2n雄配子的无融合生殖披碱草（Elymus rectisetus）减数分裂行为研究

用能自然产生2n雄配子的无融合生殖六倍体披碱草为材料,研究了无融合生殖披碱草的减数分裂行为。结果表明：2n雄配子的无融合生殖披碱草减数分裂行为较为异常。在间期细胞内经常有微核存在;在前期I,有倒位环、多介染色体等异常现象;在中期I,染色体有不等分裂的倾向;在后期I和末期I,有染色体的单极分裂（63.9%）、染色走向一极的倾向（21.7%）和多极分裂（3.3%）等现象,单极分裂的结果是不减数配子的产生。在减数分裂Ⅱ中,有高比例的二分子孢子（55.7%）和三分子孢子（23.7%）的形成,二分子孢子在发育后期也直接导致了2n配子的产生。因此,染色体的单极分裂、二分体和三分体形成这3种方式是披碱草2n雄配子的形成的主要途径。     

无融合生殖

在自然界,大多数高等生物的生活周期都有明显的配子体世代和孢子体世代交替的现象。孢子体经过减数分裂产生配子,雌雄配子受精融合,成为下一代孢子体的开始,这就是有性生殖,是生物最主要的生殖方式。但是,有些生物的生活周期绕过了这个重要过程,不经过雌雄配子融合,直接从配子体或孢子体的一个或一群细胞发育为子代新个体,这种生殖方式叫做无融合生殖(apomixis),这是无融合生殖的广义概念。无融合生殖的狭义概念则认为是有性生殖的一种特殊方式或变态。这种生殖方式在动、植物界都存在,但在植物界更为普遍,且类型较多。     

白杨杂种三倍体小孢子母细胞减数分裂及花粉形态观察

通过醋酸洋红压片等方法观察毛新杨×银腺杨杂种三倍体小孢子母细胞减数分裂及花粉形态,以探讨杂种三倍体雄配子的育性及其细胞学机制.结果显示:(1)在小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程中可观察到部分染色体提前分向两极、落后染色体、微核等一系列染色体异常行为,表明该三倍体存在染色体的高度不平衡性.(2)在减数第二次分裂过程中存在大量胞质分裂提前现象;减数分裂产物中发现有少量二分体、三分体的存在,同时毛新杨×银腺杨杂种三倍体花粉粒的直径变化范围为22.6～62.6 μm,呈现双峰分布,由此推测有一定数量的具可育性的未减数花粉产生.     

行为生态学(十八):性的生态学问题(1)

性的功能虽然性现象到处可见,但对于有性生殖的功能意义仍然存在着争议。在真核生物中,有性生殖的基本特点是通过减数分裂(染色体减半)产生配子,并通过配子结合产生新的个体。在较高等的动植物中,雌雄配子(即卵和精子)已发生分化。在很多原生动物和绿藻中,配子之间并无形态差异,但却分化为不同的接合型,即一个配子只能同另一个不同类型的配子相接合。纤毛虫不产生自由活动的配子,而是在接合生殖中互换单倍体的核,其遗传效果与两个雌雄同体个体交互受精差不多。有性生殖的结果是使来自不同细胞的基因在同一细胞中相遇。在减数分裂期间所发生的     

"减数分裂"备考复习的教学设计

配子生成和融合是生物遗传的细胞基础,有性生殖细胞的生成经过减数分裂,因此,减数分裂与生殖、发育、遗传和变异等知识密切联系,可作为一个专题复习。“减数分裂”专题有2个复习重点：一是减数分裂的概念,即理解减数分裂是一种特殊方式的有丝分     

未减数配子和多倍体植物演化

由植物体内外因素引起的细胞减数分裂是未减数配子形成的主要原因,而未减数配子的发生则引起自然界多倍体植物的不断演化形成丰富多彩的植物世界。     

普通白菜未减数雄配子形成的细胞学机制

以自然产生2n配子的二倍体普通白菜为材料,采用常规压片法研究2n雄配子发生的细胞学机制.结果表明,白菜未减数雄配子的形成途径有两条:(1)通过近平行型纺锤体形成二分体,从而产生2个未减数配子;(2)通过三极型纺锤体形成三分体,从而产生2个正常减数n配子和1个未减数2n配子,三极型纺锤体比平行型纺锤体能产生更高频率的未减数配子.2n花粉大小为n花粉的1.5倍,其频率不超过9%.     

披碱草 Elymus rectisetus无融合生殖及其转育的研究进展

披碱草Elymus rectisetus(Nees in Lehm）A Loeve et Connor(2n=6x=42）,SSYYWW）是目前发现的小麦族（Triticeae）中唯一的无融合生殖种,属二倍性孢子形成的假受精无融合生殖类型,无融合生殖能固定杂种优势,简化育种程序,缩短育种年限,因此E.rectisetus无融合生殖及其向小麦中导入的研究一直受到遗传育种学家的重视,与有性生殖相比,无融合生殖类型大孢子母细胞（MMC）的形成有三个显著特点：（1）MMC在早前期合点形成液泡;（2）MMC核显著伸长,呈椭圆形或哑玲形;（3）MMC周围缺乏含,胼胝质的细胞壁E.rectisetus与披碱草属内的种间杂交取得较大进展,了其分类和遗传学研究。E.rectisetus与近缘属杂交成功例子逐渐增多,目前国内外已成功进行了普通小麦与E.rectisetus属间杂交,为最终将E.rectisetus无融合生殖基因导入小麦奠定了基础。     

节节麦×硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体杂种F_1可孕配子形成途径的细胞学分析

对节节麦×硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双二倍体杂种F_1减数分裂的观察结果表明:该杂种F_1的可孕性是由于杂种F_1产生了大量的(近于)未减数配子的结果。在一些PMC中,单价体中期Ⅰ集结到赤道板上,后期Ⅰ染色单体均等分离产生二分体,二分体发育成有功能的花粉粒。由于染色(单)体的丢失或不分离可产生大量的不完整的重复、缺失未减数配子,完整未减数配子的频率很低。杂种F_1和普通小麦杂交一代及F_2代的细胞学分析结果和F_1配子形成途径分析结果一致。推测从大量的F_2代中可能筛选到自发八倍体(DDAABBVV)。     

减数分裂与有性生殖

减数分裂是有性生殖现象中最关键的细胞行为。现有的观察资料提示最初的减数分裂可能类似于二倍体细胞转化为单倍体细胞的某种较简单活动（一步减数分裂）;原始单细胞前性生物可有单倍体、二倍体、四倍体等类型,以原始减数分裂形式相互转化。在特殊情况下,某些物种的单倍体细胞丧失了增殖能力但具有了与类似细胞融合并恢复增殖的特性,从而形成某些原始配子,并演化出了有性生殖现象;两性的性差异可能主要基于形成有性生殖时两个     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.