广西不同产地金樱根及炮制品中没食子酸和儿茶素的含量差异分析

为了建立金樱根中没食子酸和儿茶素含量的测定方法,分析广西不同产地金樱根及炮制品中没食子酸和儿茶素含量的变化,该文以没食子酸和儿茶素的含量作为指标成分,采用HPLC法对广西产金樱根生品、炒炙品、酒炙品、盐炙品及醋炙品进行测定,并采用SPSS 23.0软件进行方差分析和聚类分析。结果表明：广西不同产地金樱根及炮制品中没食子酸和儿茶素含量均存在差异,所有样品中儿茶素的含量均比没食子酸高,南部地区(除贵港桂平外)的没食子酸和儿茶素含量整体上比北部地区高,在炮制品中醋炙后没食子酸和儿茶素含量最高。该研究表明HPLC测定方法简单可行,金樱根中没食子酸和儿茶素含量的变化差异主要表现为产地地域及炮制方法的不同,可为今后金樱根资源的合理利用、质量标准制定以及临床用药的研究提供一定科学依据。     

不同产地苍耳草无机元素的ICP-MS分析

建立苍耳草药材中无机元素的电感耦合等离子体质谱﹙ICP-MS﹚分析方法,测定苍耳草不同产地及商品药材12个样品中24种无机元素的含量,用SPSS16.0对数据进行主成分分析及相关性分析。检测结果显示苍耳草药材中24种元素之间有一定的相关性,Ca、K、Mg、P、Fe的含量较高,重金属及有害元素的含量应引起重视;主成分分析选出5个主因子,得出Ca、K、Sr、Fe、Al、V、Mg、Ba、Mn是苍耳草的特征无机元素。本实验为苍耳草药材的质量控制及安全性评价提供依据。     

马兰重金属元素ICP-MS及主成分聚类分析

采用微波消解-ICP-MS法测定不同产地马兰重金属元素的含量,并运用主成分分析法和聚类分析法对含量进行分析和评价。主成分分析提取2个因子,对15批次马兰进行综合评价,其综合评价函数为F=0.586F_1+0.414F_2,结果亳州药材市场、亳州2以及宣城市马兰样品综合得分排名前三。聚类分析说明含量存在产地相似性。结果说明ICP-MS法快速、灵敏、准确,可作为马兰中重金属元素含量分析方法,并为马兰的质量控制与安全评价提供参考依据。     

不同产地肉桂质量及炮制过程成分变化研究

建立了肉桂指纹图谱和5种有效成分的含量测定方法,对不同产地28批肉桂药材差异及炮制前后的成分变化进行了研究。采用超高效液相色谱法建立了肉桂指纹图谱并对共有峰进行了指认,采用OriginPro 2023软件对28批样品指纹图谱进行了聚类分析和主成分分析,聚类分析的样本和共有峰分类情况与主成分分析情况相近,其中阳春市、肇庆市高要区、防城港市和贵港市样本分类较为集中,采用SIMCA14.1软件进行了正交偏最小二乘判别分析,可实现对广东、广西两省/自治区肉桂的有效区分。通过香豆素、肉桂醇、肉桂酸、桂皮醛、2-甲氧基桂皮醛及挥发油的含量测定对炮制前后的肉桂样本进行对比分析,结果表明,药材与饮片5个成分和挥发油含量均值较为相近,肉桂炮制过程的成分差异较小;且各批次间桂皮醛、肉桂酸和肉桂醇的整体变化趋势相近,2-甲氧基桂皮醛和香豆素的变化趋势相近,与化学计量学分析结果一致。本研究可为肉桂产地选择、质量研究提供参考。     

不同产地川乌炮制前后差异性成分研究北大核心CSCD

为建立川乌及制川乌的高效液相色谱(HPLC)指纹图谱,并结合化学计量学方法和主成分含量测定和比较3个不同产地川乌炮制前后的差异成分。该文采用HPLC法,利用中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统(2012版)计算相似度,并结合聚类分析(HCA)、主成分分析(PCA)、偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)、正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA)及主成分含量测定结果进行综合分析。结果表明:(1)建立了3个产地15批川乌炮制前后的HPLC指纹图谱,分别标定了25个和14个共有峰,并通过对照品指认出6个共有峰,分别为苯甲酰新乌头原碱(峰16)、苯甲酰乌头原碱(峰17)、苯甲酰次乌头原碱(峰18)、新乌头碱(峰21)、次乌头碱(峰22)、乌头碱(峰23)。(2)化学计量学方法分析显示,川乌炮制前后的30批样品被明显分为2类,15批川乌被分为3类,15批制川乌被分为3类,新乌头碱、次乌头碱等6个成分可能是不同产地川乌炮制前后的潜在差异成分。(3)炮制前后主成分含量测定结果均有不同程度的变化,四川江油所产川乌炮制前后部分成分含量明显高于另外两个产地所产川乌。该研究建立的指纹图谱精密度、重复性、稳定性均较好,结合化学计量学分析方法和主成分含量测定分析,可为不同产地川乌炮制前后质量控制提供参考。     

甘肃不同产地黄管秦艽中无机元素的相关性和主成分分析

以甘肃不同产地黄管秦艽为材料,测定其无机元素含量,分析黄管秦艽中无机元素特征及评价药材质量。采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定黄管秦艽中无机元素含量,并运用相关性分析和主成分分析对其含量进行分析和评价。结果表明不同产地黄管秦艽中无机元素Ca、K、Mg、Mo含量较高,部分无机元素之间存在相关性;经主成分分析得到3个主因子,3个主成分的累计方差贡献率为83.20%。从无机元素含量的主成分分析来看,产于卓尼县尼巴乡的黄管秦艽质量最优,本实验可为黄管秦艽的资源开发利用、质量控制以及安全评价提供参考依据。     

中药鳖甲及两种炮制品的氨基酸营养学

本文报导了鳖甲及其炮制品的氨基酸营养分析情况。结果表明,生品含17种游离氨基酸,传统炮制品含15种游离氨基酸,食用菌炮制品含16种游离氨基酸,且生品总氨基酸的含量明显高于炮制品,经盐酸水解后,炮制前后的样品均测得17种氨基酸,生品的含量略高于炮制品,炮制品前后样品中所测游离氨基酸和水解后氨基酸均含有8种人体必需氨基酸。     

矿质元素及pH值与栀子中栀子苷含量的相关性

为了探讨栀子苷含量与土壤及药材中的矿质元素的相关关系,用主成分分析方法对8个不同产地的栀子土壤中13种矿质元素及pH与药材中12种矿质元素进行了多因素分析.结果表明:Fe和Ni、Fe和Al、Mn和Co之间呈极显著正相关.影响栀子苷含量的Mg和pH贡献率分别为49.614%和20.826%,两者对栀子苷的变异贡献率最大.同时进行了栀子苷含量的变化与主成分的多元相关分析,证实了矿质元素与中药功效之间存在相关性.     

多元素分析结合多元统计分析用于丹参产地溯源研究

本文旨在探讨采用多元素分析结合多元统计分析用于丹参产地溯源的可行性。采用ICP-MS测定丹参药材中的35种微量元素和稀土元素,采用主成分分析和线性判别分析用于不同省份丹参药材的判别。研究表明,其中18种元素表现出明显的差异(P0.05);PCA法能够区分不同产地丹参,但存在一定重合;采用LDA分析可以实现不同产地丹参药材的正确判别,回判正确率为100%,交叉验证成功率为85.5%。该方法采用微量元素和稀土元素结合多元统计分析法可以在一定程度上实现不同产区丹参药材的正确区分,为中药产地溯源提供了方法支持。     

不同产地黄芩中无机元素含量及其与根际土壤无机元素的关系

药用植物中各无机元素含量的不仅影响药用植物的生长发育,也是药材有效成分的构成因子。通过对全国范围内16个不同产地(即居群)的92个野生黄芩(Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi)样本及其相应的根际土壤中10种无机元素含量的分析,发现不同产地黄芩及其根际土壤无机元素都有很大变异,且不同产地黄芩根际土壤中无机元素的变异远大于黄芩药材中无机元素的变异。总体来看,黄芩中Mg(9级)含量较其他植物含量高;P(1级)、K(2级)、Mn(3级)含量与其他植物相比处处较低水平;黄芩对Sr(富集系数达到3.52)有较强富集。并且通过无机元素分布曲线分析建立了无机元素指纹谱,主成分分析筛选出黄芩主要特征无机元素为Mg、K、Ca、Fe、Zn。本研究还表明,黄芩对各元素的吸收能力受产地的影响较大,提示黄芩对无机元素的吸收与各产地根际土壤无机元素有一定关联性。     

HPLC fingerprints combined with principal component analysis,hierarchical cluster analysis and linear discriminant analysis for the classification and differentiation of Peganum sp. indigenous to China

Introduction – Seeds of wild Peganum harmala Linn., P. multisectum (Maxim) Bobr., P. nigellastrum Bunge and a probable indeterminate species, herein referred to as P. variety, are commonly used in Chinese medicine. These seeds cannot be differentiated based on morphology. Objective – Seeds of P. harmala Linn., P. multisectum (Maxim) Bobr., P. nigellastrum Bunge and P. variety were collected in different provinces in China and their HPLC profiles were recorded for statistical analysis and pattern recognition. Methodology – HPLC chromatograms of seed extracts were recorded under the same conditions. Individual HPLC chromatograms for each species were evaluated against the mean chromatogram for the same species generated using a similarity evaluation computer program. Data from chromatographic fingerprints were also processed using principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Results – The Peganum sp. seed extracts had similar HPLC fingerprints but with some inter‐specific differences. The chromatographic fingerprints combined with PCA, HCA and LDA could distinguish the seeds of the different species of Peganum investigated. Conclusion – HPLC fingerprints can be used to authenticate and differentiate the seeds of three different species of genus Peganum indigenous to China. The results indicated that the unidentified P. variety might indeed be a new species or variety. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Distribution of Elements in the Millipede, <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Oxidus gracilis</Emphasis> C. L. Koch (Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae) and the Relation to Environmental Habitats

The concentrations of 55 elements in the millipede, Oxidus gracilis, soil and plant in the habitat were examined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In all the millipedes, Ca concentration derived from calcium carbonate in the exoskeleton was the highest at average 94 μ/mg-weight. The other major elements were the following: Mg, K, Na, Zn, Fe, Al, Cu, Sr, Ba, Mn and Ti (> 1 ng/mg-body weight), whereas Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, Co, Li and Ce etc. were in trace levels. Interestingly, the various 15 elements such as Ca, Na, Zn, Al, Ba, Ga, Ag, Cd, Co and Y in environmental habitats were well reflected in the body of the millipede. Although the heavy metal contents, in the order of Cu>Pb>Cd, were similar to those of other invertebrates, Cu in the millipede was remarkably high concentration. Zn was maintained in a range of 72–394 ng/mg-weight as essential element in the body and no difference was found in the sexes. The C1 chondrite normalization pattern for lanthanoid series elements in the millipede, soil and plant indicated that the environmental habitats were well protected from pollution. These characteristics of internal elements and metal accumulation in the millipede or relation to their habitats would be useful information for the environmental pollution studies.     

Phytochemical Fingerprints of Copaiba Oils (Copaifera multijuga Hayne) Determined by Multivariate Analysis

Oils of various species of Copaifera are commonly found in pharmacies and on popular markets and are widely sold for their medicinal properties. However, the chemical variability between and within species and the lack of standardization of these oils have presented barriers to their wider commercialization. With the aim to recognize patterns for the chemical composition of copaiba oils, 22 oil samples of C. multijuga Hayne species were collected, esterified with CH₂N₂, and characterized by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses. The chromatographic data were processed using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). In total, 35 components were identified in the oils, and the multivariate analyses (MVA) allowed the samples to be divided into three groups, with the sesquiterpenes β‐caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide as the main components. These sesquiterpenes, which were detected in all the samples analyzed in different concentrations, were the most important constituents in the differentiation of the groups. There was a prevalence of sesquiterpenes in all the oils studied. In conclusion, GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses combined with MVA can be used to determine the chemical composition and to recognize chemical patterns of copaiba oils.     

Characteristics and Antioxidant Activity of Lignans in Schisandra chinensis and Schisandra sphenanthera from Different Locations

Twenty Schisandra samples were collected from different locations. Contents of 7 lignans in the samples were determined and analyzed by HPLC method coupled with hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), and the antioxidant capacity of Schisandra from the different locations was evaluated by reducing power, ferric thiocyanate (FTC) and 2,2′‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the content of lignans between Schisandra chinensis and Schisandra sphenanthera. The Schisandra sphenanthera samples in the southwest of China were significantly different from those from the other locations. The antioxidant capacity of Schisandra chinensis was significantly superior to that of Schisandra sphenanthera, and the main antioxidant components were schisandrol A, schisandrol B and schisandrin B based on the result of discrimination analyses. The differences in the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of lignans in Schisandra chinensis and Schisandra sphenanthera from the different locations were investigated in this study, which may provide an experimental basis for the quality control of Schisandra.     

黔中石漠化区衰老退化与正常生长顶坛花椒根区土壤质量特征

为了探讨顶坛花椒(Zanthoxylum planispimum var. dintanensis)衰老退化的原因,实现林分稳定与可持续性经营,该文以开黄花为典型标志的衰老退化植株和正常生长的植株为研究对象,采用土壤农业化学和环境矿物学的方法,分析不同植株根区土壤矿质元素含量,评价土壤综合质量。结果表明:(1)正常生长植株根区土壤的C、P、K、S、Se、Sr、Mo、氧化物等总体水平显著高于衰老退化植株,总氮、速效磷、速效氮、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr无显著差异,其他元素的变化规律不明显。元素的有效态含量亦对植株生长产生影响。从植物营养需求角度看,大量、中量、微量元素均对土壤质量产生支配效应。(2)根区土壤质量指数表现为正常生长植株3最高、衰老退化植株1最低,说明土壤质量对顶坛花椒衰老退化具有影响。(3)顶坛花椒林分经营时,应培育良好的土壤结构,注重土壤养分的全面性和均衡性,关注矿质元素过低引起的亏缺效应。     

Chemistry,physiological properties,and microbial production of hydroxycitric acid

The tropical plants Garcinia cambogia and Hibiscus subdariffa produce hydroxycitric acid (HCA), of which the absolute configurations are (2S,3S) and (2S,3R), respectively. (2S,3S)-HCA is an inhibitor of ATP-citrate lyase, which is involved in fatty acid synthesis. (2S,3R)-HCA inhibits pancreatic α-amylase and intestinal α-glucosidase, leading to a reduction in carbohydrate metabolism. In this study, we review current knowledge on the structure, biological occurrence, and physiological properties of HCA. The availability of HCA is limited by the restricted habitat of its source plants and the difficulty of stereoselective organic synthesis. Hence, in our recent study, thousands of microbial strains were screened and finally two bacterial strains were, for the first time, found to produce trace amounts of HCA. The HCA variants produced were the Hibiscus-type (2S,3R) enantiomer. Subsequent genome shuffling rapidly generated a mutant population with improved HCA yield relative to the parent strain of bacteria. These bacteria are a potential alternative source of natural HCA.     

海南高隆湾红树林及其近岸海域沉积物的弗兰克氏菌(Frankia)多样性分布及其与环境因子的关系

弗兰克氏菌(Frankia)因其独特高效的固氮效率而备受关注,然而目前的研究还局限于陆地生境。基于nifH基因采用高通量测序对高隆湾红树林及其近岸海域沉积物的Frankia多样性进行分析,共获得261条属于Frankia的nifH序列,共11个OTUs,序列主要分布在红树林区样品,其中以角果木和红海榄为优势树种的红树林样品中序列较多,在潮间带样品中也有少量分布,海草区样品未检测到,序列在不同生境中的分布存在较大差异。OTU818在10个站位都有分布,说明OTU818代表的Frankia类群分布比较广泛,且为红树林沉积物的优势类群。系统进化分析表明Frankia与NCBI数据库中的Frankia基因序列在系统发育树上形成不同分支。通过Network分析Frankia与其他细菌类群的共发生关系,发现Frankia与来自Verrucomicrobia、Proteobacteria、Firmicutes、Cyanobacteria的多种固氮细菌类群存在紧密联系,表明Frankia在稳定红树林固氮细菌群落结构中起着重要作用。利用典范对应分析(canonical correspondence an...     

Determination of toxic metals by ICP-MS in Asiatic and European medicinal plants and dietary supplements

The potentially toxic metals content was determined in selected plants, used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (Angelica sinensis, Bacopa monnieri, Bupleurum sinensis, Curcuma longa, Cola accuminata, Emblica officinalis, Garcinia cambogia, Mucuna pruriens, Ocimum sanctum, Panax ginseng, Pueraria lobata, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Schisandra sinensis, Scutellaria baicalensis, Siraitia grosvenorii, Terminalia arjuna and Terminalia chebula), and some European herbs (Echinacea purpurea, Hypericum perforatum, Vitis vinifera). Samples were mineralized in a closed microwave system using HNO₃ and the concentrations of Cd, Pb, Al, As, Ba, Ni and Sb were determined by ICP-MS method. Some relevant aspects of potential toxicity of metallic elements and their compounds were also discussed. Results of metal content analysis in dietary supplements available on Polish market, containing studied plants, are presented as well. The results were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis.     

油棕鲜果穗产量构成因素的相关性和回归分析

为明确油棕鲜果穗产量构成因素之间的关系,利用相关性、回归和通径等分析方法,对58株油棕单株鲜果穗产量与其它性状相关性进行了研究。结果表明:油棕鲜果穗产量与鲜果穗重和每株果穗数的相关性最为密切。另外,在油棕高产品种选育过程中,应着重对平均果穗重、每株果穗数、果实大小和含油量等性状进行选择,并综合权衡这些产量性状之间的相互作用。产量性状变异和相关性分析表明,平均种壳厚度变异程度最大(88.34%),平均果长变异最小(11.99%),鲜果穗产量与鲜果穗重、每株果穗数、平均果重呈极显著正相关关系(0.882**,0.714**,0.439**),与平均果长呈显著正相关关系(0.334*)。多元线性回归和通径分析结果表明,通过比较多元线性回归方程的相关参数,建立了可实用的最优多元线性回归方程x_1=-281.511+2.787x_4+3.455x_5-2.672x_6+0.411x_7+6.690x_8+3.664x_9,平均鲜果穗重和每株果穗数对单株鲜果穗产量的直接作用最大(0.670,0.439),其它性状对单株产量的直接作用较小,平均果重和平均果长对单株鲜果穗产量的间接作用最大(0.335,0.322)。该研究结果为油棕高产品种选育提供了依据。