洋虫营养成分分析

分析洋虫Palembus dermestoides(Fairmaire)成、幼虫体内的营养成分,并对氨基酸的质量进行了评价。结果表明:洋虫成虫和幼虫都具有丰富的营养,其中粗蛋白48.31%和54.94%、粗脂肪17.64%和18.24%、粗灰分3.0%和2.8%、总糖31.05%和24.08%,TAA为39.03 g/100 g和47.4 g/100 g、EAA/TAA为46.29%和47.14%,含有丰富的矿物质和微量元素,尤其是Zn的含量达到101.00 mg/kg和186.00 mg/kg,且不含有对人体有害的Cd,Hg,Pb。对幼虫进行氨基酸评价,其必需氨基酸指数为114.71。与目前常见的蛋白源相比较,洋虫是一种高蛋白、低脂肪、氨基酸含量较全面且富含矿物质和微量元素的昆虫资源。     

鸡肉粉完全替代鱼粉饲料中补充包被氨基酸对凡纳滨对虾生长、体成分及组织氨基酸含量的影响

为了探讨鸡肉粉完全替代鱼粉时饲料氨基酸的平衡性以及外源氨基酸的添加方式与凡纳滨对虾生长、体成分、血浆游离氨基酸及肌肉氨基酸含量的关系, 本试验采用26因子试验设计进行了为期56d的饲养试验。2个饲料蛋白质水平分别为40%和32%, 6个饲料处理分别为鱼粉组(对照组)、鸡肉粉组、鸡肉粉+晶体EAA组、鸡肉粉+晶体EAA+晶体NEAA组、鸡肉粉+包被EAA组、鸡肉粉+包被EAA+包被NEAA组, 配制12组饲料。将凡纳滨对虾(0.300.01) g随机分配到36个圆桶(150 L)中, 每桶30尾, 每3个桶为一个处理组, 饲喂一种饲料, 每天饱食投喂三次。在每一饲料蛋白质水平下, 无论是补充晶体氨基酸(CAA)组还是包被氨基酸组对虾的增重率均显著高于鸡肉粉组(P0.05), 且在32%蛋白质水平下, 包被EAA组对虾增重率达到了鱼粉组水平(P0.05); 补充晶体EAA+NEAA组对虾增重率与补充晶体EAA组无差异(P0.05), 但均显著低于补充包被氨基酸组(P0.05); 补充包被EAA组对虾增重率显著高于补充包被EAA+NEAA组(P0.05)。饲料系数的变化正好与增重率变化相反(P0.05)。饲喂高蛋白质水平饲料较之饲喂低蛋白质饲料明显提高对虾增重率、虾体蛋白含量(P0.05), 但降低虾体脂肪含量(P0.05)。包被氨基酸组凡纳滨对虾血浆游离氨基酸含量总体显著低于CAA组(P0.05)。除谷氨酸、甘氨酸以及脯氨酸外, 各组对虾肌肉氨基酸含量无显著差异(P0.05)。结果表明, 在32%饲料蛋白质水平下, 用鸡肉粉完全替代鱼粉时, 饲料中补充包被EAA可明显促进凡纳滨对虾的生长, 且达到了鱼粉组的饲喂效果。     

宁夏贺兰山岩羊肌肉营养成分分析

为研究贺兰山岩羊肌肉组织的营养价值,对其组成成分进行分析。结果表明:雌性岩羊与雄性岩羊肌肉组织在磷、锌、氨基酸和脂肪酸的含量方面有所不同。岩羊肌肉是蛋白质和矿物质的良好来源,尤其是钙、磷和铜。与联合国粮食农业组织(FAO)和世界卫生组织(WHO)推荐的理想蛋白质模型(EAA /TAA 比约40% )相比较,岩羊肌肉蛋白质营养价值很高(其中,雄性EAA /TAA 比为39.3% ,雌雄EAA/ TAA 比为39.2%)。通过计算氨基酸评分和氨基酸化学评分,岩羊肌肉蛋白中缬氨酸为限制性氨基酸,赖氨酸含量很高。此外,岩羊肌肉也是亚油酸和亚麻酸的良好来源。     

三种乌贼内骨骼生化成分研究

曼氏无针乌贼（Sepiella maindroni）和金乌贼（Sepia esculenta）的内骨骼称为海螵蛸,可用于制酸、止血等。通过对曼氏无针乌贼、金乌贼和虎斑乌贼（Sepia pharaonis）内骨骼生化成分的比较,有望实现传统中药海螵蛸原料质量的提升和替代。分别使用烘干干燥法、高温灼烧法、凯氏定氮法、索氏提取法、酸碱浸泡法、茚三酮柱后衍生离子交换色谱法、离子发光色谱法检测水分、灰分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗甲壳素、氨基酸及矿物质。结果显示：三种内骨骼营养成分中,虎斑乌贼水分和粗蛋白含量最高,分别为（2.52±0.16）%和（3.43±0.10）%;金乌贼灰分和粗脂肪含量最高,分别为（94.7±0.26）%和（0.24±0.04）%;甲壳素含量最高的为曼氏无针乌贼内骨骼,为（9.48±0.36）%,约为其他两种的1.50倍。三种乌贼内骨骼共检出15种氨基酸,其中必需氨基酸（EAA）7种,半必需氨基酸（HEAA）1种,非必需氨基酸（NEAA）7种,三种乌贼骨的EAA/TAA为44.64%~47.09%,符合FAO/WHO中对于蛋白质EAA/TAA的理想评定标准。金乌贼内骨骼的钙含量最高（3.93×10⁵ mg/kg）、曼氏无针乌贼的钠含量最高（1.02×10⁴ mg/kg）、虎斑乌贼的钾含量最高（589.5 mg/kg）。可见三种乌贼内骨骼均是低脂肪、高甲壳素、高矿物质的中药。虎斑乌贼内骨骼蛋白和灰分营养成分含量较为丰富,是否可以作为传统海螵蛸的替代品,值得进一步探讨。     

泽泻梗的营养成分及对α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的影响

采用国标方法测定泽泻梗的营养成分,用化学比分法和氨基酸比值系数法对其蛋白质的营养价值进行评价。此外,还对泽泻梗粗提物抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶的活性进行了测定。结果表明:泽泻梗(每100 g干样)含粗蛋白26.10 g、粗脂肪2.20 g、总膳食纤维27.56 g、灰分8.70 g、多糖4.22 g、还原糖4.87 g、维生素C 406.30 mg、胡萝卜素380.00μg。泽泻梗蛋白质组成中必需氨基酸/总氨基酸(EAA/TAA)为39.54%、必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸(EAA/NEAA)为60.46%,鲜味氨基酸占总氨基酸含量的40%以上;其第一限制性氨基酸为含硫氨基酸(蛋氨酸和胱氨酸)。浓度为500μg/m L的泽泻梗水提醇沉物、泽泻梗醇提物的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率分别为43.75%、39.90%。     

鞭角华扁叶蜂幼虫的营养成分分析

采用现代分析技术手段对鞭角华扁叶蜂Chinolydaflagellicornis(F.Smith)幼虫的主要营养成分进行分析,结果表明其鲜虫浆的蛋白质、氨基酸、粗脂肪、糖类及灰分含量分别为17.1%,13.5%,6.7%,1.0%和1.5%,胆固醇含量为0.3mg/g;含有7种人体必需氨基酸,其必需氨基酸占总氨基酸含量的43.0%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸含量的比值为75.3%,第一限制性氨基酸为含硫氨基酸,即蛋氨酸和胱氨酸;同时,其不饱和脂肪酸与必需脂肪酸分别占总脂肪的61.3%和24.3%,特别是油酸和亚麻酸含量较高,分别达37.0%和18.4%;此外,还含有K,Ca,Mg,Fe,Zn,Cu,Mn等多种矿物质和微量元素。最后在分析其营养价值的基础上,对鞭角华扁叶蜂幼虫的开发利用价值进行了评价。     

细叶小羽藓营养成分的测定分析

该研究以细叶小羽藓为材料,测定了基本营养成分总糖、粗脂肪、粗蛋白、灰分的含量,采用气相色谱、氨基酸自动分析仪分别检测了脂肪酸和氨基酸的组分含量,并通过化学分析法和扫描电镜明确了细叶小羽藓矿质元素含量及分布情况。结果表明:细叶小羽藓中主要成分是糖类,占16.11%,粗蛋白质、灰分含量分别为11.20%、23.34%。氨基酸组成均衡,必需氨基酸(EAA)占氨基酸总量(TAA)的27.70%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值(EAA/NEAA)为0.38;限制性氨基酸为组氨酸,比值系数分(SRC)为12.96;药用氨基酸占总氨基酸的62.12%;天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、精氨酸、亮氨酸等含量相对较高。不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸的比值为0.74,不饱和脂肪酸花生四烯酸(AA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)相对含量较高。富含矿物质,茎叶元素均匀分布,其中Al、Ca、Fe、K、Mg等元素含量很高。综上认为,细叶小羽藓是一种含糖量较多、矿质丰富、低脂、低蛋白的苔藓,作为生物资源具有开发潜力。     

梵净山薇菜营养成分分析

目的：分析梵净山薇菜的营养成分,为梵净山薇菜的开发利用提供科学依据。方法：参照国标的方法测定梵净山薇菜的蛋白质、维生素C、总糖、还原糖、粗纤维、氨基酸、矿质元素等营养成分,并对其进行分析与评价。结果：梵净山薇菜蛋白质、粗纤维和维生素C含量较高,脂肪含量较低,氨基酸总量达22194g/100g,必需氨基酸（EAA）/氨基酸总量（TAA）为44769%,EAA/非必需氨基酸（NEAA）为93200%,必需氨基酸指数（EAAI）为8624,必需氨基酸种类齐全、比例均衡,第一限制氨基酸为甲硫氨酸、半胱氨酸,矿物质元素含量丰富,以钾和铁的含量最高,分别为3 74180、71990mg/kg。结论：梵净山薇菜是一种蛋白质含量高、脂肪含量低、必需氨基酸种类齐全且比例均衡、矿物质元素丰富、营养价值较高的野菜,具有很好的开发应用前景。     

小碎斑鱼蛉幼虫资源成分分析及价值评价

针对小碎斑鱼蛉Neochauliodes sparsus(Liu et Yang)幼虫,进行了资源成分测定,分析。结果表明:小碎斑鱼蛉幼虫干物质中蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪、糖类及灰分含量分别为67.69%、56.02%、10.4%、1.59%、7.05%,含有18种氨基酸,包括8种人体必需氨基酸,其必需氨基酸占总氨基酸含量的45.32%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸含量的比值为82.89%,第一限制性氨基酸为色氨酸;此外,还含有Ca、P、Fe、Zn等多种矿物质和微量元素。在分析了小碎斑鱼蛉幼虫资源成分的基础上,对其开发利用价值进行了评价。     

组培苗鲜罗汉果与干罗汉果营养成分的分析和比较

对组培苗鲜罗汉果与干罗汉果提取物的营养成分进行分析和比较研究,分别测定了蛋白质、脂肪、总糖、碳水化合物、灰分、矿质元素、维生素E和氨基酸含量。结果表明:组培苗鲜罗汉果和干罗汉果蛋白质含量分别为22.23%、19.8%,氨基酸总量分别为12.51%、8.36%,其中人体必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量分别为38.13%、36.36%,矿质元素含量分别为1081mg/100g、1089mg/100g,维生素E含量分别为0.183mg/100g、0.589mg/100g。组培苗鲜罗汉果的蛋白质、氨基酸含量比组培苗干罗汉果分别高2.43%、4.15%,碳水化合物、维生素E含量组培苗干罗汉果比组培苗鲜罗汉果分别高2.44%、0.406mg/100g,矿质元素、粗脂肪、总糖、灰分等含量两者不存在明显差异。     

Effect of high levels of selected dietary essential amino acids on hypercholesterolemia and down-regulation of hepatic LDL receptors in rabbits.

Earlier studies showed that the elevation of serum total and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels produced in rabbits by feeding high levels of a casein amino acid mixture in a cholesterol-free, semipurified diet was due primarily to the essential amino acids (EAA) in the mixture. Replacing all of the non-essential amino acids in the mixture by glutamic acid (45% EAA+Glu) had little effect on the hypercholesterolemia produced by the EAA. Experiments designed to identify the hypercholesterolemic EAA showed that (i) feeding high levels of ketogenic EAA only (45% EketoAA) gave a substantial but variable elevation of serum total and LDL cholesterol and (ii) feeding high levels of all EAA except arginine (45% EAA-Arg) gave a particularly strong hypercholesterolemic response. In rabbits fed the 45% EAA-Arg diet and to a lesser extent, in those fed the 45% EAA+Glu diet, EDTA-sensitive binding of 125I-LDL to hepatic membranes in vitro was reduced compared to a control, low-cholesterolemic group fed all essential and non-essential amino acids at a level corresponding to 14.7% casein, indicating that the hypercholesterolemia was associated with down-regulation of hepatic LDL receptors.     

油葫芦的营养价值(英文)

本研究旨在确定油葫芦Gryllus testaceus Walker的主要营养成分和营养价值。研究发现油葫芦体内主要含有蛋白质、脂类和几丁质三类物质,它们的含量(干重比)分别是58.3％,10.3％和8.7％。其中必需氨基酸的含量除了半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸外,非常符合FAO／WHO所确定的人体对氨基酸需求标准。脂肪酸分析显示,不饱和脂肪酸的含量很高,仅油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸的含量就占总脂肪含量的77.51％。油葫芦的甲壳素含量为8.7％,而且从该虫提取甲壳素／壳聚糖的品质在甲壳素色泽及残留灰分含量、壳聚糖粘度等方面比常规甲壳素原料虾蟹壳的好。因此,油葫芦可以作为很好的食品或饲料添加剂,或医药原料。     

NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF THE FIELD CRICKET (GRYLLUS TESTACEUS WALKER)

Abstract The chemical composition and the nutritional quality of protein, fatty acids and chitin of adult field cricket Gryllus testaceus Walker were investigated. The adult insect contained: crude protein 58.3 %; fat 10.3 %, chitin 8.7 % and ash 2.96 % on dry matter basis respectively. The essential amino acid profile compared well with FAO/WHO recommended pattern except for cysteine and methionine. The fatty acid analysis showed unsaturated acid of the field cricket to be present in high quantities, and the total percentage of oleic acid, linolic acid and linolenic acid was 77.51%. The chitin content of the insect was 8.7% with a better quality than the commercial chitin that was prepared from shells of shrimp and crab. Therefore the chemical composition of the field cricket indicates the insect to be a good supplement to nutrition for food and feed, even a raw material for medicine.     

Maximal growth occurs at a broad range of essential amino acids to total nitrogen ratios in kittens

Summary Kittens fed diets containing 2.0 and 3.0 times (X) the NRC (1986) essential amino acid (EAA) requirement (EAArq) and 210 to 560g crude protein (CP)/kg diet had growth rates and plasma amino acid patterns that were not significantly different than kittens fed a control diet (CD) containing 1.5 X EAArq and 350 g CP/kg diet. Growth rates of kittens fed diets containing only EAA (with nontoxic levels of arginine and methionine) and 280 to 460 g CP/kg diet were equivalent to those of kittens fed CD. Kittens fed only EAA and 140 and 210 g CP/kg diet had growth rates that were significantly lower than kittens fed CD. Since the growth rate of kittens fed 1.5X EAArq and 210 g CP/kg diet in a previous experiment was equivalent to kittens fed CD (Taylor et al., 1997), it is suggested that the requirement for CP is higher (up to 280 g CP/kg diet) when only EAA are fed. The higher crude protein requirement appears to be primarily a consequence of the high obligatory nitrogen loss as urea (especially from arginine) incurred in the conversion of nitrogen from EAA to dispensable amino acids in the liver and secondarily because of a slow rate of catabolism of the EAA. A 3-dimensional plot of weight gains vs. CP levels and EAA to total nitrogen (E: T) ratios of kittens shows a broad range of CP levels and E: T ratios that support optimal growth in the kitten. It is suggested that similar patterns would occur in the chick, rat and other species if adverse effects caused by excesses of specific amino acids are avoided.Presented in part at the Biology '96 Meeting in Washington, DC [Taylor TP, Deberry J, Morris JG, Rogers QR (1996) Effects of dietary nitrogen level and essential amino acid: total nitrogen (E: T) ratio on kitten weight gain. FASEB J 10: A737 (abs. 4259)] and in part at the Proceedings of the Waltham International Symposium, Pet Nutrition and Health in the 21st Century, Orlando, Florida, USA [Rogers QR, Taylor TP, Morris JG (1997) Optimizing dietary amino acid patterns at various levels of crude protein for the cat. J Nutr (abs.) (in press).     

Dietary valine requirement of Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton) fry

Dietary valine requirement of Indian major carp, Labeo rohita Hamilton, fry (3.0 ± 0.02 cm, 0.16 ± 0.03 g) was determined using dose‐response method. Fishes were fed six isonitrogenous [40% crude protein (CP)] and isocaloric (4.28 kcal g^?1, Gross Energy (GE)) amino acid test diets containing casein, gelatin, and l ‐crystalline amino acids with graded levels of valine (0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, and 2.00% dry diet) at 5% body weight for 6 weeks in triplicate groups twice a day at 07.00 and 17.30 hours. Live weight gain (158.52%), feed conversion ratio (FCR, 1.70), specific growth rate (SGR, 2.25), and protein efficiency ratio (PER, 1.46) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in fish fed a diet containing 1.5% of the dietary valine (diet IV). Second‐degree polynomial regression analysis of the live weight gain and FCR data indicated the dietary valine requirement at 1.63 and 1.5% of the dry diet, corresponding to 4.0 and 3.75% of dietary protein. Maximum carcass protein, minimum moisture, and fat were recorded at 1.5% of the dietary valine level, except carcass ash, which remained constant throughout the treatments. No mortality was observed during the entire length of the feeding trial. On the basis of FCR and protein deposition data, it is recommended that dietary valine inclusion at 1.5% of dry diet, corresponding to 3.75% of dietary protein, is optimal for the growth of L. rohita fry.     

Non-essential amino acids play an important role in adaptation of the rat exocrine pancreas to high nitrogen feeding

We have previously demonstrated that feeding a diet with a high amino acid (60% AA diet) content, as a mixture simulating casein, induced pancreatic growth and pancreatic protease production in rats. In the present study, we examined the effects of an increasing dietary content of essential amino acids (EAA, x1 - x3 in exp. 1 and x1 - x3.3 in exp. 2) and non-essential amino acids (NEAA, x1 - x3 in exp. 1 and x1 - x5.2 in exp. 2) on pancreatic growth, amylase and protease adaptation using casein-type amino acid mixtures (exp. 1, basal diet; 20% AA diet) and egg white-type amino acid mixtures (exp. 2, basal diet; 12% AA diet). Pancreatic growth and trypsin activity were induced as the dietary content of NEAA was increased in experiments 1 and 2. Amylase activity in the pancreas was also induced as the dietary content of NEAA was increased, even with the decrease in dietary carbohydrate in experiment 2. The values of all pancreatic variables decreased with the increase in dietary EAA (x2 and x3) without an increase in NEAA. The changes in the pancreas were coincident with increases in plasma arginine and lysine concentrations and a decrease in the plasma alanine concentration. In rats fed a 60% AA diet (EAA and NEAA x3), in the case of which the EAA content was balanced with the NEAA content, pancreatic growth and protease production increased and reached maximum levels as the plasma amino acid concentrations decreased, except for alanine. These results show that NEAA, not EAA, are associated with induction of pancreatic growth and protease production upon feeding a diet with a high AA content, and that some metabolites may be involved in the induction process. The suppression of pancreatic growth and protease production in rats fed the high EAA diets without balanced NEAA may be associated with impairment of amino acid metabolism rather than the increments in the concentration of one or more essential amino acids. Our results also suggest that there is an unknown mechanism or unknown factors involved in regulating pancreatic amylase.     

Growth and body composition of rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton), fed compound diet: winter feeding and rearing to marketable size

A 122‐day growth trial was conducted to observe the impact of polyhouse in winter on growth, conversion efficiencies and body composition of fingerling Labeo rohita (7.9 ± 1.1 cm; 4.60 ± 0.18 g). Fish were stocked (1.5 m^?2) in polyhouse and outdoor concrete tanks (250 m²) in duplicate and fed a compound diet [35% crude protein (CP)] to apparent satiation twice daily, at 09.00 and 17.00 hours. A natural photoperiod was maintained during the trials. At the end of the trials, polyhouse‐reared fish produced significantly (P < 0.01) higher values for weight increment, specific growth rate (SGR %), protein efficiency rate (PER), protein productive value (PPV) and better feed conversion ratio (FCR). Polyhouse‐reared fish showed higher (P < 0.01) CP and fat, and lower (P < 0.01) moisture and ash contents in the muscle. In the second part of the study, which also lasted 122 days, polyhouse‐reared young L. rohita (21.7 ± 1.3 cm; 127.8 ± 0.69 g) were raised to marketable size in outdoor earthen ponds (500 m²) at a stocking density of 0.37 m^?2 to examine the effects of feeding traditional feed mixture and compound diet (30% CP) on growth and body composition of fish. Labeo rohita fed the compound diet showed higher (P < 0.01) values for weight increment, SGR (%), PER and PPV, and better (P < 0.01) FCR than those fed traditional feed. Proximate composition of fish muscle showed higher (P < 0.05) CP and fat, and lower (P < 0.05) moisture and ash contents in fish fed the compound diet. The results suggest that polyhouse may be used successfully to culture L. rohita during winter, and that thereafter the fish may be reared in earthen ponds using the compound diet to obtain better production.