栀子道地性的分子生态学

运用扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)方法,研究了来自江西5个不同产地栀子的亲缘关系,并运用HPLC方法测定了栀子苷的含量,用ICP法测定了植物药材中的矿质元素含量.结果表明,各地方品系间在DNA 水平上存在明显的多样性变异;运用NTSYS-PC 软件对53个个体聚类分析,地理位置相近的种群聚为一类.各样本间栀子苷含量高低与聚类分支间无明显相关性,说明道地性的产生是基因型和环境饰变共同作用的结果.经微量元素测定,锌与栀子苷含量间呈负相关关系.     

不同产地栀子药材、土壤无机元素含量特征与有效成分的相关性研究

为了探索不同产地栀子及土壤中无机元素的分布规律与药材质量间的内在联系,本研究采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱及液相色谱对全国范围内36个产地的栀子及土壤无机元素、有效成分含量进行测定,发现不同产地栀子及其土壤中无机元素存在较大的变异。总体来看,Ca、B、Cu、Zn、K和Cr是栀子药材的特征无机元素。药材中B、Cu、Zn、P、Ca与土壤中无机元素的显著相关。栀子有效成分的形成是多因素的交互作用,土壤无机元素的含量不是最直接因素。本研究为合理施肥、改良土壤、控制栀子中有害元素含量及提高品质提供理论依据。     

不同产地苍耳草无机元素的ICP-MS分析

建立苍耳草药材中无机元素的电感耦合等离子体质谱﹙ICP-MS﹚分析方法,测定苍耳草不同产地及商品药材12个样品中24种无机元素的含量,用SPSS16.0对数据进行主成分分析及相关性分析。检测结果显示苍耳草药材中24种元素之间有一定的相关性,Ca、K、Mg、P、Fe的含量较高,重金属及有害元素的含量应引起重视;主成分分析选出5个主因子,得出Ca、K、Sr、Fe、Al、V、Mg、Ba、Mn是苍耳草的特征无机元素。本实验为苍耳草药材的质量控制及安全性评价提供依据。     

贵州不同来源地钩藤药材中8种矿质元素含量分析

本项目对贵州不同来源钩藤药材氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、铜、锰、锌元素含量进行分析并通过相关分析、主成分和聚类分析对其进行评价,结果表明:贵州不同来源钩藤药材中钙含量最高平均达19.57g/kg,钾含量次之;钩藤药材矿质元素含量变异系数均较大,镁变异系数最小,为16.50%,锰含量变化范围较宽,5.75~174.41mg/kg,变异系数最大为67.19%;氮与钾间极显著正相关,铜与钾、锌与钙间显著正相关;锌是钩藤药材第一主成分主要正向因子;聚类分析表现出钩藤有生态点聚类趋势;钩藤药材矿质元素含量变异程度较大。     

粗茎秦艽根茎品质与栽培土壤化学因子的相关性分析

对云南丽江鲁店乡18个样点粗茎秦艽（Gentiana crassicaulis Duth.ex Burk.）的根茎品质指标以及栽培土壤基本养分和矿质元素含量进行了测定;在此基础上,分析了根茎品质指标与土壤化学指标的相关性,并采用逐步回归分析方法筛选出影响粗茎秦艽根茎品质的主要土壤化学因子。测定结果表明：各样点间粗茎秦艽根茎的总灰分、酸不溶性灰分、水分、醇溶性浸出物、马钱苷酸和龙胆苦苷含量的差异较大,平均值分别为2.84%、0.28%、6.21%、28.57%、1.53%和4.70%,均符合相关的药材标准。土壤p H值为p H 4.67~p H 6.83,平均值为p H 5.51;土壤中有机质、速效N、速效P和速效K含量差异明显,平均值分别为7.38%、128.09μg·g-1、86.85μg·g-1和232.33μg·g-1;土壤中交换性Ca、交换性Mg、有效Zn、有效Mn、有效Fe和有效Cu含量也有较大差异,平均值分别为1 391.16、91.87、2.81、56.18、51.07和0.92μg·g-1。相关性分析结果表明：土壤速效P含量与粗茎秦艽根茎中醇溶性浸出物和龙胆苦苷含量分别呈极显著和显著正相关;土壤有效Fe含量与根茎中总灰分、酸不溶性灰分、醇溶性浸出物和龙胆苦苷含量呈极显著或显著正相关;土壤有效Cu含量与根茎中总灰分含量呈极显著正相关。逐步回归分析结果表明：影响粗茎秦艽根茎中总灰分含量的土壤化学因子是有效Zn、有效Fe和有效Cu含量,影响根茎中酸不溶性灰分和龙胆苦苷含量的土壤化学因子是有效Fe含量,影响根茎中醇溶性浸出物含量的土壤化学因子是速效P含量;而根茎中水分和马钱苷酸含量与各土壤化学因子均无明显的回归关系。综合分析结果显示：云南丽江粗茎秦艽种植区域的土壤均呈弱酸性,基本养分充足、矿质元素含量丰富,适宜于粗茎秦艽的生长;土壤有效Fe含量对粗茎秦艽根茎的品质指标影响最大,在实际生产中应适当喷施含Fe的微肥。     

栀子黄色素矿质元素的分析研究

本文报导了采用 WP_1—米平面光栅摄谱仪测定栀子黄色素矿质元素的方法,测出了栀子黄色素的20种矿质元素:Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn、Ni、Mo、V、Sb、Pb、Sn、Bi、Ga、Ag、Cd、Co、Ba、Be、B、Zr、Ti。有毒元素 Aa 未检出,Pb 含量小于3PPm,综合食品添加剂的国家标准(UDC),是一种安全性极高、具有人体必需微量元素的天然食用色素。     

秦艽药材及其生长土壤中无机元素含量特征及相关性分析

该研究采用原子吸收分光光度法和火焰光度法,测定云南20个种植地的秦艽及其生长土壤中无机元素的含量,探讨药材中无机元素分布特征,并对药材中无机元素含量与土壤中无机元素含量的相关性进行了分析。结果表明：云南秦艽药材无机元素的含量呈现K>Ca>Mg>Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu有规律的分布态势;通过相关性分析、主成分分析和逐步回归分析发现秦艽的特征元素为K、Cu、Ca和Zn;药材中钾含量与土壤中锌,钙与土壤中锰和铜,锰与土壤中钙和镁,铜与土壤中钾和锌元素含量间均分别显著负相关;而药材中镁含量与土壤中钙和镁,铁、铜与土壤中铁元素含量间均呈显著正相关。对秦艽各无机元素含量影响最大的因子是秦艽生长土壤有效钙,有效铁和有效锌其次,最后为有效锰。该研究结果为秦艽道地性成因及适宜栽培区域的选择提供了参考,为秦艽资源合理利用和GAP研究以及从无机元素的角度品评药材品质提供了理论依据。     

不同采收期水栀子果实中西红花苷Ⅰ、西红花苷Ⅱ和栀子苷含量变化研究

建立水栀子药材中西红花苷Ⅰ、西红花苷Ⅱ超高效液相色谱法(UPLC)含量测定的方法,研究不同采收期的水栀子药材中西红花苷Ⅰ、西红花苷Ⅱ和栀子苷含量的变化趋势。西红花苷Ⅰ、西红花苷Ⅱ含量测定采用80%甲醇超声提取,通过UPLC-DAD法测定。色谱条件:Aglient Pro120 EC-C18(50 mm×4.6 mm,2.7μm)色谱柱,以水(A)-乙腈(B)为流动相梯度洗脱,0~5 min,5%~20%B;5~17 min,20%~27%B;柱温15℃,流速0.8m L/min,检测波长440 nm。栀子苷含测采用《中国药典》2015年版一部栀子项下的含量测定方法检测。通过实验,红花苷Ⅰ、西红花苷Ⅱ分别在49.5560~955.6000 ng、5.9045~1180.9000 ng线性范围内与各自峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9996、r=0.9998),平均回收率分别为98.17%、99.67%(n=9)。表明建立的西红花苷Ⅰ、西红花苷Ⅱ含量测定方法简便,稳定性、重复性、分离度均好;随着采收期的延长,样本中西红花苷Ⅰ、西红花苷Ⅱ的含量逐步增加,而栀子苷含量先降低后再逐步增加到一个平衡值。本研究为水栀子药材最佳采收期的确定提供了实验依据。     

干热河谷石漠化区火龙果地不同耕作方式的土壤矿质元素特征

为探讨不同耕作方式的土壤矿质元素含量变化特征,促进火龙果生长发育和品质改良,该研究采用套种紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、施用有机肥和化肥与农药、地膜覆盖和无措施五种耕作方式,以每种方式土壤的22种矿质元素为评价指标,比较不同耕作方式的矿质元素含量差异,阐明土壤矿质元素之间的相关关系。结果表明:(1)与无措施相比,其他耕作方式的Ca、Si、Mn等元素含量呈增加趋势,Fe、Mg、Al等元素含量则降低,Na含量无显著差异。(2)施用有机肥的矿质元素含量最丰富,地膜覆盖次之,套种紫花苜蓿最低。(3)相关性分析表明,火龙果地土壤矿质元素间多存在显著相关性,Al、Si、S、Ni与其他元素的相关性较密切,其次为Fe、Mg、Na、Mn、Cu和Co,均达到显著或极显著水平。(4) Ca、Fe、Mg、Mn、Cu、Zn和B之间多呈负相关,存在拮抗效应。干热河谷石漠化区在火龙果栽培时,应首选有机肥作为养分添加方式,并及时补充不同耕作方式造成的土壤矿质养分亏缺,尤其是Fe、Mg、Al、Na、Cu、Zn等元素。     

栀子果实成熟度对栀子苷含量积累的影响

目的:考察栀子果实成熟度与栀子苷含量积累的关系,为确定最适采收期奠定基础。方法:以不同成熟度的栀子果实为样品,采用高效液相色谱法测定栀子苷含量,并进行对比。结果:6个不同成熟度果实样品的栀子苷含量随成熟度提高而下降,果实全青渐变色时栀子苷含量最高(8.469%);在果实3/4红前含量下降缓慢(-3.71%),差异不明显;果实全红后含量下降显著(-12.18%～32.55%)。结论:药用栀子果实的采摘应以果实全青渐变到果实3/4红前及时采摘。     

Spatial variations of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng and their impact factors

Aims This study aimed to reveal how ginsenosides content in Panax ginseng varied spatially and the regulating roles of environmental factors.Methods Twenty eight P. ginseng samples were collected from Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces, and nine kinds of ginsenosides content in P. ginseng were measured. The one-way ANOVA was used to evaluate their spatial variations. The method of UPLC was employed to determine the content of nine kinds of ginsenosides in P. ginseng. The principal component analysis (PCA), correlation analysis (CA) and redundancy analysis (RDA) were used to analyze the relationship between ginsenosides content and ecological factors (including climate and soil factors).Important findings The results showed that the content of ginsenosides in P. ginseng from Jilin and Liaoning was similar, and higher than that in Heilongjiang. Precipitation was the most important climate factor affecting the contents of ginsenosides. High temperature and strong sunshine limited the content of ginsenosides. The analysis on ginsenosides and soil factors indicated that soil nitrogen content, Fe, K, organic matter, pH value, Mn, P, Zn all had significant influences on the content of ginsenosides.     

羊草草原土壤细菌数量动态与生态因子之间关系的研究*

初步研究了羊草草原土壤细菌的数量动态以及与8种生态因子之间的关系。结果表明土壤细菌的数量全年只有一个高峰值(2.67×10     

气象因子和矿质元素对虎杖根茎白藜芦醇含量的影响

对全年各月虎杖材料中白藜芦醇含量,及其Ca、Cu、Fe、K、Mg、Na、Zn 8种矿质元素积累进行检测,结合气象因子动态变化,采用主成分分析法,研究了不同季节虎杖白藜芦醇含量动态变化与其矿质元素、气象因子动态变化的关系．结果表明,Cu与Fe,Mg与K、Zn,Ca与月日照时数,K与Zn相关系数分别为0．812、0．871、0．793、0．602、0．729,呈极显著正相关;Cu、Mn与月平均气温,Fe与K相关系数分别为-0．738、-0．712、-0．766,呈极显著负相关;Cu与白藜芦醇含量呈显著负相关．找出了影响虎杖白藜芦醇含量动态变化的5个主成分,其中“酶促反应促进性矿质营养因子”,“高温、强照射气象因子”的贡献率分别为35．539％、33．358％,合计为68．897％,二者对不同季节虎杖白藜芦醇的变异贡献率最大．同时进行白藜芦醇含量的动态变化与主成分的多元相关、回归分析,建立了回归方程。     

The relationship between available molybdenum in soils of volcanic ash origin and the molybdenum content in red clover (Trifolium pratense,L) leaves

Summary The relationship between Mo content in red clover leaves and available Mo in two different soil series of volcanic ash origin (Iwate-san and Hizume soils) was studied.If results were treated separately for each soil series, positive single correlations were obtained between leaf Mo and soil Mo extracted by Grigg's pH 3.3, 0.55N ammonium oxalate method. Correlation between leaf Mo and soil Mo was not significant if data from both soil series were combined. This relationship appeared to be due to several factors. First, the recovery of added Mo was lower in Hizume soils than in Iwate-san soils. This tendency for Mo fixation was confirmed by a pot experiment. Second, the amount of Fe as free hydrous Fe oxides dissolved in the acidic ammonium oxalate extract was higher in Hizume soils than in Iwate-san soils. This was negatively correlated with leaf Mo content. Therefore, the multiple correlation and regression between leaf Mo of red clover and available Mo, free hydrous Fe oxides and Mo recovery of soils gave satisfactory results even if data from both soils were combined.However, in the two soils used in this study, extraction at pH 3.3 failed to give the highest yield of Mo. They were obtained at much lower pH even though the concentration of organic acid remained constant. This was particularly clear in Iwate-san soils. The acidic ammonium oxalate extraction procedure tends to underestimate soil Mo availability in these kinds of soils, especially in extraction of Iwate-san soils.     

Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum L.) frond biomass and rhizosphere microbial community characteristics are correlated to edaphic factors

Bracken is a broadly distributed weedy fern common in disturbed habitats. Frond and rhizosphere soil samples were obtained from bracken growing in three clearcut locations in the Willamette National Forest in western Oregon. The highest frond biomass was correlated with soil having the highest total %N, lowest Fe content and oldest geological age. Based on analysis of variance of principal component scores for patterns of utilization of substrates on Biolog GN plates, metabolic profiles of rhizosphere microbial communities of bracken differed significantly between locations. Utilization of carbohydrates and phosphorylated compounds was positively correlated with organic matter (OM) and total N and negatively correlated with extractable Fe and Mn content of soil. Carboxylic acid utilization was positively correlated with pH and OM and negatively correlated with extractable Mn and P content of soils. Pseudomonas rDNA fingerprints of bracken rhizosphere samples suggested that the diversity of pseudomonads at the location with the most acidic (pH 5.5) soil (Burnside Road) differed from those at less acidic (pH 6.2 and 6.1) locations (Falls Creek and Toad Road). Mycorrhizal infection of bracken was lowest at Falls Creek, the location with the highest %N soil content. Our results suggest that bracken frond biomass and rhizosphere microbial community characteristics are correlated with local edaphic factors such as soil chemistry and geological age.     

广佛地区典型湿地类型植物多样性与土壤因子的关系

为了解土壤影响湿地植物多样性的主要因子,在广佛地区9大湿地类型选取18个样地作为研究对象,通过样方调查以及内业试验获得湿地群落物种组成分布、植物多样性、土壤状况等数据,运用方差分析、典范冗余分析(RDA)、典范对应分析(CCA)对群落分布、植物多样性与土壤因子之间的相关性进行分析。经实地调查,统计出湿地植物312种,隶属90科198属,以禾本科(Gramineae)、莎草科(Cyperaceae)、菊科(Compositae)等为优势科。草本植物占绝对优势,占79.17%。主成分评价结果表明, 近海及海岸湿地土壤养分水平较高。RDA排序分析结果表明土壤因子对植物多样性影响较大的指标是土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮;CCA排序结果表明土壤环境因子对湿地草本植物群落分布主要影响因子为pH、速效钾、有效磷。各研究结果表明,湿地生态系统比陆地生态系统更为复杂和脆弱,植物群落与土壤环境因子之间的关系也更为复杂,湿地植被的分布格局、群落多样性、群落结构和土壤条件及其相互关系受到人为干扰的类型和强度影响更加明显。     

Accumulation of trace elements in agricultural topsoil under different geological background

For establishing rational farming mechanism, it is essential to know the relative contribution of different geological background and anthropogenic activities to trace elements in agricultural soil. In this paper, 282 surface soil samples were collected based on the different geological background. Five harmful trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb) were analyzed. The results indicated most of trace elements contents were far beyond the threshold of uncultivated soil background, which indicate anthropogenic input strongly influenced on trace elements in agricultural soil. In addition, correlation analysis showed trace element contents exhibited high relationships with soil pH, C/N and physical clay (<0.01 mm) (p?<?0.05). The principal component analysis showed that the first component included Cd, Cr and Hg, while Pb and As formed the second component. Furthermore, in the agricultural topsoil derived from carbonate rock, the high background values of trace elements and alkaline condition made the enrichments of Cd, Cr and Hg were the most significant. In the agricultural topsoil derived from red residua, the Pb and As contents was the highest values among the soil categories, partly because the type of soil had amount of physical clay (<0.01 mm). In the agricultural topsoil derived from shale, the pH or physical clay had significant relationship with Cd, Pb, Hg and As (p?<?0.01). In the agricultural topsoil derived from sand stone, the acid condition and loose texture might account for the lowest values of Cd, Cr, Pb and As content to some extent.     

黄河三角洲莱州湾湿地柽柳种群分布特征及其影响因素

为探明黄河三角洲莱州湾柽柳(Tamarix chinensis Lour)灌丛环境因子的基本特征及其对柽柳灌丛空间分布类型的影响,采用样地与样方相结合的测定方法,对柽柳灌丛样地距海远近、地下水水位、土壤盐碱含量、土壤容重和孔隙度等基本物理参数以及土壤有机质、速效氮、磷养分等13个环境因子参数进行相关性和主成分分析。结果表明:莱州湾柽柳种群空间分布表现为聚集型分布,林分密度与距海距离和地下水水位呈极显著正相关,与土壤含水量呈极显著负相关;土壤含盐量与土壤含水量呈极显著正相关,与地下水水位和土壤孔隙度呈极显著负相关;土壤含水量与地下水位呈极显著负相关。莱州湾柽柳灌丛13个环境因子的变异系数在0.060—1.296之间,土壤K+含量、土壤含盐量和林分密度变化幅度较大;其次为土壤有机质和有效磷,地下水水位的空间变异性高于至海距离,而土壤p H值、土壤容重和总孔隙度等基本物理性状变化幅度较小。土壤盐碱含量分别为0.47%和p H为8.48,呈重盐土和偏碱性特征。主成分分析表明,土壤盐碱含量是影响黄河三角洲莱州湾湿地柽柳灌丛分布的主导因素,其次是距海距离,土壤速效磷和地下水位次之。     

Determination of the mineral elements in the pollen of some Gymnospermae

In this work the principal elements (K, Ca, Fe, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn, Na) constituting the mineral component of the pollen in some Gymnospermae, have been determined. This type of investigation has few matches in literature despite the importance some mineral elements have in germinating the pollen granule. The pollen samples, appropriately treated, were analysed in atomic absorption spectrophotometry and biometrically characterized under the optical microscope. Examination of the analytical data allows verification of the great influence deriving from soil characteristics and, within the families, a specific role of the type. The morphobiometric parameters show that a link exists between small and medium granules and with thin walls and minimum concentration values of Na, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn.     

Primary Study on Interrelation Between Plant Communities and Environmental Factors in the North Shore of Qinghai Lake

Eighteen plant communities were surveyed by quaduats in the north shore of Qinghai Lake. The communities were analyzed using PCA (principal component analysis) ordination and regression procedure to determine the distribution patterns of the plant communities and relationship between the communities and environmental factors. The results showed that the distribution of the plant communities were closely related to the moisture and salt content of soil. The correlation between species diversity or ecological dominance of the communities and gradient of environmental factors was not significant, but the two indexes of community showed multivarient line relationship with the first principal component, or the gradient of soil water, and the regression model as below: Y =- 4.85 4–1.47X1 4- 10.71X2 (P<0. 01).