旱地农田不同耕作系统的能量/碳平衡

摘要：加强农田土壤保持耕作管理,科学认识和调控农田耕作系统能流碳流,提高农业生态系统固碳减排能力,对于减缓农业对全球温室效应的贡献具有重要意义。本研究以北方半湿润偏旱区山西寿阳旱作春玉米土壤保持耕作试验研究为基础,利用田间定位观测数据、辅助能投入参数,土壤呼吸田间原位测定,以及农业生态系统能量/碳平衡分析及碳循环过程模拟方法,综合分析和比较不同耕作（CT传统、RT少耕和NT免耕）系统能量/碳平衡及能-碳关联影响。与CT比较,采用RT和NT措施下工业能耗CO2-C损失降低约4%—12%（相当11—35 kg CO2-C?hm-2?a-1）。在RT和NT系统下耗能系数可降低约6%—10%,能量生产效率可提高约7%—12%。2006—2007年由田间原位测定土壤呼吸CO2-C释放通量估算,在玉米休闲期（尤其是秋耕处理后）,NT条件下土壤呼吸速率一般为最低（NT NT（2005380）>CT（1987375）。不同耕作下的玉米籽粒产量与生育期土壤呼吸通量趋势基本吻合,如2006-2007年玉米产量（kg?hm-2?a-1）平均为,RT（5614268）>NT（5533564）>CT（5487278）。玉米籽粒产量与生育期土壤呼吸通量之间呈密切相关（R2=0.88）。本研究结果得出,RT和NT对农田耕作系统的影响呈碳汇效应,且一般为NT >RT;而CT处理表现为碳源。RT和NT通过增加土壤碳投入是维持和提高土壤有机碳的有效途径。     

模拟氮沉降增加对寒温带针叶林土壤 CO2排放的初期影响

研究大气氮沉降增加情景下北方森林土壤CO2排放通量及其相关控制因子至关重要。在大兴安岭寒温带针叶林区建立了大气氮沉降模拟控制试验,利用静态箱-气相色谱法测定土壤CO2排放通量,同时测定土壤温度、水分、无机氮和可溶性碳含量等相关变量,分析寒温带针叶林土壤CO2排放特征及其主要驱动因子。结果表明:氮素输入没有显著改变森林土壤含水量,但降低了有机层土壤溶解性无机碳(DIC)含量,并增加有机层和矿质层土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量。增氮短期内不影响土壤NH+4-N含量,但促进了土壤NO-3-N的累积。增氮倾向于增加北方森林土壤CO2排放。土壤CO2通量主要受土壤温度驱动,其次为土壤水分和DIC含量。虽然土壤温度整体上控制着土壤CO2通量的季节变化格局,但在生长旺季土壤含水量对其影响更为明显。在分析增氮对土壤CO2通量的净效应时,除了土壤温度和水分外,还要考虑土壤有效碳、氮动态的影响。     

亚热带沟叶结缕草草坪土壤呼吸

随城市化进程加速,城市草坪生态系统释放CO2将对区域碳循环产生重要影响。采用LI-8100开路式土壤碳通量测量系统对亚热带沟叶结缕草草坪（Zoysia matrella）土壤呼吸进行为期1a的定位研究,结果表明：草坪土壤呼吸季节动态呈现为单峰曲线,全年土壤呼吸速率的变化范围在38.99—368.50 mg C?m-2?h-1之间,年通量为1684 g C?m-2?a-1。土壤温度、总生物量、以及二者的交互作用对土壤呼吸季节变化的解释程度接近,分别为89%、88%和90%,但仅二者的交互作用进入土壤呼吸的逐步回归方程,表明草坪土壤呼吸的季节变化主要受土壤温度与总生物量共同驱动。春末修剪草坪对土壤呼吸速率没有显著影响。在秋末无雨时期,浇水后1—2d土壤湿度对土壤呼吸的促进作用可掩盖同期降温的影响,使土壤呼吸速率显著升高。     

北方森林土壤呼吸和木质残体分解释放出的CO2通量

北方森林因其面积大、土壤碳储量高以及对全球暖化响应敏感而在全球碳平衡和气候系统中起着至关重要的作用。土壤呼吸和木质残体分解释放出的 CO2 通量是北方森林生态系统输入大气圈的最主要的碳源。量化这个通量并深刻理解其中的机理过程 ,是评价和预测北方森林在全球变化中的作用必不可少的内容。综述了北方森林生态系统土壤呼吸和木质残体分解释放出的 CO2 通量随生态系统类型及环境条件而变化的一般格局以及自养呼吸和异氧呼吸在土壤表面 CO2 通量中的相对贡献 ;分析了影响北方森林土壤呼吸的主要生物物理因子 ;讨论了该领域研究存在的问题和今后的研究方向 ;并强调木质残体分解释放出的 CO2 通量虽然在以往的森林生态系统碳平衡研究中常被忽略 ,但在火灾频繁的北方森林中不容忽视     

黄土高原小麦田土壤呼吸对强降雨的响应

全球气候变化的可能后果之一是干旱频繁,强降雨增多。土壤呼吸是全球碳循环的关键组成部分,探讨强降雨对土壤呼吸的影响,有助于预知在全球变化背景下,土壤CO2排放的可能反馈机制。然而,由于测定技术限制,目前在降雨前后,对土壤呼吸进行原位、全天候、高频率测定的研究尚不够深入。研究选取黄土高原半干旱区小麦田土壤为研究对象,采用全自动多通量箱系统,对降雨前后的土壤呼吸及环境因子在原位置进行了全天候连续监测,分析了3次强降雨前后的土壤呼吸变化。结果表明,（1）强降雨对土壤呼吸促进还是抑制取决于雨前、雨中、以及雨后的土壤水分状态。土壤水分相对亏缺条件下的强降雨促进土壤呼吸,降雨结束后土壤呼吸的平均水平是降雨发生前的1．5—2倍;湿季的强降雨整体上抑制土壤呼吸,降雨过程中观测到呼吸波谷,雨中及雨后土壤呼吸分别下降了约33％和15％。（2）土壤呼吸与土壤水分之间存在二次曲线关系,此关系同时受土壤水分状况和温度的影响。当土壤由干旱和水分相对亏缺状态过渡到湿润时,上述二次曲线关系可靠;当土壤水分充裕时,该二次曲线关系减弱。在于湿交替情况下,二次曲线拐点是土壤呼吸因土壤水分增加而受到抑制的临界点,并且当温度升高时,该临界点相应升高。（3）温度和水分共同影响土壤呼吸。在土壤水分相对亏缺时,水分的增加是影响土壤呼吸的关键因子,温度对土壤呼吸的影响处于相对次要的位置;在水分充裕时,温度是影响土壤呼吸的关键因子,水分的增加会抑制土壤呼吸,但其对土壤呼吸变化的影响相对弱化。     

压实对落叶松人工林夏季土壤呼吸日变化的影响

在东北林业大学校区实验林场,利用Li-8100土壤CO2通量全自动测量仪测定不同程度人为压实落叶松人工林夏季土壤CO2的日排放速率,并建立土壤呼吸日变化的回归模型.结果表明:不同人为压实处理落叶松人工林土壤呼吸速率存在极显著性差异.对照地夏季土壤呼吸日变化速率的最大值出现在15:30—17:30,最小值出现在03:30—05:30,均滞后于压实地.压实主道和压实支道土壤呼吸速率最大值分别出现在09:30—11:30和11:30,最小值出现在23:30至次日01:30和01:30—03:30.各处理土壤呼吸速率与地表温度、相对湿度和10cm土壤温度均存在极显著相关关系,但与5cm土壤湿度的相关性随压实程度的增加而趋于不显著;压实改变了土壤表层物理结构,使土壤表面CO2释放速率降低.     

秸秆预处理对土壤微生物量及呼吸活性的影响

冬小麦秸秆经8．0g·L^-1H2O2(pH11．0)溶液、12．5g·L^-1 NaOH溶液或H2SO4溶液浸泡8h并80℃烘干后,与无机N一起加入土壤,进行室内25℃恒温培养试验,在不同时间测定土壤微生物量C、N和CO2释放速率。结果表明,培养前期,秸秆预处理使土壤微生物量C数量增加了1．0～1．4倍,但降低了土壤微生物的呼吸活性;培养后期,NaOH和H2SO4处理使土壤微生物量C分别下降了28％和42％,但增加了土壤微生物的呼吸活性;H2O2处理则使土壤微生物量N增加90％;土壤微生物区系中的真菌比例在不同时刻有所增加,表明将秸秆预处理后施入土壤,将对土壤中微生物数量和呼吸活性产生一定影响。     

黄土丘陵区不同演替阶段生物结皮对土壤CO2通量的影响

生物结皮是土壤表面具有光合活性的致密复合层,是土-气界面CO2通量的影响因子之一.本文采用改进的Li-8100土壤碳通量测量系统,研究了黄土丘陵区退耕地上不同演替阶段生物结皮对土壤CO2通量的影响.结果表明:光照条件下,生物结皮土壤CO2通量较除去生物结皮显著下降,其中藻结皮和藓结皮分别下降了92％和305％;生物结皮对土壤CO2通量的降低程度与其生物组成和生物量有关,深色藻结皮和藓结皮土壤CO2通量较裸地分别降低了141％和484％.生物结皮土壤CO2通量的日变化呈降低-升高-降低的趋势,而裸地CO2通量日变化趋势为单峰曲线,藻结皮、藓结皮的碳吸收峰值分别出现在8:00和9:00前后,其CO2通量分别为0.13和-1.02 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1;藻结皮24 h CO2通量排放总量较裸地增加7.7％,而藓结皮减少了29.6％.生物结皮对土壤CO2通量的影响显著,在评价退耕地土壤碳循环时,应考虑生物结皮的影响.     

修枝对杉木人工林树干表面和土壤CO_2释放通量的短期影响

树干表面和土壤CO2释放通量是森林生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分,但修枝措施对其如何影响还不太清楚。本文以杉木纯林为研究对象,通过修枝处理(对照、轻度修枝和重度修枝)改变光合产物供应,探讨其对树干表面CO2通量和土壤CO2通量产生的影响。在研究区内使用LI-6400-09便携式光合系统连续一个月测量树干表面和土壤CO2通量。结果表明:修枝对树干表面CO2通量并没有显著影响,尽管日最大液流略有下降。修枝轻微降低了土壤CO2通量,轻度修枝和重度修枝的土壤CO2通量相对于对照分别下降了11.8%和17.9%,但统计并不显著。因此,修枝对树干表面和土壤CO2通量的短期影响有限。     

艾比湖地区土壤呼吸对季节性冻土厚度变化的响应

利用LI-8100土壤CO2排放通量全自动测量系统,于2010年1～4月测定了艾比湖地区不同植被类型样地的土壤呼吸速率,结合环境因子、冻土厚度及室内土壤理化性质分析,探讨了温带干旱区季节性冻土厚度变化对土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明：土壤温度在冻结期是影响冻土厚度的最主要环境因子,而解冻期冻土厚度变化与土壤温度等环境因子关系不显著（P>0.05）;冻土厚度在不同时期影响土壤呼吸速率的程度不同,冻结期两者呈显著正相关（R2=0.782,P<0.05）,解冻初期两者呈弱相关（P>0.05）;土壤呼吸速率在土壤冻结期与解冻初期不存在显著差异（P>0.05）,但在解冻完全期则表现出明显的增加趋势（差值为0.14～0.37μmol?m-2?s-1）,表明冻土融化会明显地增加土壤碳排放,从而增加大气中的CO2。研究结果初步阐明了艾比湖地区季节性冻土厚度变化对土壤呼吸的影响,为揭示全球变暖背景下冻土退化过程中的碳释放机理提供理论基础。     

Soil CO2 efflux and its spatial variation in a Florida slash pine plantation

The efflux of CO2 from the soil surface can vary markedly in magnitude both in time and space and its correct determination is crucial in many ecological studies. In this paper, we report results of field measurements, using an open-top dynamic chamber, of soil CO2 efflux in a mature Florida slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var.elliottii) plantation. The daily average efflux was 0.217 mg CO2 m-2s-1 in the autumn and 0.087 mg CO2 m-2s-1 in the winter. Soil temperature, which accounts for most of the temporal variability in CO2 efflux, is by far the most influential factor controlling soil respiration rate and its temporal variation. The CO2 efflux in the slash pine plantation is highly spatially variable and effluxes from the soil under palmetto is significantly higher than that from the open floor. The CO2 efflux generally increases with increase in soil fine root biomass, litter and humus amount on the forest floor but is inversely related to the amount of organic matter in the mineral soil. The spatial variation in CO2 efflux can be well characterised by a simple multiple regression model incorporating live and dead biomass and soil total porosity as predictor variables. Understorey plants, mostly Serenoa repens, are an important component of the C cycle and the major contributor to the spatial heterogeneity of soil CO2 efflux. The influence of understorey plants on soil respiration is probably via two approaches: increasing litterfall and root metabolism, both consequently stimulating microbial activity in the mineral soil.     

垄沟覆膜栽培冬小麦田的土壤呼吸

通过大田试验研究了垄沟覆膜栽培条件下冬小麦生长过程中土壤呼吸规律。结果表明,垄沟覆膜栽培条件下垄脊土壤呼吸速率高于平作栽培,而垄沟部土壤呼吸速率小于平作。冬小麦生育期内垄脊平均呼吸速率为(2.06±0.44)μmol CO2·m-2·s-1,垄沟为(0.75±0.11)μmol CO2·m-2·s-1,而平作栽培为(1.14±0.20)μmol CO2·m-2·s-1。土壤呼吸季节变化显著,越冬期低,夏季高。不同生育期土壤呼吸日变化规律不同,越冬前和返青期土壤呼吸与土壤温度成正相关,随着土壤温度的升高而增加,呈单峰曲线;拔节期后垄脊部的土壤呼吸日变化明显,呈现双峰曲线;而平作和垄沟的土壤呼吸速率平稳,没有明显峰值。5 cm土壤温度与土壤呼吸之间的相关性最好。在一定范围内(<24—31℃),土壤呼吸随着温度的增加而增加,温度过高反而会抑制土壤呼吸速率。土壤呼吸f(R)与5 cm土壤温度之间的关系可以用二次函数表示;5 cm土壤温度T和土壤含水量W的交互效应可用函数:f(R)=a(bT2+cT)(1+dln(2W)/T)+e表示。垄沟覆膜栽培显著改变了冬小麦田的土壤呼吸作用。     

Early growth of Brazilian pine (Araucaria angustifolia[Bertol.] Kuntze) in response to soil compaction and drought

Soil compaction leads to changes in soil physical properties such as density, penetration resistance and porosity, and, by consequence, affects root and plant growth. The initial growth of Brazilian pine is considered as being more affected by soil physical than chemical conditions, and the presence of a well-developed tap root system has been associated with this fact. A greenhouse experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the impact of soil compaction on the growth of Brazilian pine seedlings and on their susceptibility to a simulated drought period. In the first phase of the experiment, the effects of three levels of soil compaction on root morphology and plant growth were examined. Soil cylinders were artificially compacted in PVC tubes. Pre-germinated seeds were planted, and 147 days later 10 plants from each treatment were harvested for analysis. Higher values of soil density were associated with a shorter and thicker tap root. Growth of lateral roots and shoots remained unaffected at this stage. In the second phase, half of the plants (12) in each compaction treatment were drought-stressed by withholding water for a period of 77 days. Increased soil compaction again resulted in reduced length and increased diameter of the main tap root. This time, the effects were also extended to the lateral roots. Shoot extension growth and overall plant mass, however, increased with soil compaction. This greater mass accumulation in plants growing under increased soil compaction may be attributed to a more intimate contact between roots and soil particles. Drought stress reduced both root and shoot growth, but root mass was more negatively affected by drought stress in plants growing under high levels of soil compaction. Future investigations on the effects of soil compaction on the initial growth of Brazilian pine should include a wider range of compaction levels to better establish the relationship between soil physical parameters and plant growth.     

喀斯特地区土壤表层CO2释放通量的影响因素Ⅰ:规律

测定了贵州喀斯特地区土壤表层CO2释放通量,同时还测定了土壤微生物生物量碳以及土壤可溶性有机质含量和土壤湿度。研究表明,贵州喀斯特地区全年土壤表层CO2释放通量与温度变化呈正相关关系,与土壤微生物生物量碳呈负相关关系;当温度＞20℃时,土壤表层CO2释放通量与土壤湿度呈正相关,与土壤可溶性有机碳含量呈负相关。     

山杨白桦混交次生林与原始阔叶红松林土壤呼吸作用比较

 比较利用静态箱式法测定长白山原始阔叶红松林(Pinus koraiensis)和次生杨桦混交林的土壤呼吸作用表明,两者土壤呼吸作用的日动态均主要受温度影响,次生林土壤呼吸作用的日变化极值出现时间较原始林提前1～2 h;两者具有明显的季节动态,其中8月土壤呼吸速率最大;在生长季,土壤呼吸速率与土壤含水量关系不显著,而与土壤5 cm温度呈显著的指数关系;生长季(5～9月)次生林土壤释放CO₂量(3 449.4 g·m^－2)约为原始林(2 674.4 g·m^－2)的1.3倍,这可能是由于次生林内具有比原始林较高的温度和较低的土壤含水量,更有利于根系生长代谢和土壤微生物的活动引起的。     

Variation in below-ground carbon fluxes along a Populus hybridization gradient

Here, soil CO(2) efflux, minirhizotron fine root production (FRP), and estimated total below-ground carbon allocation (TBCA) were examined along an elevation and hybridization gradient between two cottonwood species. FRP was 72% greater under high-elevation Populus angustifolia, but soil CO(2) efflux and TBCA were 62% and 94% greater, respectively, under low-elevation stands dominated by Populus fremontii, with a hybrid stand showing intermediate values. Differences between the responses of FRP, soil CO(2) efflux and TBCA may potentially be explained in terms of genetic controls; while plant species and hybridization explained variance in carbon flux, we found only weak correlations of FRP and TBCA with soil moisture, and no correlations with soil temperature or nitrogen availability. Soil CO(2) efflux and TBCA were uncorrelated with FRP, suggesting that, although below-ground carbon fluxes may change along environmental and genetic gradients, major components of below-ground carbon flux may be decoupled.     

Main determinants of forest soil respiration along an elevation/temperature gradient in the Italian Alps

The main determinants of soil respiration were investigated in 11 forest types distributed along an altitudinal and thermal gradient in the southern Italian Alps (altitudinal range 1520 m, range in mean annual temperature 7.8°C). Soil respiration, soil carbon content and principal stand characteristics were measured with standardized methods. Soil CO₂ fluxes were measured at each site every 15–20 days with a closed dynamic system (LI‐COR 6400) using soil collars from spring 2000 to spring 2002. At the same time, soil temperature at a depth of 10 cm and soil water content (m³ m^?3) were measured at each collar. Soil samples were collected to a depth of 30 cm and stones, root content and bulk density were determined in order to obtain reliable estimates of carbon content per unit area (kg C m^?2). Soil respiration and temperature data were fitted with a simple logistic model separately for each site, so that base respiration rates and mean annual soil respiration were estimated. Then the same regression model was applied to all sites simultaneously, with each model parameter being expressed as a linear function of site variables. The general model explained about 86% of the intersite variability of soil respiration. In particular, soil mean annual temperature explained the most of the variance of the model (0.41), followed by soil temperature interquartlile range (0.24), soil carbon content (0.16) and soil water content (0.05).     

Soil Respiration along Environmental Gradients in Olympic National Park

Although mountainous landscapes dominate large areas of the Earth, our understanding of how elevation and aspect influence soil respiration in complex mountainous terrain is very limited. Therefore, we measured soil respiration throughout the growing season in 1999 and 2000 at 11 forested sites in Olympic National Park, Washington, USA along elevation-climatic gradients. The study sites ranged from temperate rain forest to alpine forests near tree line. Soil temperature was a significant predictor of soil respiration at all sites, and soil moisture explained additional variability at three sites (R2 from 0.42 to 0.90, P ≤ 0.01). Soil temperatures at the highest-elevation sites were 4.5°C cooler than those at the lowest elevation, but there were no relationships between soil respiration rates at a given temperature and elevation or mean annual temperature that would indicate acclimation of soil respiration to the cooler temperatures at high-elevation sites. Experimental urea additions (1.0 and 2.0 g N m-2 y-1) made at seven of the sites had no consistent effect on soil respiration. Total soil carbon dioxide (CO2) efflux during the growing season (May-September) varied from 0.34 to 0.75 kg C/m2 and was greater at low-elevation sites with warmer soil temperatures and longer growing seasons. Elevation and the length of the frost-free season could both be used to predict growing season (r2 = 0.53) and annual (r2 = 0.81) soil CO2 efflux for the 10 sites located in steep mountainous terrain. Significant correlations also existed with mean annual temperature. These results suggest that warmer soils and a longer snow-free season associated with climatic warming could cause the mountainous ecosystems of the Olympic peninsula to evolve increasing amounts of CO2 from all elevations and aspects.     

Soil respiration under climate change: prolonged summer drought offsets soil warming effects

Climate change may considerably impact the carbon (C) dynamics and C stocks of forest soils. To assess the combined effects of warming and reduced precipitation on soil CO₂ efflux, we conducted a two‐way factorial manipulation experiment (4 °C soil warming + throughfall exclusion) in a temperate spruce forest from 2008 until 2010. Soil was warmed by heating cables throughout the growing seasons. Soil drought was simulated by throughfall exclusions with three 100 m² roofs during 25 days in July/August 2008 and 2009. Soil warming permanently increased the CO₂ efflux from soil, whereas throughfall exclusion led to a sharp decrease in soil CO₂ efflux (45% and 50% reduction during roof installation in 2008 and 2009, respectively). In 2008, CO₂ efflux did not recover after natural rewetting and remained lowered until autumn. In 2009, CO₂ efflux recovered shortly after rewetting, but relapsed again for several weeks. Drought offset the increase in soil CO₂ efflux by warming in 2008 (growing season CO₂ efflux in t C ha^?1: control: 7.1 ± 1.0; warmed: 9.5 ± 1.7; warmed + roof: 7.4 ± 0.3; roof: 5.9 ± 0.4) and in 2009 (control: 7.6 ± 0.8; warmed + roof: 8.3 ± 1.0). Throughfall exclusion mainly affected the organic layer and the top 5 cm of the mineral soil. Radiocarbon data suggest that heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration were affected to the same extent by soil warming and drying. Microbial biomass in the mineral soil (0–5 cm) was not affected by the treatments. Our results suggest that warming causes significant C losses from the soil as long as precipitation patterns remain steady at our site. If summer droughts become more severe in the future, warming induced C losses will likely be offset by reduced soil CO₂ efflux during and after summer drought.     

水分对土壤呼吸的影响及机理

土壤呼吸是陆地碳循环的重要环节,在全球变化的背景下,研究水分对土壤呼吸的影响,能为探索陆地生态系统在碳循环方面的源—汇功能和揭示碳的失汇之迷提供有力的证据。综述了水分对土壤呼吸的影响及其机理。土壤呼吸是一个复杂的生态学过程,大气降水对土壤呼吸的影响结果是因时、因地而异,在湿润的生态系统或者干湿交替的生态系统中比较湿润的季节．降水事件对土壤呼吸可能会产生比较明显的抑制现象;而在干旱的生态系统或有干湿交替季节的生态系统中比较干旱的季节里,降水事件可能会强烈地激发土壤呼吸。其对土壤呼吸的影响机理包括水分对土壤孔隙中CO2替代、对CO2扩散的阻滞、对微生物活动的刺激和对微生物生物量的影响等。由于实验方法和标准的不一致以及影响土壤呼吸的因素的多样性。水分量的变化对土壤呼吸的影响很难以一个统一的方程来描述,总的来说,最优的水分状况通常是接近最大田间持水力,当土壤处于过于或过湿状态时,土壤呼吸会受到抑制。水分量的变化对土壤呼吸的影响机制在于可溶性有机质、土壤的通透性、微生物与植物根系生命活动等都随土壤水分状况不同而发生相应的改变。关于水分与土壤呼吸的关系研究今后应该主要集中在：(1)水分对根系呼吸和土壤微生物呼吸分别产生的影响;(2)全球变化后水分格局的变化对全球陆地生态系统土壤呼吸格局的潜在影响;(3)人类活动通过直接或间接改变水分状况而对土壤释放CO2的贡献率。