elimination of schistosomiasis in the People's Republic of China, have been spectaculary successful in reducing the prevalence and intensity of the infection. The endemic areas have been reduced to core regions with particular problems such as the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River (Yangtze), the land adjacent to the lakes of central China and certain mountainous areas in Sichuan and Yunnan. An effort to eradicate schistosomiasis as a public health problem in these areas, by means of mass chemotherapy in regions of high prevalence and selective chemotherapy in others, provided good results initially but a lasting effect proved unattainable with chemotherapy alone. A small part of the funds available for this effort were used for research and training. Overseen by a Joint Research Management Committee (JRMC), research training was intensified resulting in improved applications and a better quality of the scientific level of the research finally carried out. Several new control tools were produced which may improve future control approaches, which might achieve a more than temporary relief. In evaluating the contributions made, it was found that the great environmental variations between the eight provinces where control activities were implemented was the main reason why general use of chemotherapy only could not be entirely successful. The inclusion of a research component proved beneficial both for the short- and long-term control and the JRMC proved useful in exposing that sustained progress cannot be achieved without back-up by other approaches, e.g. snail control. Suggested future activities include strengthening of intersectoral and industrial collaboration but finding financial support for continuing the JRMC initiative in some form. It is crucial to consolidate progress made.     

Factors Associated with Resilience of Adult Survivors Five Years after the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake in China

Given the paucity of quantitative empirical research on survivors’ resilience and its predictors in the context of long-term recovery after disasters, we examined how resilience predictors differed by gender among adult survivors five years after the Sichuan earthquake. This was a cross-sectional survey study of adult survivors (N = 495; aged 18–60) living in reconstructed communities five years into the recovery process after the Wenchuan earthquake. The instruments we used included assessments of sociodemographic characteristics and earthquake exposure level, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and the Social Support Rating Scale. Support-seeking behaviors emerged as a significant predictor of male survivors’ resilience, while subjective support and marital status were found to be predictors of female survivors’ resilience. Annual household income and chronic disease were predictors for both male and female groups. The findings of this study can be used in devising methods to boost survivors’ resilience by promoting their satisfaction with social support and their ability to obtain effective support. Additionally, the results suggest how to assist survivors who may have relatively poor resilience.     

四川资中侏罗纪一新的半椎鱼类及其生物地层意义

本文记述的棘背天府鱼(新属新种)发现于四川资中沙溪庙组.它只有大的顶骨、少的次眶骨及无饰缘棘鳞等特征,与新鳞齿鱼(Neolepidotes)相似;另外具有很发达的棘状背嵴鳞、少的次眶骨及鳞片无杵臼式关节等特征,与半椎鱼(Semionotus)很相似.天府鱼以其长大的顶骨、较居后的颌关节、较短的眶前距、很发达的棘状背嵴鳞及无饰缘棘鳞等特征,有别于半椎鱼科中所有已知属.根据天府鱼和过去记述的鱼化石,仍认为含鱼层的时代可能为中佚罗世.     

A comparison on ecosystem services before/after “5.12” Wenchuan earthquake

Earthquake has great potential to destroy vegetation and water resources. Here, we estimated the ecosystem services before/after “5.12” Wenchuan earthquake in China, in the center zone (ca. 24, 696.94 km²) of the earthquake, the destroyed service value approximately 520.04 × 10⁶ $. Moreover, the losses of biodiversity conservation value were inestimable in this earthquake. The results suggested that earthquake can seriously damage service function of ecosystem. It is a nice opportunity for ecologists to study the recovery of ecosystem services after earthquake disturbance.     

Epidemiological Analysis of Trauma Patients following the Lushan Earthquake

Background

A 7.0-magnitude earthquake hit Lushan County in China’s Sichuan province on April 20, 2013, resulting in 196 deaths and 11,470 injured. This study was designed to analyze the characteristics of the injuries and the treatment of the seismic victims.

Methods

After the earthquake, an epidemiological survey of injured patients was conducted by the Health Department of Sichuan Province. Epidemiological survey tools included paper-and-pencil questionnaires and a data management system based on the Access Database. Questionnaires were completed based on the medical records of inpatients with earthquake-related injuries. Outpatients or non-seismic injured inpatients were excluded. A total of 2010 patients from 140 hospitals were included.

Results

The most common type of injuries involved bone fractures (58.3%). Children younger than 10 years of age suffered fewer fractures and chest injuries, but more skin and soft -tissue injuries. Patients older than 80 years were more likely to suffer hip and thigh fractures, pelvis fractures, and chest injuries, whereas adult patients suffered more ankle and foot fractures. A total of 207 cases of calcaneal fracture were due to high falling injuries related to extreme panic. The most common type of infection in hospitalized patients was pulmonary infections. A total of 70.5% patients had limb dysfunction, and 60.1% of this group received rehabilitation. Most patients received rehabilitation within 1 week, and the median duration of rehabilitation was 3 weeks. The cause of death of all seven hospitalized patients who died was severe traumatic brain injuries; five of this group died within 24 h after the earthquake.

Conclusions

Injuries varied as a function of the age of the victim. As more injuries were indirectly caused by the Lushan earthquake, disaster education is urgently needed to avoid secondary injuries.     

Geographical detector-based risk assessment of the under-five mortality in the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, China

On 12 May, 2008, a devastating earthquake registering 8.0 on the Richter scale occurred in Sichuan Province, China, taking tens of thousands of lives and destroying the homes of millions of people. Many of the deceased were children, particular children less than five years old who were more vulnerable to such a huge disaster than the adult. In order to obtain information specifically relevant to further researches and future preventive measures, potential risk factors associated with earthquake-related child mortality need to be identified. We used four geographical detectors (risk detector, factor detector, ecological detector, and interaction detector) based on spatial variation analysis of some potential factors to assess their effects on the under-five mortality. It was found that three factors are responsible for child mortality: earthquake intensity, collapsed house, and slope. The study, despite some limitations, has important implications for both researchers and policy makers.     

Earthquake Insurance and Earthquake Risk Management

The Wenchuan earthquake is the largest devastating earthquake striking China since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake. In this catastrophe, loss payments were mainly from the government and public endowment. The insurance industry is expected to take more responsibility in the future, since earthquake insurance is one of the most effective and equitable instruments to disperse earthquake losses. In this article, earthquake risk management and the development of earthquake insurance in China are reviewed. Earthquake insurance is suggested as an instrument in earthquake risk management, where the premium rate of earthquake insurance is a key factor that needs to be determined reasonably. Seismic hazard is analyzed for the Wenchuan earthquake-stricken area, and is combined with primary loss estimation to construct the exceeding probability curve. Earthquake insurance premium rates are calculated for buildings in the area, including RC (Reinforced Concrete), frame, and brick, corresponding to two kinds of insurance deductible.     

Behavioral change related to Wenchuan devastating earthquake in mice

It has been suggested that some animals are much more capable of perceiving certain kinds of geophysical stimuli which may precede earthquakes than humans, but the anecdotal phenomena or stories about unusual animal behaviors prior to an earthquake should be interpreted with objective data. During the Wenchuan magnitude 8.0 earthquake that happened in Wenchuan county (31.0° north latitude, 103.4° east longitude) of Sichuan province, China, on May 12, 2008, eight mice were monitored for locomotor activity and circadian rhythm in constant darkness with temperature 22–24 °C and humidity 55–65% for 38 days. The ongoing monitoring of locomotor activity of mice in our laboratory made it possible to design a posteriori study investigating whether the earthquake was associated with any change in animal behavior. Based on analyzing the recorded data with single cosinor, we found that the locomotor activity dramatically decreased in six of these eight mice on day 3 before the earthquake, and the circadian rhythm of their locomotor activity was no longer detected. The behavioral change lasted for 6 days before the locomotor activity returned to its original state. Analyses of concurrent geomagnetic data showed a higher total intensity during the span when the circadian rhythm in locomotor activity weakened. These results indicated that the behaviors, including circadian rhythm and activity, in these mice indeed changed prior to the earthquake, and the behavioral change might be associated with a change of geomagnetic intensity. Bioelectromagnetics 30:613–620, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

震后重建中的自然遗产保护——以都江堰市为例

自然遗产是人类的共同财富。在5．12汶川大地震的灾后重建过程中,不能忽视对自然遗产的保护和恢复。以都江堰市的灾后重建为例,探讨自然遗产的保护和恢复问题。首先,通过实地调查,了解都江堰市域的自然遗产受损状况,进行自然遗产地的地质灾害和生态脆弱性空间格局分析;在此基础上,针对自然遗产地的不同特点,提出了灾后重建的规划框架和可行措施。     

基于质谱技术的蛋白质互作研究进展

蛋白质作为生命活动的执行者,其功能往往体现在与其他蛋白质的相互作用中,研究蛋白-蛋白相互作用对于人们深入了解和预防传染病、靶向治疗多基因疾病、阐明蛋白质的分子作用机制及各种复杂的生命现象具有重要意义。目前,有多种技术被用来研究蛋白间的相互作用,研究难点在于实时捕获瞬时或弱蛋白质间的相互作用,质谱技术（mass spectrometry, MS）可在某种程度上解决该难点。由于质谱技术可研究简单的蛋白质复合物再到大规模的蛋白质组实验,基于质谱技术研究蛋白质间相互作用被越来越多地应用于科学研究中。综述了蛋白质间相互作用检测方法的研究进展,重点介绍了氢氘交换质谱法和化学交联质谱法研究蛋白质间相互作用的优缺点及其应用,最后对基于质谱技术研究蛋白质间相互作用进行了总结与展望,以期为深入开展相关研究提供借鉴。     

基于小波变换的卧龙国家级自然保护区植被时空变化分析

提出一种基于小波变换从长时间序列、大范围遥感数据中快速、自动化检测植被动态变化的方法。以MODIS 500m空间分辨率,16d合成的NDVI数据为数据源,对受到2008年5月12日汶川地震严重影响的卧龙国家级自然保护区内2003年至2012年的植被动态变化进行时空分析,为保护生态多样性及生态系统的稳定性提供依据。研究表明:1)地震后保护区内植被指数减少的面积大范围增加,且波动较震前更为明显,统计分析结果能够更为直观地反映地震及其次生灾害等极端现象对该地区植被的破坏程度;2)保护区内植被指数极值变化多发生在夏季或秋季,较低海拔地区极值变化多发生在夏季,而在高海拔地区则多发生在秋季;3)在大熊猫最适宜栖息的区域(2600—2800m)植被指数极值减少量大于0.4的范围大于增加量大于0.4的范围,反映出植被在震后的恢复状况并没达到理想的水平。同时发现在该海拔区域范围内植被指数减少的面积在春夏两季较大,表明在该时间段卧龙地区大熊猫最适宜生存区域的植被情况较为不稳定,需更为关注其动态,采取适当的保护措施。     

Dysfunction and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Fracture Victims 50 Months after the Sichuan Earthquake

Background

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a rehabilitation intervention on physical dysfunction (PDF) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in fracture victims 50 months after the Sichuan earthquake of 2008 and to identify risk factors for PTSD.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort study. Four hundred and fifty-nine earthquake-related fracture victims from Mianzhu city, Sichuan Province who did not qualify for disability pension participated. Two hundred and forty-five subjects received regular rehabilitation and 214 did not. Muscle strength, joint range of motion (ROM),sensory function, and sit-to-stand balance capacity were evaluated to assess PDF. The PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) was administered to screen for PTSD. An ordinary least square regression was used to predict PTSD, and a logistic regression was used to predict PDF. In addition a Least Angle Regression (LARS) was carried out for PTSD to study the effects of rehabilitation and PDF at the same time.

Results

Unadjusted and adjusted group differences in physical dysfunction (p<0.01) and PTSD prevalence (p<0.05) were significant in favor of the rehabilitation group. In addition, being female, average or above family income, having witnessed death and fearfulness were found risk factors for PTSD symptoms 50 months after the earthquake. Both PDF and rehabilitation were selected predictors by LARS demonstrating opposite effects.

Conclusion

PDF and PTSD were significantly reduced by the rehabilitation intervention. Future medical intervention strategies should consider rehabilitation in order to assist survivors in dealing with both physical and psychological effects of natural disaster.