一氧化氮对桦褐孔菌抗氧化酚类化合物积累的影响

本研究探讨了NO对深层培养的桦褐孔菌积累抗氧化酚类化合物的影响。在桦褐孔菌的培养基中分别加入0.01mmol/L、0.1mmol/L以及1mmol/L的NO供体硝普钠,并测定总酚的含量及其抗氧化活性。发酵产物的抗氧化活性以清除DPPH和羟自由基活力表示。加入0.1mmol/L的硝普钠可使桦褐孔菌胞内外酚类化合物分别达到最高水平67mg/g和677mg/L。不同培养时期产生的胞内外酚类化合物都具有抗氧化活性,尤其是添加0.1mmol/L硝普钠的菌丝体。因此NO可用于上调深层发酵培养的桦褐孔菌酚类化合物的积累。     

pH对桦褐孔菌(Phaeoporus obliquus)H011菌株深层培养抗氧化特性的影响

研究了p H(4.0~7.0)对桦褐孔菌(Phaeoporus obliquus)H011菌株深层培养菌丝体和滤液甲醇提取物抗氧化活性、自由基清除能力及抗氧化成分的影响。结果表明:p H显著影响桦褐孔菌菌丝体和滤液甲醇抽提物的抗氧化能力、自由基清除能力、总酚和多糖产量;当p H为6.0时,滤液甲醇提取物的抗氧化能力、对自由基的清除能力最强,显著高于其他组(P0.05);当p H为6.0时,菌丝体甲醇抽提物多酚产量和多糖产量达到最高,分别是189.9和47.2 mg·g-1,均分别显著高于其他组的含量(P0.05),桦褐孔菌菌丝体和滤液甲醇抽提物的抗氧化能力、自由基清除能力与总酚、多糖产量有关;深层培养的抗氧化能力比子实体高。因此,可通过桦褐孔菌深层培养生成抗氧化剂来取代固体培养。     

桦褐孔菌提取物抗氧化与糖苷酶抑制活性研究

为探索桦褐孔菌(Inonotus obliquus (Fr.) Pila)生物活性与化学成分之间的相关性,本文用乙醇回流提取、梯度萃取得桦褐孔菌的石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和水提取物,对其进行黄酮和多酚类化合物的含量测定,并从抗氧化和降血糖两个方面测定了总还原力、清除DPPH自由基、抑制肝脂质过氧化、抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性四种体外模型对不同提取物活性的影响.结果显示:乙酸乙酯和正丁醇提取物所含的黄酮和多酚类化合物较多(P<0.01)且抗氧化和降血糖活性较好.因此,桦褐孔菌抗氧化和降血糖活性的大小与其所含黄酮和多酚类化合物量密切相关,本研究结果为桦褐孔菌生物活性成分的深入研究奠定了良好的基础.     

桦褐孔菌三萜化合物提取工艺的优选

为了提高桦褐孔菌三萜化合物的产量,对其三萜化合物的提取工艺进行了初步优选。试验以桦褐孔菌发酵菌丝体为材料,齐墩果酸为标准品,用香草醛比色法测桦褐孔菌三萜化合物含量。通过单因素实验考察了不同提取剂、提取剂用量、提取温度、提取时间对桦褐孔菌三萜化合物提取的影响。结果表明,提取的最佳工艺为：以异丙醇为提取溶剂,用量为7倍,最佳提取温度为80℃,提取时间2h,在此条件下三萜化合物占菌丝体干质量的9．03％。该工艺的三萜桦褐物的提取率高,可用于桦褐孔菌中三萜化合物的提取。     

真菌激发子对桦褐孔菌多酚积累的影响

作者旨在阐明真菌激发子对桦褐孔菌多酚积累的影响。以摇瓶法培养桦褐孔菌,在其培养液中加入真菌激发子和一氧化氮合酶抑制剂氨基胍,观察桦褐孔菌多酚和一氧化氮的积累并测定菌丝体内一氧化氮合酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶的活性。多酚以Folin-Ciocalteu法测定,一氧化氮的积累量用硝酸还原酶法测定,一氧化氮合酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性均以分光光度计法测定。结果表明,添加45μg/mL的激发子可使桦褐孔菌菌丝体多酚的积累量达到46.5mg/g,显著地高于正常培养的菌丝体多酚积累量34.6mg/g;同时加入45μg/mL的激发子和10mmol/L氨基胍则使菌丝体多酚积累的最高水平降为34.8mg/g。此外,激发子的加入显著促进了一氧化氮的产生并提高了苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性,而这种促进和提升作用为氨基胍所抑制。这表明真菌激发子能显著地提升桦褐孔菌多酚类化合物的积累,而一氧化氮可能是这种提升作用的信号传导分子。     

桦褐孔菌提取物抗氧化活性研究

以乙酸乙酯和甲醇为提取剂,采用索氏提取法,剩余残渣采用热水浸提,最终得到桦褐孔菌不同极性提取物,对其DPPH自由基、羟基自由基及超氧阴离子自由基清除活性作用进行了研究,确定桦褐孔菌的抗氧化能力,为深入研究和开发桦褐孔菌功能性食品奠定理论基础。实验结果表明桦褐孔菌具有较好的抗氧化活性,其中乙酸乙酯提取物的DPPH自由基清除率、羟基自由基清除率和超氧阴离子自由基清除率均高于其他两组分及BHT,桦褐孔菌提取物有望成为功能性食品组分中合成抗氧化剂的天然替代品。     

桦褐孔菌菌质活性组分的提取及其体外抗氧化作用

为提取桦褐孔菌菌质各活性组分并研究其体外抗氧化活性,将桦褐孔菌菌质醇提后分别梯度萃取获得各极性组分,将残渣沸水浸提醇沉得粗多糖;将获取的各活性组分别进行DPPH自由基清除率、羟基自由基清除率和总抗氧化能力的测定,并测定各组分中总多酚、总三萜的含量;同时与桦褐孔菌菌核进行对比。研究结果表明菌质和菌核乙酸乙酯、正丁醇组分对DPPH自由基、OH自由基清除能力及其总抗氧化能力明显优于相应的其他组分(P0.01);菌质的乙酸乙酯、正丁醇组分对DPPH自由基的清除能力与菌核相应组分比较无显著性差异(P0.05),菌质和菌核的乙酸乙酯、正丁醇部位的总三萜和总多酚含量较高。结果显示桦褐孔菌菌质的乙酸乙酯、正丁醇组分的体外抗氧化活性较好,总多酚和总三萜含量较高,抗氧化活性的强弱可能与该二者活性成分的含量相关。通过双向固体发酵技术制得的桦褐孔菌菌质体外抗氧化作用较好。     

5-氮杂胞苷对桦褐孔菌多酚积累的影响

本文旨在研究DNA甲基转移酶抑制剂5-氮杂胞苷对桦褐孔菌多酚合成的调控。以液体摇瓶法培养桦褐孔菌,并在培养液中添加5-氮杂胞苷。采用荧光定量PCR测定与多酚合成相关的编码苯丙氨酸解氨酶（pal）、4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶（4cl）和硬毛素合成酶（sps）基因表达水平,染色质免疫沉淀技术对编码硬毛素合成酶基因启动子区的组蛋白甲基化修饰进行检测,Folin-Ciocalteu法测定桦褐孔菌细胞内和发酵液中多酚的含量。结果显示,5-氮杂胞苷的添加提高了桦褐孔菌体内pal、4cl和sps基因的表达水平,改变了sps启动子区的组蛋白甲基化修饰,即降低了H3K9三甲基化修饰水平,提高了H3K4和H3K36三甲基化修饰水平,显著提高了桦褐孔菌细胞内和发酵液中多酚的积累量。5-氮杂胞苷诱导下桦褐孔菌细胞内多酚积累量达(46.6±2.8)mg/g,明显高于对照组多酚积累量(28.7±1.0)mg/g,并且胞外多酚的含量由对照组的(66.9±1.3)mg/L提高至(92.3±2.3)mg/L。此外,经5-氮杂胞苷处理后胞内多酚清除DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子和羟自由基的能力显著提高。可见,5-氮杂胞苷可以作为调节因子激发桦褐孔菌液体培养条件下多酚的合成,可以成为进一步提高桦褐孔菌液体发酵产物中多酚产量的技术手段之一。     

桦褐孔菌三萜类物质的提取与含量测定

以桦褐孔菌发酵菌丝体为材料,通过对溶剂乙醇(95%)、甲醇、乙酸乙酯、丙酮、异丙醇、正己烷和氯仿的提取效果比较表明,提取三萜类化合物的最佳溶剂为异丙醇,提取时间为24h,每个样品所需溶剂量(6mL)和菌丝体样品量(100mg)较少,并可同时对大量样品进行有效提取。以白桦脂醇为标准品,对香草醛-冰醋酸-高氯酸分光光度法进行评价,证明该方法简单快速、准确度高、试验误差小、重复性好。利用此方法对桦褐孔菌的野生菌核和发酵菌丝体内三萜类化合物含量进行测定,结果表明野生菌核(59.86mg/g)和发酵菌丝体(94.92mg/g)中都含有很高的三萜类化合物,且发酵菌丝体中三萜类化合物含量高于野生菌核。因此在桦褐孔菌产品开发中,发酵菌丝体可代替野生菌核进行大工业化生产。     

桦褐孔菌三萜类物质的提取与含量测定

以桦褐孔菌发酵菌丝体为材料,通过对溶剂乙醇（95%）、甲醇、乙酸乙酯、丙酮、异丙醇、正己烷和氯仿的提取效果比较表明,提取三萜类化合物的最佳溶剂为异丙醇,提取时间为24h,每个样品所需溶剂量（6mL）和菌丝体样品量（100mg）较少,并可同时对大量样品进行有效提取。以白桦脂醇为标准品,对香草醛-冰醋酸-高氯酸分光光度法进行评价,证明该方法简单快速、准确度高、试验误差小、重复性好。利用此方法对桦褐孔菌的野生菌核和发酵菌丝体内三萜类化合物含量进行测定,结果表明野生菌核（59.86mg/g）和发酵菌丝体（94.92mg/g）中都含有很高的三萜类化合物,且发酵菌丝体中三萜类化合物含量高于野生菌核。因此在桦褐孔菌产品开发中,发酵菌丝体可代替野生菌核进行大工业化生产。     

Accumulation of antioxidant phenolic constituents in submerged cultures of Inonotus obliquus

Phenolic compounds produced by sclerotia of Inonotus obliquus are the active constituents responsible for antioxidant activities. In this study, I. obliquus was grown in a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) to explore how it accumulates phenolic compounds in different culture media and whether these compounds possess antioxidant activities. Phenolic compounds produced by I. obliquus in the control medium consisted of melanins, flavonoids, polyphenols and small phenolics. Their accumulation was affected by adding H(2)O(2) to the medium, where increased levels of total intracellular phenols (TIP) and melanins, but less total extracellular phenol (TEP) occurred. Simultaneous exposure to H(2)O(2) and arbutin resulted in a further increase in TIP production and reduced accumulation of TEP. Both TIP and TEP obtained at different culture ages and media were active in scavenging superoxide anion and DPPH radicals. Therefore, production of phenolic compounds by I. obliquus is enhanced by imposing oxidative stress, which might allow it to be exploited as a reliable source of pharmaceutically important phenolic compounds.     

桦褐孔菌酚类化合物及其免疫促进作用

Phenolic compounds from field-grown Inonotus obliquus sclerotia (Chaga) consist mainly of hispidin analogs and melanins, and are thought to be the active constituents to treat several human diseases. In submerged cultures of the fungus, however, no information is currently available on the production of phenolic compounds and their corresponding pharmacological functions. In this study, phenolic compounds from Chaga and submerged cultures of the fungus were assayed for their composition and immune-stimulating effects. Phenolic compounds produced by I. obliquus in submerged cultures mostly consist of flavonoids, together with small amounts of hispidin analogs and melanins. This is quite contrary to the situation in Chaga, where flavonoids are determined as trace elements. Furthermore, phenolic compounds from Chaga show capacity about two-fold higher than those produced in submerged cultures in inhibiting cyclophosphamide-induced reduction of bodyweight, spleen index and viability of peripheral lymphocytes in test mice. Thus less production of hispidin analogs and melanins is likely to be responsible for less immune-stimulating effects in phenolic compounds from submerged cultures, and additional factors should be imposed during submerged cultures of I. obliquus to regulate biosynthesis of phenolic compounds directed to the composition similar to Chaga.     

桦褐孔菌活性物质的提取工艺及体外抗糖尿病活性

对桦褐孔菌活性物质的提取工艺及其体外抗糖尿病活性进行研究。桦褐孔菌子实体用乙醇浸提后,乙醇粗提物用不同有机溶剂萃取,醇提残渣再以热水浸提,用标准曲线法测定活性组分中活性成分的含量,并检测活性物质对羟基自由基(·OH)、超氧阴离子自由基(O2-·)的清除效果以及对关键糖代谢酶α-淀粉酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制作用。结果表明:4种活性组分(乙酸乙酯相、正丁醇相、水相和粗多糖)对羟基自由基(·OH)和超氧阴离子自由基(O2-·)都有较强的清除作用,其中乙酸乙酯组分的活性最高,乙醇粗提物萃取组分对α-淀粉酶有抑制活性,而粗多糖对α-葡萄糖苷酶有抑制作用;桦褐孔菌具有抗氧化和抗糖尿病活性,其活性与活性物质种类及其含量具有相关性。     

Proliferating effects of the flavonoids daidzein and quercetin on cultured chicken primordial germ cells through antioxidant action

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells, whose proliferation is influenced by many internal and external factors. In the present study, a PGC-somatic cell co-culture model was established to evaluate effects of the flavonoids daidzein (DAI) and quercetin (QUE) on proliferation of PGCs from embryonic chickens. PGCs were isolated from the germinal ridge of 3.5-4day embryos and cultured in 5% fetal calf serum (FCS)-supplemented Medium 199. PGC subculture was carried out on chicken embryonic fibroblast feeder (CEF) or follicular granulosa cell feeder (GCF) layers. The subcultured PGCs were challenged with flavonoids alone or in combination with a reactive oxygen substance (ROS)-producing system on CEF for 48h. The results showed a better supporting effect of CEF than GCF. Flavonoids (1microg/ml) significantly promoted PGC proliferation, which could be markedly inhibited by ROS. The oxidative damage by ROS was further manifest by decreased superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione levels. In addition, activation of protein kinase A (PKA) by forskolin significantly stimulated PGC proliferation, but PKA inhibitor H89 inhibited the proliferating effects induced by DAI and QUE. These results indicated that cultured PGCs respond to exogenous agents on proliferation and that antioxidant flavonoids could restore the intracellular antioxidant system and promote PGC proliferation via their antioxidant action involving the PKA signaling pathway.     

Flavonoids-potent and versatile biologically active compounds interacting with cytochromes P450.

Flavonoids represent a group of phytochemicals exhibiting a wide range of biological activities arising mainly from their antioxidant properties and ability to modulate several enzymes or cell receptors. Flavonoids have been recognized to exert anti-bacterial and anti-viral activity, anti-inflammatory, anti-angionic, analgesic, anti-allergic effects, hepatoprotective, cytostatic, apoptotic, estrogenic and anti-estrogenic properties. However, not all flavonoids and their actions are necessarily beneficial. Some flavonoids have mutagenic and/or prooxidant effects and can also interfere with essential biochemical pathways. Among the proteins that interact with flavonoids, cytochromes P450 (CYPs), monooxygenases metabolizing xenobiotics (e.g. drugs, carcinogens) and endogenous substrates (e.g. steroids), play a prominent role. Flavonoid compounds influence these enzymes in several ways: flavonoids induce the expression of several CYPs and modulate (inhibit or stimulate) their metabolic activity. In addition, some CYPs participate in metabolism of flavonoids. Flavonoids enhance activation of carcinogens and/or influence the metabolism of drugs via induction of specific CYPs. On the other hand, inhibition of CYPs involved in carcinogen activation and scavenging reactive species formed from carcinogens by CYP-mediated reactions can be beneficial properties of various flavonoids. Flavonoids show an estrogenic or anti-estrogenic activity owing to the structural similarity with the estrogen skeleton. Mimicking natural estrogens, they bind to estrogen receptor and modulate its activity. They also block CYP19, a crucial enzyme involved in estrogen biosynthesis. Flavonoids in human diet may reduce the risk of various cancers, especially hormone-dependent breast and prostate cancers, as well preventing menopausal symptoms. For these reasons the structure-function relationship of flavonoids is extensively studied to provide an inspiration for a rational drug and/or chemopreventive agent design of future pharmaceuticals.     

Antioxidant activities of extracts and fractions from Lysimachia foenum-graecum Hance

The antioxidant activities of water extract, methanol extract, ethyl acetate, and n-BuOH fractions of methanol extract from Lysimachia foenum-graecum Hance were investigated in this study. Various methods, such as the total antioxidant capacity measured by phosphomolybdenum method, scavenging activities towards 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, superoxide anion radical, and hydroxyl radical, were established in in vitro systems. The amounts of total phenolics and total flavonoids in the extracts and fractions were also determined by spectrophotometric methods. The results showed that all the extracts and fractions exhibited antioxidant and radical-scavenging activities at different magnitudes of potency. The decreasing order of antioxidant and radical-scavenging activities among the extracts assayed through all the four methods were found to be ethyl acetate fraction>n-BuOH fraction>methanol extract>water extract. This similar order of the amounts of total phenolics and total flavonoids shows that the extent of antioxidant and radical-scavenging activities is in accordance with the amounts of phenolics and flavonoids present in extracts and fractions. The extracts of L. foenum-graecum Hance might be valuable antioxidant natural sources and seemed to be applicable in both healthy medicine and food industry.     

不同培养基和三种金属离子对桦褐孔菌培养菌丝体的羊毛甾醇和麦角甾醇积累的影响

Lanosterol and ergosterol are the active principles with potential pharmacological activities in Inonotus obliquus. However, the two sterols are less accumulated in cultured mycelia of the fungus. In this study, different carbon and nitrogen sources and pH levels together with three metal ions were assayed for their effects on accumulation of the two sterols in the fungus. Among the tested media the growth medium consisting of glucose (1.5%), rice powder (0.5%), yeast extract (0.4%), wheat bran (0.1%), KH2PO4 (0.01%) and MgSO4·7H2O (0.05%) with pH level at 6.5 yielded a maximum production of the two sterols, which can further be increased following the treatment of Ag+, Cu2+ and Ca2+. Supplementing Ag+ at concentrations of 0.28 and 0.35μmol partially inhibited ergosterol biosynthesis, leading to an enhanced accumulation of lanosterol, the presence of intermediates of ergosterol biosynthetic pathway and a reduced accumulation of ergosterol in cultured mycelia of I.     

The antioxidant activity of aqueous spinach extract: chemical identification of active fractions

In previous studies we have elucidated the presence of powerful, natural antioxidants (NAO) in water extracts of spinach leaves and demonstrated their biological activity in both in vitro and in vivo systems. In the present study, the chemical identity of several of these antioxidant components is presented. Spinach leaves were extracted with water and the 20,000 g supernatant which contained the antioxidant activity was extracted with a water:acetone (1:9) solution. The 20,000 g supernatant obtained was further purified on reverse phase HPLC using C-8 semi-preparative column. Elution with 0.1% TFA resulted in five hydrophilic peaks. Elution with acetonitrile in TFA resulted in seven additional hydrophobic peaks. All the peaks were detected at 250 nm. All the fractions obtained showed antioxidant activity when tested using three different assays. Based on 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy four of the hydrophobic fractions were identified as glucuronic acid derivatives of flavonoids and three additional fractions as trans and cis isomers of p-coumaric acid and others as meso-tartarate derivatives of p-coumaric acid. The present study demonstrates for the first time the presence of both flavonoids and p-coumaric acid derivatives as antioxidant components of the aqueous extract of spinach leaves.     

Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of flavonoids by "ferric reducing antioxidant power" assay and cyclic voltammetry

Flavonoids, naturally occurring phenolic compounds, have recently been studied extensively for their antioxidant properties. The structure-antioxidant activity relationships (SAR) of flavonoids have been evaluated against different free radicals, but "ferric reducing antioxidant power" (FRAP) assay, which determines directly the reducing capacity of a compound, has not been used for this purpose. In this study, the antioxidant activities of 18 structurally different flavonoids were evaluated by FRAP assay modified to be used in 96-well microplates. Furthermore, their oxidation potentials were also measured, which were in the range of +0.3 V (myricetin) to +1.2 V (5-hydroxy flavone) and were in good agreement with FRAP assay results. Quercetin, fisetin and myricetin had the lowest oxidation potentials and appeared the most active compounds in FRAP assay and were 3.02, 2.52 and 2.28 times more active than Trolox, respectively. Indications were found that the o-dihydroxy structure in the B ring and the 3-hydroxy group and 2,3-double bond in the C ring give the highest contribution to the antioxidant activity.     

Flavonoid B-ring chemistry and antioxidant activity: fast reaction kinetics

Rapid scavenging of the model stable radical cation, ABTS(*+), has been applied to screen for the antioxidant activity of flavonoids. The reaction follows two distinct phases. For compounds with a monophenolic B-ring there is a rapid initial phase of reduction of ABTS(*+) within 0.1 s with no further change in the subsequent 2.9 s. In contrast, compounds with a catechol-containing B ring follow a fast initial scavenging phase with a slow secondary phase. Flavonoids with an unsubstituted B ring do not react within this time scale. The findings suggest that the structure of the B ring is the primary determinant of the antioxidant activity of flavonoids when studied through fast reaction kinetics.