基于核酸侵入反应的生物分子检测技术的研究进展

核酸侵入反应是由5＇核酸内切酶或flap内切酶催化的,能够识别切割核酸片段形成的特异性结构的一类反应。近年来发展了很多基于该反应的生物大分子检测技术,能够对DNA、RNA、miRNA及蛋白质进行高灵敏、高特异性的测定。这些技术大都无需扩增待测靶标,极大地降低了扩增产物交叉污染的风险,在临床检测中具有很大的应用前景。本文对这些检测技术的原理及应用作简要综述。     

基于核酸侵入反应的生物分子检测技术的研究进展

核酸侵入反应是由5’核酸内切酶或flap内切酶催化的,能够识别切割核酸片段形成的特异性结构的一类反应。近年来发展了很多基于该反应的生物大分子检测技术,能够对DNA、RNA、miRNA及蛋白质进行高灵敏、高特异性的测定。这些技术大都无需扩增待测靶标,极大地降低了扩增产物交叉污染的风险,在临床检测中具有很大的应用前景。本文对这些检测技术的原理及应用作简要综述。     

用于高灵敏可视化检测松材线虫的闭管等温扩增法

建立了一种基于环介导等温核酸扩增技术(LAMP)的松材线虫高灵敏可视化闭管检测方法。针对松材线虫核糖体DNA的序列保守区域设计LAMP引物,通过优化LAMP体系中的Mg2+、甜菜碱浓度和反应温度等因素,建立了环介导等温扩增法;并结合蜡封反应管对产物进行检测,检测结果可直接通过肉眼观察SYBR Green I荧光显色进行判定。结果表明,本方法可检测到低至10拷贝/管的松材线虫核酸片段,可对单条线虫进行检测,并且具有很高的特异性,能区分检测松材线虫与拟松材线虫。由于整个反应恒温进行,无需热循环仪;闭管检测极大地降低了扩增产物交叉污染的风险;检测速度快,整个检测过程只需40 min,为松材线虫的现场快速筛检提供了一种简便、高灵敏、高特异的工具。     

多重环介导等温扩增技术研究进展

环介导等温扩增技术(Loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP)因其扩增速度快、灵敏度和特异性高、仪器要求低等优点而被广泛应用于核酸诊断领域。为充分利用LAMP技术优势、提高诊断检测的效率与可靠性、扩展其应用范围,同时节约试剂成本,近年来多重LAMP技术的研究成为一大热点。常规的LAMP扩增产物检测方法多数以聚合反应的双链DNA产物或其副产物为基础,只能判断有无扩增反应发生,而难以识别多重扩增产物的靶标来源及其特异性。为实现多重扩增产物的高特异检测,各国学者通过对该技术巧妙的改进或与其他技术相偶联,发展了一系列多重LAMP扩增检测技术。然而上述狭义的多重LAMP技术依然存在因引物间相互干扰、扩增效率存在差异而引发歧视性扩增的局限,限制了多重扩增的重数。近年研究活跃的微型扩增技术以其实现多个平行、互不干扰的小体积单重扩增的技术优势打破了这一局限,由此产生了新型的广义多重LAMP扩增技术。这些技术还具有试剂消耗少、自动化程度较高、交叉污染风险更小以及更适合对较多靶标进行现场快速检测等优势。本文分别从狭义多重LAMP的方法原理及其扩增反应体系优化、广义多重LAMP的方法原理以及多重LAMP技术在诊断检测中的应用等方面对近年来多重LAMP技术的研究进展进行了综述。     

环介导等温扩增技术的改进及其在现场检测平台上的应用进展

环介导等温扩增技术(Loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)是一种新型核酸体外扩增技术,具有等温、快速、高特异性和灵敏度、产物检测简便等特点。自建立以来,该技术被广泛应用于病原检测、动物胚胎的性别鉴定、转基因食品检测和肿瘤的基因检测等领域并得到不断改进和完善,主要体现在特异性提高,反应速度加快,样本处理简化,检测方法特异化,多重扩增得以实现。由于LAMP满足现场检测的诸多要求,当前基于LAMP技术的现场检测平台正向着微型化、集成化、自动化方向发展,并呈现出与芯片实验室和数字扩增等技术联合应用的趋势。本文综述了近年来LAMP技术的改进及其在现场检测平台上的应用进展。     

基因扩增产物的固相杂交-酶联显色方法的建立

建立基于基因扩增技术的简便、快速的病毒核酸定量检测方法．将标记有生物素的寡核苷酸引物所扩增的病毒基因产物,与通过共价键结合在微孔反应板上的特异性探针进行快速杂交,然后通过辣根过氧化物酶标记的抗生物素进行酶联显色,读取光密度值．应用本方法对血清中乙型、丙型肝炎病毒核酸定量检测,灵敏度分别可达１－５拷贝／反应．此方法简便、快速、特异性好、敏感性高、半定量指标客观,可广泛应用于肝炎病毒感染的临床诊断和疗效评价．     

环介导等温扩增技术的应用进展

环介导等温扩增(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)是一种新式核酸扩增技术,它依靠一种具有链置换活性的DNA聚合酶与2对特殊设计的引物,在等温条件下即可高效快速地完成扩增反应。相较于传统扩增检测方法,LAMP技术具有特异性强、灵敏度高、操作简单快速等优点,更能在现场快速检测和基层应用中广泛推广,目前LAMP技术已广泛应用于植物病害检测、动物病害检测、食品安全检测等领域。基于此,简要介绍了LAMP技术的基本原理、反应产物的检测方法,重点阐述了LAMP技术的改进与发展,综述了近年来其在科研生产中的应用进展,并对其发展前景进行了展望,以期为LAMP技术的进一步发展提供合理的研究方向。     

基于锁核酸及等位位点特异性扩增技术的KRAS基因突变检测荧光定量PCR方法研究

基于等位位点特异性扩增的原理,设计锁核酸修饰KRAS基因突变特异性扩增引物,结合封阻探针技术,建立检测KRAS基因突变的荧光定量PCR方法。结果发现,锁核酸修饰的引物及探针可显著提高等位位点特异性扩增技术用于复杂样本中的微量基因突变检测的敏感度,该技术检测KRAS基因突变的敏感性可达0.01%~0.1%。进一步用建立的荧光定量PCR方法检测52例结直肠癌患者血浆标本,并用DNA测序法作为对照,同时用健康人血浆标本建立阴性检测结果判读标准,以初步评价该方法应用于循环DNA中KRAS基因突变检测的可行性。结果发现结直肠癌患者KRAS基因突变主要是G12C、G12A和G12R,而且q PCR法的阳性检出率为46.15%,高于DNA测序法(13.46%),阴性结果与DNA测序法的符合率为100%。此外,结直肠癌患者外周血KRAS基因的突变检出率与文献报道组织标本中的突变检出率及常见突变类型基本相符。上述结果说明该方法检测循环肿瘤DNA(circulating tumor DNA,ct DNA)具有较高的可靠性,可以用于肿瘤患者循环血液中KRAS基因突变的检测。     

单管可视化环介导等温扩增技术快速检测恶性疟原虫

目的:建立一种基于环介导等温核酸扩增技术(Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification,LAMP)的恶性疟原虫高灵敏可视化闭管检测方法。方法:针对恶性疟原虫核糖体DNA的序列保守区设计LAMP引物,通过优化LAMP体系中的Mg2+、甜菜碱浓度和反应温度等因素,建立环介导等温扩增法;并结合蜡封反应管对产物进行检测,检测结果可直接通过肉眼观察SYBR Green I荧光显色进行判定。结果:本方法可检测到70个拷贝/管的恶性疟原虫核酸片段,并具有高特异性,可区分检测常见的血液病毒。该法具有如下优点:1、整个反应恒温进行,无需热循环仪;2、闭管检测,极大降低了扩增产物交叉污染的风险;3、检测速度快,整个检测过程只需30 min。结论:该法的建立为恶性疟原虫的现场快速筛检提供了一种简便、高灵敏、高特异的工具。     

多重环介导核酸等温扩增技术检测血液中常见病原体

背景：血液安全性筛查是输血前必要检测项目。目前临床采用血清学检测技术,存在较长的检测窗口期,易产生假阴性检测结果,造成输血交叉感染。目的：建立多重环介导核酸等温扩增技术,实现在一管反应体系内同时检测四种病原体：乙肝病毒,丙肝病毒,艾滋病毒和梅毒螺旋体。方法：通过限制性酶切处理多重环介导核酸等温扩增产物,利用酶切产物的长度分析扩增产物的种类,从而分析待测样本中含有何种血液病原体。结果：检测164例临床样本,其检测结果可以通过琼脂糖电泳,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及芯片电泳分析,且均可实现对多重扩增产物的酶切片段进行区分和鉴别。结论：多重环介导核酸等温扩增技术可以同时单管检测多种待测血液病原体,可以为临床提高简单、快速、高灵敏和高特异的检测技术。     

基因突变的分子检测技术

基因突变的分子检测是确定生物性状与某种遗传变异的关系、探讨生物物种内基因的差异、了解生物种间亲缘和进化的关键技术,对群体遗传学和生物分类学研究、遗传病诊断等都有着重要的理论意义和实用价值。因此,对于基因突变的检测方法的研究目前受到广泛关注。对基因突变的形式及其分子检测技术作了全面综述。     

PCR防污染技术的研究进展

聚合酶链式反应（PCR）是一种高灵敏核酸扩增技术,广泛应用于核酸检测中。但在实际应用过程中,扩增产物及其他核酸片段的污染会导致假阳性的结果,制约了PCR在临床检测中的应用。为了解决这一问题,建立了许多PCR防污染的方法,除了早期建立的并已得到广泛应用的物理隔绝法、光照法及水解法外,近年来还发展了酶消化法、化学修饰法及DEAE纤维素法。本文对PCR防污染技术的原理、应用及进展进行了综述。     

Mutation detection in the human HSP7OB' gene by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography

Variances, particularly single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), in the genomic sequence of individuals are the primary key to understanding gene function as it relates to differences in the susceptibility to disease, environmental influences, and therapy. In this report, the HSP70B' gene is the target sequence for mutation detection in biopsy samples from human prostate cancer patients undergoing combined hyperthermia and radiation therapy at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, using temperature-modulated heteroduplex analysis (TMHA). The underlying principles of TMHA for mutation detection using DHPLC technology are discussed. The procedures involved in amplicon design for mutation analysis by DHPLC are detailed. The melting behavior of the complete coding sequence of the target gene is characterized using WAVEMAKER software. Four overlapping amplicons, which span the complete coding region of the HSP70B' gene, amenable to mutation detection by DHPLC were identified based on the software-predicted melting profile of the target sequence. TMHA was performed on PCR products of individual amplicons of the HSP70B' gene on the WAVE Nucleic Acid Fragment Analysis System. The criteria for mutation calling by comparing wild-type and mutant chromatographic patterns are discussed.     

A New Restriction Endonuclease-Based Method for Highly-Specific Detection of DNA Targets from Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

PCR multiplexing has proven to be challenging, and thus has provided limited means for pathogen genotyping. We developed a new approach for analysis of PCR amplicons based on restriction endonuclease digestion. The first stage of the restriction enzyme assay is hybridization of a target DNA to immobilized complementary oligonucleotide probes that carry a molecular marker, horseradish peroxidase (HRP). At the second stage, a target-specific restriction enzyme is added, cleaving the target-probe duplex at the corresponding restriction site and releasing the HRP marker into solution, where it is quantified colorimetrically. The assay was tested for detection of the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pathogen, using the mecA gene as a target. Calibration curves indicated that the limit of detection for both target oligonucleotide and PCR amplicon was approximately 1 nM. Sequences of target oligonucleotides were altered to demonstrate that (i) any mutation of the restriction site reduced the signal to zero; (ii) double and triple point mutations of sequences flanking the restriction site reduced restriction to 50–80% of the positive control; and (iii) a minimum of a 16-bp target-probe dsDNA hybrid was required for significant cleavage. Further experiments showed that the assay could detect the mecA amplicon from an unpurified PCR mixture with detection limits similar to those with standard fluorescence-based qPCR. Furthermore, addition of a large excess of heterologous genomic DNA did not affect amplicon detection. Specificity of the assay is very high because it involves two biorecognition steps. The proposed assay is low-cost and can be completed in less than 1 hour. Thus, we have demonstrated an efficient new approach for pathogen detection and amplicon genotyping in conjunction with various end-point and qPCR applications. The restriction enzyme assay may also be used for parallel analysis of multiple different amplicons from the same unpurified mixture in broad-range PCR applications.     

PCR 防污染技术的研究进展

聚合酶链式反应(PCR)是一种高灵敏核酸扩增技术,广泛应用于核酸检测中.但在实际应用过程中,扩增产物及其他核酸片段的污染会导致假阳性的结果,制约了PCR在临床检测中的应用.为了解决这一问题,建立了许多PCR防污染的方法,除了早期建立的并已得到广泛应用的物理隔绝法、光照法及水解法外,近年来还发展了酶消化法、化学修饰法及DEAE纤维素法.本文对PCR防污染技术的原理、应用及进展进行了综述.     

Validation of GNE:p.M712T identification by melting curve analysis

Hereditary inclusion body myopathy/distal myopathy with rimmed vacuoles is an adult onset autosomal recessive muscle-wasting disease common in people of Iranian-Jewish descent, due to the founder allelic variant GNE:p.M712T. High correlation of disease susceptibility with GNE:p.M712T allows its use as a molecular marker for diagnosis. In this study, we applied and validated the use of melting curve analysis using SimpleProbe technology for detection of this mutation using specimens obtained by mouthwash, buccal swab, and whole blood. The assay was then applied to 43 clinical specimens, and results were validated by additional methods. A probe spanning this mutation in exon 12 accurately discerns two Tm corresponding to its hybridization to wild-type and M712T-derived amplicons. A 10 degrees C divergence in Tm allowed rapid single-tube genotyping of reference and patient samples with 100% accuracy. Distal myopathy constitutes a large heterogeneous group of pathologies with similar physiological manifestations and little molecular markers for distinguishing subtypes. Application of SimpleProbes for detection of GNE:p.M712T on genomic DNA obtained from buccal epithelial cells allows accurate, rapid, and cost-effective identification of this allele in individuals at risk. This procedure is amenable to automated high-throughput applications and can be extended to both clinical and research applications.     

High-throughput single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis by capillary electrophoresis

Mutation detection plays a great role in genetic and medical research and clinical diagnosis of inherited diseases and particular cancers. Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis is one of the most popular methods for detection of mutations. Recently, automated capillary electrophoresis (CE) systems have been used in SSCP analysis instead of conventional slab gel electrophoresis. SSCP analysis in combination with CE is a rapid, simple, sensitive and high-throughput mutation screening tool, and has been successfully applied for mutation detection involving human tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes and disease-causing genes. The new technique has a great potential for mutation screening of large numbers of samples in clinical diagnosis. This review discusses basic issues about the methodology of SSCP analysis based on CE and summarizes several key applications.     

Denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography in the detection of ABCA1 gene mutations in familial HDL deficiency

Mutations in the ABCA1 gene are the cause of familial high density lipoprotein deficiency (FHD). Because these mutations are spread over the entire gene, their detection requires the sequencing of all 50 exons. The aim of this study was to validate denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) in mutation detection as an alternative to systematic sequencing. Exons of the ABCA1 gene were amplified using primers employed for sequencing. Temperatures for DHPLC were deducted from a software and empirically defined for each amplicon. To assess DHPLC reliability, we tested 30 sequence variants found in FHD patients and controls. Combined DHPLC and sequencing was applied to the genotyping of new FHD patients. Most of the amplicons required from two to five temperature conditions to obtain partially denatured DNA over the entire amplicon length. Twenty-nine of the variants found by sequencing were detected by DHPLC (97% sensitivity). The detection of the last variant (in exon 40) required different primers and amplification conditions. DHPLC and sequencing analysis of new FHD patients revealed that all amplicons showing a heteroduplex DHPLC profile contained sequence variants. No variants were detected in amplicons with a homoduplex profile. DHPLC is a sensitive and reliable method for the detection of ABCA1 gene mutations.     

MicroRNA定量检测方法的研究进展

MicroRNA是一类内源性的非编码小分子RNA, 通过下调蛋白编码基因的表达而对不同的细胞发育过程起到重要的调控作用。分析组织或细胞样本中microRNA的表达可为研究这类分子的生物学功能提供重要的信息。近年来, 研究者发展了许多方法检测不同的生理和病理学过程中microRNA的表达差异, 并发现microRNA的异常表达与癌症、神经紊乱和心脏疾病等的发生相关。文章系统地介绍了最新发展的microRNA定量检测方法, 详细阐述了基于探针杂交技术的Northern blotting法、微阵列芯片法、纳米金标记法、桥连同位素标记法, 以及基于扩增技术的定量PCR检测法、滚环扩增法、引物入侵法和新一代大规模高通量测序法等, 并对这些方法的优缺点进行了分析比较。     

Advanced nano biosensors for rapid detection of zoonotic bacteria

An infectious disease that is transmitted from animals to humans and vice-versa is called zoonosis. Bacterial zoonotic diseases can re-emerge after they have been eradicated or controlled and are among the world's major health problems which inflict tremendous burden on healthcare systems. The first step to encounter such illnesses can be early and precise detection of bacterial pathogens to further prevent the following losses due to their infections. Although conventional methods for diagnosing pathogens, including culture-based, polymerase chain reaction-based, and immunological-based techniques, benefit from their advantages, they also have their own drawbacks, for example, taking long time to provide results, and requiring laborious work, expensive materials, and special equipment in certain conditions. Consequently, there is a greater tendency to introduce simple, innovative, quicker, accurate, and low-cost detection methods to effectively characterize the causative agents of infectious diseases. Biosensors, therefore, seem to practically be one of those novel promising diagnostic tools on this aim. These are effective and reliable elements with high sensitivity and specificity, that their usability can even be improved in medical diagnostic systems when empowered by nanoparticles. In the present review, recent advances in the development of several bio and nano biosensors, for rapid detection of zoonotic bacteria, have been discussed in details.