Solitalea canadensis源β-N-乙酰氨基己糖苷酶的基因克隆、异源表达和酶学特性

【目的】对细菌Solitalea canadensis中编码β-N-乙酰氨基己糖苷酶的基因进行克隆,通过原核表达获得重组β-N-乙酰氨基己糖苷酶,并研究其酶学性质。【方法】以Solitalea canadensis基因组DNA为模板,使用加尾PCR的方法克隆编码β-N-乙酰氨基己糖苷酶的基因,构建含有组氨酸标签的重组表达载体,并将重组质粒导入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中进行原核表达。重组蛋白经Ni-NTA纯化,以对硝基苯酚-β-乙酰氨基葡萄糖(pNP-β-Glc NAc)为底物研究其酶学性质,包括最适温度、最适p H以及金属离子和抑制剂的影响。【结果】从菌株Solitalea canadensis克隆得到了β-N-乙酰氨基己糖苷酶基因片段(Gene Bank:WP_014682183.1),全长2586 bp,重组表达所得蛋白表观分子量约为97 k Da,最适pH 6.0,最适温度42°C,但不稳定,半衰期小于5 min。该酶对十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)敏感,活性受Triton X-100和尿素的抑制。此外二糖分子也能不同程度地抑制该重组酶的活性,特异性抑制剂PugNAc(O-(2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosylideneamino)N-phenylcarbamate)对该酶的IC_(50)为2μmol/L。该重组酶蛋白除能水解对硝基苯酚-β-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷和对硝基苯酚-β-乙酰氨基半乳糖(pNP-β-GalNAc)外,还能对O-链聚糖核心结构Core Ⅱ末端的乙酰氨基葡萄糖进行水解。【结论】本文首次从Solitalea canadensis中克隆得到能水解末端β1-6连接的乙酰氨基葡萄糖而不能水解β1-4连接键的β-N-乙酰氨基己糖苷酶,并对其进行了酶学性质研究和底物特异性分析,为开发高效特异性强的糖链分析工具酶提供理论基础。     

D-乳酸生产菌菊糖芽孢乳杆菌来源的D-乳酸脱氢酶同工酶

【目的】菊糖芽孢乳杆菌(Sporolactobacillus inulinus)作为典型的同型发酵产D-乳酸的优势菌株,能够高效生产高纯度的D-乳酸。该菌株发酵受到多方面环境因素影响。糖代谢的关键酶例如葡萄糖激酶、磷酸果糖激酶、丙酮酸激酶以及乳酸脱氢酶均为由葡萄糖代谢成为乳酸的关键酶,该菌中相关代谢酶的研究是发酵调控至关重要的基础。分析S.inulinus的基因组表明有3个推测为D-乳酸脱氢酶的基因,其中已有报道研究了1个双功能蛋白[bifunctional protein(BP)]。本研究分别克隆并解析了另2个D-乳酸脱氢酶同工酶的性质。【方法】本研究以S.inulinus Y2-8基因组DNA为模板,克隆得到2个D-ldh基因(dldh、dhdh),经测序分别为D-乳酸脱氢酶[D-lactic acid dehydrogenase(DLDH)]和D-羟基酸脱氢酶[D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase(DHDH)]的基因。构建的重组菌表达蛋白DLDH,DHDH均具有催化丙酮酸生成D-乳酸的功能。【结果】重组菌表达的蛋白经镍柱亲和层析达到电泳纯。SDS-PAGE分析表明DLDH的表观分子量为37 k Da,DHDH的表观分子量为39 k Da。此外,DLDH以丙酮酸为底物时Km值为(0.58±0.04)mmol/L,对底物有较高的亲和力,最适反应温度为35°C,最适p H为6.5;而DHDH以丙酮酸为底物时Km值为(1.70±0.08)mmol/L最适反应温度为30°C,最适p H为7.5。另有报道的BP以丙酮酸为底物时Km值为(3.40±0.02)mmol/L,最适反应温度为30°C,最适p H为5.5。【结论】根据对底物丙酮酸的亲和力,最适温度及最适p H,推测DLDH是乳酸发酵中产D-乳酸的主导催化剂。结合相关酶学性质的分析可为今后的发酵调控提供理论依据。     

融合蛋白GST-Ulp1p在大肠杆菌中的高效可溶性表达及其活性鉴定

利用基因工程技术,体外重组小分子类泛素修饰蛋白酶1(Ulp1)的活性片段,获得高表达、高特异性重组蛋白酶。从酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisia中提取Ulp1编码第403到621个氨基酸残基之间的DNA片段(Ulp1p),在其C端加入6×His并连接到大肠杆菌表达载体pGEX中,构建重组表达质粒pGEX-Ulp1p-his6。将重组质粒转化至大肠杆菌Rosetta(DE3)中,氨苄青霉素抗性筛选转化子。表达、纯化后,以SUMO融合蛋白检测其活性。经过优化,该蛋白可溶性表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的40.12%。可通过谷胱甘肽琼脂糖凝胶柱或Ni-NTA凝胶亲和层析纯化得到纯度98%的蛋白。经酶切分析,比活力为1.375×104U/mg。融合蛋白GST-Ulp1p-His6无需切除谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)标签,具有很高的活性,制备简易;6×His标签,有利于底物蛋白切割后纯化,减少蛋白损失。本研究为制备高活力的SUMO蛋白酶提供了一个新方法。     

黑蚂蚁纤溶活性蛋白的分离纯化及其性质研究

通过硫酸铵分段盐析、DEAE-52离子交换和Sephacryl S-100分子筛层析从黑蚂蚁(Polyrhachis vicina Roger)中纯化到一种纤溶活性蛋白,再通过SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳测定其分子质量,Braford法测定蛋白浓度,蒽酮硫酸法测定其含糖量,纤维蛋白平板法测定其酶活性。并研究温度、p H改变及不同金属离子对其活性的影响。结果显示,分离得到的活性蛋白具有纤溶活性,其分子质量约为25 k D,蛋白浓度为2.804 1 mg/m L,糖含量为8.171 4%,酶活力为67.455 2 U/g。研究表明,该活性蛋白最适温度为45℃,最适p H为3.0,p H在4.0~8.0基本稳定,Na+、K+对其酶活性影响较小,Mg2+对该酶纤溶活性有强烈的激活作用,而Zn2+、Ba2+、Mn2+、Ca2+等对此酶活力有没明显的抑制作用。     

海洋链霉菌Streptomyces olivaceus FXJ7.023来源多功能几丁质酶的克隆、表达及鉴定(英文)

碳水化合物水解酶家族在自然界碳素循环及农业废弃物中几丁质、纤维素等碳水化合物的生物质转化利用中发挥了重要作用。通过PCR技术从海洋链霉菌Streptomyces olivaceus strain FXJ 7.023的fosmid基因组文库中成功克隆得到1个全长885bp的编码295个氨基酸残基的包含1个19个氨基酸残基的N-末端信号肽的壳聚糖酶完全编码区。系统进化分析表明该基因编码蛋白与已报道的Streptomyces sp.SirexAA-E来源壳聚糖酶csnA同源性为71%,与Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)来源的csn46A同源性为70%。将该编码区重组入原核表达质粒载体pET32a并转化大肠杆菌表达菌株BL21(DE3)plysS,添加IPTG在18℃条件下振荡诱导该蛋白表达,Ni2+-NTA亲和纯化获得分子量为50.3 kDa融合表达蛋白TrxA-SoCsn。该融合重组蛋白在最适反应条件下对底物胶体壳聚糖和羧甲基纤维素的最大酶活分别为3.673U/mg和1.302U/mg,最适反应温度分别为37℃和50℃,最适反应pH分别为pH5.0和pH6.0。TrxA-SoCsn相关的研究结果表明该酶在农业废弃物生物质转化等方面具有一定的应用潜力。     

阴沟肠杆菌GX-3的中性蔗糖酶在大肠杆菌中的表达及其特性鉴定

【目的】在阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae)GX-3中发现了一个编码中性p H范围内起作用的蔗糖酶基因,在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)中进行克隆表达及纯化,并研究该蔗糖酶的酶学性质,为蔗糖酶的应用研究及开发利用奠定基础。【方法】通过查找Gen Bank数据库中来自阴沟肠杆菌同属中的编码蔗糖酶的基因序列,对这些序列进行比对分析设计简并引物扩增保守区;利用PCR扩增目的基因,以p QE30为表达载体构建重组质粒;镍亲和层析纯化重组蛋白,对重组酶的酶学性质进行详细研究。【结果】一个编码蔗糖酶的基因(Einv)被从阴沟肠杆菌GX-3中发现和克隆。生物化学特性鉴定表明这个蔗糖酶的活性最适温度为40℃和最适p H为6.5。凝胶渗透色谱法分析显示Einv是以二聚体的形式存在。Einv这个蔗糖酶在1170 mmol/L的蔗糖条件下仍保留有80%以上的水解活性。而在高浓度的蔗糖条件下,Einv只有水解活性而没有转糖基的副反应发生。它能够水解棉子糖、蔗果三糖、蔗果四糖、蔗果五糖和水苏糖。【结论】获得的Einv是一个在中性p H范围内起作用的β-呋喃果糖苷酶,只有水解功能而没有转糖基功能。这些特性表明这个中性蔗糖酶在食品工业具有重要的应用价值。     

莱茵衣藻缺铁应答基因Femu2p的克隆及原核表达

[目的]克隆莱茵衣藻缺铁应答基因Femu2p,构建重组表达载体p GEX-6p-1-Femu2p,优化条件使其在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中表达。[方法]提取莱茵衣藻CC425的总RNA后,利用RT-PCR和两次重叠延伸PCR相结合的方法获得Femu2p的全长编码区,构建原核表达载体p GEX-6p-1-Femu2p,并将其转入大肠杆菌DL21(DE3)中,利用IPTG诱导融合蛋白的表达并优化表达条件。[结果]Femu2p的全长编码区为2 904 bp,编码967个氨基酸,理论分子量为100.4 k Da,理论等电点为8.86。序列分析结果显示该蛋白属于包含多个C2H2类型锌指结构域的Ran BP2家族。IPTG诱导融合蛋白表达的最佳条件为:IPTG浓度0.25 mmol/L,诱导温度16℃,诱导时间8 h。[结论]成功克隆了Femu2p基因的全长编码区,并使其在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中表达。     

特异腐质霉葡糖化酶催化生淀粉一步糖化的酶学特征

从北京西郊森林土壤中分离到产生糖化生淀粉的葡糖化酶的特异腐质霉Humicola insolens HG‐618菌株。优化的产酶培养基如下:6%麦麸、2%玉米粉、0.7%磷酸氢二铵和1%玉米浆,p H 8.0,250m L三角瓶装40m L培养基,在40℃和280r/min培养90h。以生玉米淀粉为底物,发酵液中葡糖化酶活力为180U/m L。酶学性质试验表明,该酶的最适反应p H为6.0,最适反应温度为65℃;在p H 6.0–9.0范围酶活力稳定;酶热稳定性强,在60℃和p H 6.0保温8h,酶活力仍保留83%。一步糖化生玉米粉试验表明,在50m L 30%浓度生玉米粉浆和270U HG‐618葡糖化酶的反应体系中,采用自然p H 6.7,在55℃和100r/min条件下糖化40h。获得的糖化液还原糖浓度为17.1%(由酶产生的还原糖浓度为15.9%),生玉米粉中所含淀粉的糖化率为90%,且产生的糖全部为葡萄糖。因此,该葡糖化酶具有良好的一步糖化生玉米粉前景,它也可以用于生大米粉、生小麦粉和生马铃薯粉的直接糖化。     

江南卷柏Phi类谷胱甘肽S-转移酶的分子特性

谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(Glutathione S-transferase,GST)在帮助植物抵抗各种胁迫中发挥重要作用。该研究从江南卷柏Selaginella moellendorffii中克隆到两个Phi类GST基因,分别命名为Sm GSTF1和Sm GSTF2,两个基因均编码215个氨基酸残基的蛋白质。表达模式分析发现,这两个基因在江南卷柏根、茎和叶中均有表达。将这两个基因在大肠杆菌中诱导表达重组蛋白并纯化,酶学性质分析表明Sm GSTF1和Sm GSTF2对CDNB、NBD-Cl和NBC等3种底物都有活性。Sm GSTF1对Fluorodifen和Cum-OOH也有活性,而Sm GSTF2对它们没有活性。酶动力学分析表明Sm GSTF1和Sm GSTF2对GSH有较高的亲和力,而对CDNB的亲和力都相对较低。在不同p H及温度条件下对Sm GSTF1和Sm GSTF2重组蛋白进行活性测定,发现这两个蛋白在p H 7-8.5,45-55℃温度范围内有较高的催化活性。研究推测,Sm GSTF1和Sm GSTF2可能在江南卷柏的抗逆生理过程中有重要的作用。     

绿盲蝽磷脂酶C(AlPLC)的表达、纯化及酶学性质

【目的】本文在前期获得绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum磷脂酶C基因(Al PLC)的基础上,明晰Al PLC基因在绿盲蝽不同日龄若虫中的表达特征,阐明Al PLC重组蛋白的酶学性质。【方法】qRTPCR法分析1-13日龄绿盲蝽若虫Al PLC的表达量;构建含有Al PLC基因的原核表达载体p Czn1-Al PLC;进一步将该表达载体经IPTG诱导表达和蛋白纯化,获得具有磷脂酶活性的重组蛋白;以pNPPC(P-硝基苯基磷酸胆碱)为底物测定不同温度和不同p H下的重组Al PLC蛋白酶活性,最终确定了其酶活性的最佳p H和最适温度。【结果】Al PLC mRNA在绿盲蝽测定的若虫期持续表达,在4,8,12以及13日龄若虫中表达量相对较高。重组蛋白Al PLC可在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli中表达一个约79 k D的蛋白,12%SDS-PAGE显示该蛋白主要以包涵体形式存在;经过变性,复性获得具有磷脂酶活性的纯化蛋白。在蛋白浓度为0.25 mg/m L条件下,该酶最适温度为57℃(179.54±3.96 nmol/μg·min),最适p H为8.5(374.99±2.84 nmol/μg·min)。【结论】结果表明Al PLC在绿盲蝽若虫中表达具有特异的发育历期特性,获得的重组蛋白在较高温度和碱性环境下有较高磷脂酶活性。本研究结果为后续在蛋白水平上解析Al PLC的功能奠定基础。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.