务川黑牛mtDNA遗传变异及起源进化分析

目的:测定务川黑牛mtDNA D-loop区全序列,以了解其遗传背景。方法:采用PCR直接测序方法测定务川黑牛mtD-NA D-loop区全序列。结果:32个个体D-loop区的全序列中,四种碱基A、T、C和G含量分别为:33.1%、28.4%、25.0%和13.5%,A+T平均含量61.5%。经过序列比对,共检测到57个变异位点,占所测mtDNA序列总长的6.26%,其中转换54个,颠换3个;产生17种单倍型,其中6种是普通牛单倍型,11种是瘤牛单倍型;平均核苷酸差异为22.623,单倍型多样度0.901±0.039,核苷酸多样度0.0249±0.00147。结论:务川黑牛这一品种遗传多样性非常丰富,据此构建的NJ进化树显示务川黑牛含有普通牛和瘤牛的血统。     

舟山小黄鱼线粒体DNA D-loop区序列变异的遗传多样性分析

小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis)为我国重要海产经济鱼类之一,过度捕捞和环境污染等因素造成其资源日益衰退。研究小黄鱼种群遗传结构对其资源的保护及其可持续利用有十分重要的意义。该研究采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术对浙江舟山附近海域小黄鱼种群53个个体的mtDNA D-loop区全序列进行扩增,序列长度在795~801bp之间,长度差异不大。采用ClustalX1.83、MEGA3.1、DnaSP4.0等生物信息学软件进行遗传多样性分析,结果显示:53条小黄鱼线粒体DNA D-loop区的T、C、A和G碱基平均含量分别为30.3%、23.1%、32.3%和14.3%,排除13处核苷酸的插入或缺失后,共检测到93处转换和颠换位点,约占分析序列总长度的11.6%,其中包括53个单一多态位点和40个简约信息位点,共确定了52种单倍型,单倍型多样性(hd)为0.9993,单倍型间的平均遗传距离为0.012,转换/颠换平均值为4.305,平均核苷酸差异数(k)为9.73875,核苷酸多样性(π)为0.01233,表明舟山小黄鱼遗传多样性处于中等水平。     

西藏牦牛mtDNA D-loop区的遗传多样性及其遗传分化

通过测定和分析西藏11个牦牛类群114个个体的mtDNA D-loop区全序列,对西藏牦牛的遗传多样性、类群间的亲缘关系及其遗传分化进行了研究。结果表明:①西藏牦牛mtDNA D-loop区全序列长度为890—896 bp,4种核苷酸T、C、A、G的平均比例分别为28.5%、25.3%、32.4%、13.8%,西藏牦牛mtDNA D-loop区富含碱基A+T,表现出一定的碱基偏好性。②共检测到130个变异位点,占分析总位点数的14.33%;其中单一多态位点85个,占多态位点总数的65.38%,简约信息位点45个,占多态位点总数的34.62%。序列变异中碱基缺失、插入和碱基替换等均有,其中碱基替换变异类型中转换114次,颠换12次,在转换变异类型中以A/G、T/C为主,占95.61%,在颠换变异类型中以A/T为主,占75%。③在114个个体中鉴定出90种单倍型,单倍型多样性为0.981±0.008,核苷酸多样性为0.01056±0.00701,均说明西藏牦牛具有丰富的单倍型类型。④90种单倍型分为2个聚类簇(Ⅰ、Ⅱ),聚类簇Ⅰ包含80种单倍型,占全部单倍型的88.89%,涵盖本研究中所有的西藏牦牛类群;聚类簇Ⅱ中有10种单倍型,占单倍型总数的11.11%,涉及的类群有工布江达、帕里、丁青、巴青、江达、类乌齐、桑桑、桑日、斯布,说明西藏牦牛可能有2个母系起源。⑤西藏牦牛类群间核苷酸分歧度(Dxy)在0.503%—1.416%之间,聚类分析和AMOVA分析显示西藏牦牛可分为两大类,康布牦牛、嘉黎牦牛为一类,其余的牦牛类群为另一类。     

基于线粒体DNA控制区序列的重庆岩原鲤人工养殖群体遗传多样性分析

为研究重庆市长寿和涪陵地区岩原鲤(Procypris rabaudi)人工养殖群体的遗传多样性, 采用PCR扩增获得175尾岩原鲤个体的线粒体DNA控制区(mtDNA D-loop)部分序列片段。对其中692 bp序列分析共发现11个单倍型, 其中Hap1为主要单倍型, 占总样本的76.57%。单倍型Hap10演化速率较快, 并且与单倍型Hap6遗传距离最远。长寿及涪陵地区岩原鲤人工群体的单倍型多样性分别为0.4100±0.0550和0.3970±0.0820, 核苷酸多样性分别为0.0013±0.0003和0.0013±0.0004。通过与长江上游江段野生群体(苍溪江段、合江江段、木洞江段、通江江段、万州江段、武隆江段、习水河和唐河)及北碚区人工养殖群体的遗传多样性进行比较, 发现岩原鲤长寿及涪陵地区人工养殖群体遗传多样性明显低于野生群体, 但略高于北碚人工养殖群体。为保持岩原鲤人工养殖群体的遗传多样性, 应尽量选择遗传距离较远的亲本进行配对, 并定期补充不同遗传背景的个体作为后备亲鱼。     

尾斑瘰螈种群的D-loop区遗传多样性分析

以线粒体DNA D-loop序列为分子标记,研究了采自雷公山和武陵山的尾斑瘰螈(Paramesotriton caudopunclatus)5个种群的遗传多样性.获得42个个体mtDNA D-loop区序列,长度为690 bp,其中有30个变异位点,由此定义了13个单倍型.5个种群中未出现共享单倍型的现象.尾斑瘰螈种群...     

中国17个黄牛品种mtDNA变异特征与多态性分析

中国黄牛品种资源丰富,尚有28个地方固有品种.为了进一步深入了解这些宝贵遗传资源,本研究通过mtDNA变异特征与多态性分析揭示这些来自中国不同地域地方黄牛的母系起源与分子系统学特征.在17个品种84个体的mtDNA D-loop全序列中,一共检测到了102个核苷酸替代突变位.由此定义的53个单倍型被类聚为2个明显的单倍群：普通牛和瘤牛.mtDNA D-loop全序列变异的第一个特征是转换发生的频率远高于颠换;第二个特征是缺失与替代突变共存;第三个特征是缺失突变率比较高.所有D-loop全序列的核苷酸多样性和单倍型多样性分别为0.026 78±0.000 50和0.919±0.027.普通牛D-loop单倍型在北方牛种群中占有优势(80%～100%),而瘤牛单倍型在南方牛种群中占有优势(42.9%～100%),2种不同单倍型在中原牛种群中的分布也存在差异.2种不同单倍型在中国不同地域17个黄牛品种中的差异性分布揭示出了瘤牛mtDNA基因在中国黄牛中自南而北、由高到低的流动模式,这种基因流动模式的形成可能是由历史事件、地理隔离以及气候环境差异等造成的.     

福建省家鸭的遗传多样性及其与野鸭的亲缘关系

为了探讨福建省家鸭的遗传多样性和品种进化, 本研究测定了福建省4个地方家鸭品种的32个个体和野生斑嘴鸭(Anas zonorhyncha) 8个个体的线粒体DNA D-loop区667 bp序列, 分析了这4个家鸭品种的遗传多态性及品种进化。结果显示4个家鸭D-loop区序列的A、G、C、T碱基平均含量分别为25.5%, 15.2%, 33.5%, 25.8%。确定了8种单倍型, 其中Hap2(与GenBank中的A7一致)为家鸭的主体单倍型, 平均单倍型多样度为0.75202, 平均核苷酸多样度为0.21%。4个品种中金定鸭单倍型多样度、核苷酸多样度最高。4个品种之间的Kimura双参数遗传距离为0.00094–0.00395, 其中连城白鸭和金定鸭之间遗传距离最大。结合GenBank上已发表的绿头鸭(A. platyrhynchos)和斑嘴鸭序列, 共有30种单倍型, 共同构建系统发生树和网络关系图, 结果表明4个家鸭品种单一地起源于绿头鸭。     

罗非鱼mtDNA D-loop区部分序列结构和种群遗传多样性分析

采用PCR扩增和测序的方法获得了尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)埃及品系(简称AJ,22尾)、88品系(简称XH,26尾)和奥利亚罗非鱼(O.aureus)(简称ALY,28尾)"夏奥1号"线粒体DNA控制区(mtDNA D-loop)的部分序列(575～581 bp)。对照其他已报道的鱼类控制区结构,对序列结构进行分析,成功识别了罗非鱼mtDNA D-loop区序列的中央保守区和保守序列区,找到了4个特征序列(CSB-D、CSB1、CSB2、CSB3)。76个个体共检测出28个单倍型。AJ群体有12个单倍型,XH群体有10个单倍型,ALY群体存在9个单倍型。其中,3个群体共享1个单倍型(XH06),AJ和XH群体共享一个单倍型(XH10),其他为各个群体独有。AJ和XH(Nm=0.77)、AJ和ALY(Nm=0.02)、XH和ALY(Nm=0.02)之间均存在一定的遗传分化。AJ和XH的核苷酸多态性(Pi)值(分别为0.042 4、0.031 1)明显高于ALY的Pi值(0.001 2)。本实验中的ALY品种纯度高,AJ和XH的遗传多样性较丰富。mtDNA D-loop区能反映出罗非鱼群体的种质特征,适用于罗非鱼群体内的遗传多样性研究。     

华东地区地方鸡品种mtDNA控制区遗传多样性

为了探明我国华东地区地方鸡品种的遗传多样性和群体遗传结构,追溯其母系起源和进化过程,利用PCR技术扩增了11个地方鸡品种的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)控制区(D-loop)序列,并结合NCBI数据库中已发表的红色原鸡(Gallus gallus)D-loop区全序列,分析了它们的遗传多样性与亲缘关系,构建了11个品种与红色原鸡系统发生邻接树。结果表明:11个地方品种mtDNA D-loop区全长为1,231或1,232 bp,其中1,231 bp的序列有196条,1,232 bp的序列有123条,经过比对发现,两者在859 bp处存在单碱基缺失。11个地方品种319个个体共计检测到变异位点37个,总体单倍型多样度核苷酸多样度和平均核苷酸差异分别为0.901±0.009、0.00573±0.000001和6.833。按照鸡mtDNA单倍型分类通用标准,共包含35种单倍型,可以分为A、B、C和E共4个分支(单倍型群),分别包括11、10、9和5个单倍型。中介网络图中11个鸡品种也很明显地分成了4个支系,分别含有100、118、47和54条序列。系统发育树分为4个大枝,海南亚种(G.gallus jabouillei)自成一枝;C单倍型群与4个亚种的红色原鸡聚为一枝;E单倍型群与2个亚种红色原鸡聚为一枝;A和B单倍型群只与滇南亚种(G.gallus spadiceus)聚为一枝。11个品种中,除了狼山和丝羽乌骨鸡2个标准化品种外,都有很高的遗传多样性,可开发选择潜力很大。没有发现线粒体品种特异性DNA序列。华东地区地方品种至少有4个母系起源,部分品种可能受到了欧美高产品系的渗入。     

广西3个猪种线粒体DNA D-loop序列遗传多样性及系统进化研究

本研究旨在了解广西石头猪、德保猪和隆林猪的起源、群体遗传结构和亲缘关系。通过PCR扩增和测序技术获得3个群体61个个体的线粒体D-loop序列,采用DNASP 5.0进行多态性分析,MEGA 6.0计算各品种间的遗传距离及构建系统发育树。结果显示,3个猪种mtDNA D-loop区全长1 124~1 325 bp,石头猪和德保猪的中间重复序列变异仅存在A型,隆林猪存在A型和B型;石头猪mtDNA D-loop区8个多态性位点归纳出10种单倍型,德保猪8个多态性位点归纳出5种单倍型,隆林猪11个多态性位点归纳出9种单倍型;3种猪单倍型多样度分别为0.857、0.81和0.917,核算多样度分别为0.002 29、0.002 9和0.002 83。石头猪和德保猪可能有相同的母源血统,隆林猪可能有2种母系起源;3个品种猪单倍型多样性较为丰富,但核苷酸多样性匮乏,亟需进行科学保护。     

斜带髭鲷高质量DNA提取及AFLP分析体系建立

目的:提取斜带髭鲷高质量基因组DNA并建立适用于AFLP分析的体系。方法:以斜带髭鲷(Hapalogenys nitens)为材料提取高质量基因组DNA,并进行AFLP扩增。对AFLP分析体系中几个关键环节(基因组双酶切、连接、预扩增及选择性扩增、变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和银染)做了优化。结果:提取的斜带髭鲷全基因组DNA纯度高,无拖尾。采用9组选择性引物共检测出350个不同的扩增位点,其中多态位点为175个,多态性比例为49.58%。聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图像染色均匀,条带清晰且无背景干扰。结论:该分析体系的建立为斜带髭鲷的群体遗传多态性、种质资源、遗传图谱、遗传育种等研究奠定基础。     

斜带髭鲷外周血嗜中性粒细胞核内包涵体的超微结构

目的在对斜带髭鲷（Hapalogenys nitens）外周血细胞结构进行透射电镜观察时发现嗜中性粒细胞存在大量的核内包涵体,系统研究了这些核内包涵体的超微结构,以探讨其来源和形成过程。方法应用电镜技术对这些核内包涵体的超微结构进行研究。结果斜带髭鲷外周血嗜中性粒细胞的核内包涵体可分为假包涵体和真包涵体两种类型,包涵体中的内含物来自胞质。胞核首先是以核膜内陷的方式将胞质及其各种有形成分包绕进核内而在核质外层形成具有双层膜包裹的典型假包涵体,随后假包涵体双层膜降解消失而转化成无被膜包裹的真包涵体,即核内糖原包涵体。结论假包涵体是形成真包涵体的开始阶段。随着假包涵体向真包涵体的转变,包涵体内含物的组成及其超微结构也出现了显著变化。     

Genetic diversity of the Japanese wood pigeon, Columba janthina, endemic to islands of East Asia, estimated by newly developed microsatellite markers

The Japanese wood pigeon Columba janthina is endemic to islands of East Asia and is listed as Near Threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). One subspecies, C. janthina nitens, in particular, is at the greatest risk of extinction due to its small population size. To reduce the extinction risk of C. janthina, it is important to understand the species' present genetic status and to develop an appropriate conservation plan based on genetic data. We developed seven new microsatellite markers for two subspecies of C. janthina: C. janthina janthina and C. janthina nitens. We also confirmed the cross-use of one microsatellite marker developed for Columba livia var. domestica. Seven loci were polymorphic in C. janthina janthina, while two loci were polymorphic in C. janthina nitens. Using the markers, we performed preliminary analysis of genetic diversity and genetic structure within each subspecies. The expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.00 to 0.64 in C. janthina janthina and from 0.00 to 0.08 in C. janthina nitens. Each subspecies and each population within C. janthina janthina had different allele frequencies. C. janthina nitens exhibited far lower genetic diversity than C. janthina janthina. Furthermore, C. janthina nitens appears to have experienced strong genetic drift from a common ancestral population, inferred by STRUCTURE analysis. The markers described here may be useful for investigating genetic diversity and genetic structure of C. janthina populations, and could be used to estimate appropriate evolutionary significant unit and to guide development of a captive breeding program based on genetic information.     

基于线粒体Cyt b 基因的黄海南部和东海银鲳群体遗传结构分析

采用线粒体DNA 细胞色素b 基因片段为遗传标记, 对黄海南部和东海银鲳(Pampus argenteus)群体的遗传结构进行了分析。在所分析的6 个采样点116 个个体中, 共检测到40 种单倍型。6 个群体均呈现出高单倍性多样性(0.647-0.895)和低核苷酸多样性(0.0008-0.0026)的特点。单倍型邻接关系树的拓扑结构简单,未呈现明显的地理谱系结构。分子方差分析和Fst 显示银鲳的遗传变异来自群体内个体间, 而群体间无显著遗传分化。Exact 检验表明单倍型在两两群体间分布频率的差异不显著。研究结果表明, 黄海南部、东海银鲳群体间具有高度的基因交流, 是一个随机交配群体。较强的扩散能力, 黄海、东海的海洋环流以及近期的群体扩张可能是造成黄海南部、东海银鲳群体间遗传同质性较高的原因。       

An improved hybrid bream derived from a hybrid lineage of Megalobrama amblycephala (♀)×Culter alburnus (♂)

Science China Life Sciences - Distant hybridization is an important technique in fish genetic breeding. In this study, based on the establishment of an allodiploid fish lineage (BT, 2n=48,...     

线粒体控制区在鱼类种内遗传分化中的意义

线粒体DNA（mtDNA）作为分子标记已被广泛应用于各物种系统发生的研究。mtDNA控制区序列（D-Loop）以其较高的突变积累对于研究物种种内的遗传分化具有重要价值。鱼类是脊椎动物中最原始但在种属数量上又最占优势的类群,其物种繁多,分布广泛,起源复杂,研究其系统发生历来是令人饶有兴趣的课题。D-Loop在研究鱼类种内遗传分化中具有多方面的重要意义。近年来,已有越来越多的研究工作将D-Loop作为分子标记来探讨各种鱼类的种内遗传分化,并且获得了许多有启发性的结果。青海湖是我国内陆最大的咸水湖,湖中主要鱼类为青海湖裸鲤（Gymnocypris przewalskii）,D-Loop分析初步结果显示青海湖及其周围河流中的裸鲤似乎没有新的种内遗传分化现象。      

鳜碱性肌球蛋白轻链基因cDNA的克隆及其发育表达分析

肌球蛋白轻链是构成鱼类肌纤维主要组成部分,在鱼类肌肉生长和收缩过程中具有重要作用。鳜鱼具有生长快、肉质细嫩、味道鲜美、营养成分高等优良的性状。研究通过构建鳜肌肉组织cDNA文库分离到两个碱性肌球蛋白轻链基因,即MLC1和MLC3基因。序列分析显示MLC1和MLC3基因cDNA序列全长分别为1237bp和1070bp,分别编码192和150个氨基酸,除去MLC1N端多出的42个氨基酸残基,MLC1与MLC3氨基酸序列同源性为80.3%。通过PROSITEtools软件预测显示两种轻链都具有两个保守的EF-手相结构,其中第二个EF-hand结构除前三个氨基酸外同源性达100%。鱼类MLC3轻链N端没有高等脊椎动物MLC3特有标志序列。采用实时荧光定量PCR方法对鳜鱼MLC1和MLC3发育性表达分析表明,在原肠期开始有低量表达,与原肠期、尾芽期和肌肉效应期相比,心搏期和仔鱼期MLC1和MLC3表达量显著升高。研究结果首次提供了鳜肌肉组织肌球蛋白主要结构基因的分子生物学信息以及它们在鳜肌肉组织发生和功能的相关性。       

Determination of genetic diversity of wild and cultured topmouth culter (Culter alburnus) inhabiting China using mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites

The topmouth culter (Culter alburnus) is one of the most commercially important freshwater fish species inhabiting China. However, very limited information is available regarding its genetic diversity and population structure, thus hindering the effective management of this fish stock. Understanding the genetic diversity of wild and cultured topmouth culter populations is highly relevant for successful hatchery management. This study evaluated the genetic diversity and structure of five wild and two cultured populations of topmouth culter in China by using microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA. The genetic diversity of wild populations was found to be lower than that of cultured populations. This finding indicates that wild topmouth culter resources should be protected to prevent further degeneration and extinction. Moreover, it demonstrated that cultured populations have greater breeding potential than wild ones. Subdivisions among wild populations were observed, which should be considered as different units for conservation and hatchery management.     

Hybridization between native barbless carp (Cyprinus pellegrini) and introduced common carp (C. carpio) in Xingyun Lake, China

Hybridization with introduced fish species is an important threat to native fish species. Here we investigated hybridization between native barbless carp (Cyprinus pellegrini) and introduced common carp (C. carpio) in Xingyun Lake in the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau of China. A total of 203 individuals of Cyprinus from Xingyun Lake were studied by combination of morphological and genetic analyses. Most individuals were strictly intermediate between the two parental species in morphology, strongly suggesting that extensive hybridization has occurred. Bayesian model-based clustering of the genetic data suggests that there are two distinct genetic groups corresponding to barbless and common carp respectively. Many individuals in the two genetic groups showed intermediate morphology, suggesting that both groups actually contain massively introgressed genes. Only two individuals were identified as barbless carp both morphologically and genetically, hinting that this native species is at risk of genetic extinction in Xingyun Lake.     

Genetic and morphological variation of three freshwater lake populations of Coilia ectenes (Engraulidae)

Population structure of the important commercial fish, Coilia ectenes was investigated in samples from three freshwater lakes in the Eastern China using a multivariate approach of morphometries and mitochondrial DNA control region sequencing. A total of eighteen morphological distances of truss method and eight morphometric variables were taken from each fish. Multivariate analyses of the morphometric data revealed significant morphological differences among the three lake populations, especially for those samples from Taihu Lake. Discriminant functions were used to compare sites, and these permitted an 83% success rate in distinguishing fish from the three sites. However, no obviously geographical differentiation was found among those populations of C. ectenes based on the genetic data. In the AMOVA analysis, only 2.2% genetic variability came from different populations, and most of them were present within the sub-populations. Experience a recent population expansion and some movement of fish among those areas, quite possibly enough to bring about relative genetic homogeneity, but there is insufficient to prevent the three populations from differing phenotypically. The diversified environmental factors may be playing an important role in shaping morphological variations among those populations.