欧李多糖的制备、结构表征及免疫调节活性研究CSCD

欧李富含钙素,营养丰富,且具有免疫功能,研究欧李多糖的制备、结构及免疫调节活性,可为欧李深加工提供基础。本文以欧李为原料,采用水提醇沉法提取欧李多糖(Cerasus humilis polysaccharide,CHP),利用响应面法优化提取工艺。对提取的欧李多糖用DEAE-52纤维素层析柱、G-100葡聚糖凝胶柱纯化。用高效液相色谱、凝胶渗透色谱和红外光谱对欧李多糖结构表征,并测定欧李多糖的免疫调节活性。结果表明,欧李多糖最佳提取工艺条件为提取温度79℃,提取时间2 h,液料比16∶1(mL/g)。在此条件下,欧李干粉多糖得率为(32.18±0.08)%。纯化后欧李多糖主要有CHPP-1和CHPP-2两个组分,CHPP-1、CHPP-2中多糖含量分别为99.16%和99.33%。CHPP-1的单糖组成及摩尔占比为阿拉伯糖∶半乳糖醛酸∶葡萄糖=51.4∶20.29∶17.36,分子量为47.26 kDa。CHPP-2的单糖组成及摩尔占比为阿拉伯糖∶半乳糖醛酸∶葡萄糖=41.81∶28.24∶11.68,分子量为22.94 kDa。两个组分均为吡喃环型多糖。CHPP-2可显著增强巨噬细胞增殖活性,有效刺激细胞释放NO和TNF-α、IL-6及IFN-β。欧李多糖含量丰富,且具有较强的免疫调节活性。     

野木瓜水溶性多糖的分离纯化及抗氧化活性研究(英文)

采用水提醇沉法获得了水溶性野木瓜粗多糖(CCCPs),经过脱蛋白、脱色及透析,得到了野木瓜精多糖(FCCPs),再经DEAE-纤维素和Sepharose CL-6B柱层析得到均多糖组分(CCP1)。高效液相色谱法测定CCP1的单糖组成为:鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、果糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖,其摩尔比为0.034∶0.228∶0.045∶0.055∶0.638。体外抗氧化实验结果表明:不同纯度的野木瓜多糖都具有一定的抗氧化活性,并且随着多糖浓度增加,抗氧化活性增强,野木瓜粗多糖(CCCPs)对·OH和O-·2的清除能力比精多糖(FCCPs)和均多糖(CCP1)强。     

三株海南岛野生灵芝的鉴定、多糖组成及其抗氧化活性研究

为探究海南岛部分野生灵芝的功效活性以及对野生灵芝的合理利用,分别对采集于海南岛的三株野生灵芝进行了形态和分子鉴定,并对子实体多糖的单糖组分和抗氧化活性进行了分析。结果表明,HN-1为紫芝(Ganoderma sinense)、HN-2为南方灵芝(Ganoderma australe)、HN-3为无柄紫灵芝(Ganoderma mastoporum);三株灵芝多糖的单糖组成和摩尔比存在一定的差异,HN-1多糖主要由甘露糖、木糖、鼠李糖组成,其摩尔比为1∶0.29∶0.14,HN-2多糖主要由甘露糖、葡萄糖组成,其摩尔比为1∶1.7,HN-3多糖主要由甘露糖、木糖、葡萄糖组成,其摩尔比1∶1.98∶1.8;三株灵芝的多糖都具有较强的抗氧化能力,其抗氧化能力都随着多糖质量浓度的增加而提高,HN-1的抗氧化活性最强,其次是HN-3,HN-2的抗氧化活性最弱。该研究结果为更好的保护和利用海南岛野生灵芝资源提供了基础资料,具有一定的参考价值。     

米胚多糖的组成及抗氧化性研究

为了研究米胚多糖的单糖组分、氨基酸及抗氧化性,采用1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮柱前衍生高效液相色谱法测定米胚多糖的单糖组分;通过氨基酸自动分析仪检测米胚多糖中的氨基酸。结果表明:米胚多糖由甘露糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖组成,其物质的量比为0.90∶4.62∶2.02∶1.52∶35.30。米胚多糖检测出17种氨基酸,总氨基酸含量为2.01%。米胚多糖对DPPH自由基清除率为43.03%,对超氧阴离子自由基的清除率为47.84%,对羟自由基清除率为64.12%;还原力随浓度的增加而增强。米胚多糖可提高小鼠血清及组织中的SOD、T-AOC、GSH-Px活性,降低MDA含量。米胚多糖在体外和体内均具有一定的抗氧化性。     

柿子多糖的分离纯化和结构分析

利用水提醇沉提取柿子多糖(WPP),经季铵盐沉淀法和凝胶柱层析对柿子粗多糖进行分离纯化,得到了水溶性的柿子粗多糖(WPP1)和盐溶性的柿子粗多糖(WPP2)两个柿子多糖组分。通过对理化性质、分子量和单糖组成测定结果分析,确定WPP1是含有α糖苷键的化合物,由L-鼠李糖、L-阿拉伯糖、D-葡萄糖和D-半乳糖四种单糖组成,四种单糖的摩尔比为0.8831∶0.6862∶0.7022∶1,分子量为2.05×105Da。WPP2由L-阿拉伯糖和D-半乳糖两种单糖组成,其摩尔比为0.8466∶1,分子量为2.63×105Da。WPP1和WPP2均表现出吡喃糖的特征吸收。     

香菇不同发育阶段子实体多糖的理化性质及体外免疫活性研究

香菇多糖是从香菇菌丝体或子实体中提取纯化得到的高分子葡聚糖,作为香菇主要的生物活性物质,具有提高免疫力、抗病毒、抗氧化和抗真菌等生物活性。本研究对幼菇期、菌褶期、采收期、成熟期和开伞期5个不同发育阶段香菇粗多糖含量、理化性质和体外免疫活性进行比较分析。结果表明,其粗多糖含量、理化性质和体外免疫活性具有明显差异。粗多糖得率呈现先增加后降低的趋势,菌褶期得率最高;粗多糖含量也呈现先增加后降低的趋势,成熟期含量最高;多糖的分子量因发育期不同而有较大差异,发育后期所得粗多糖分子量千万级以上组分的比例增加,分子量百万级和十万级的多糖组分比例降低;不同发育阶段香菇子实体多糖的单糖组成均包含果糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖和甘露糖4种单糖,且都以葡萄糖为主;5个阶段的多糖组分均有较好的体外免疫活性,其中幼菇期粗多糖在浓度500μg/mL时表现出最高的体外免疫活性。本研究探讨了香菇不同发育阶段子实体多糖的理化性质及体外免疫活性,为香菇采收期的确定及香菇多糖的制备与利用提供理论依据。     

绞股蓝多糖体外抗氧化活性研究

研究绞股蓝多糖的单糖组成及抗氧化活性.采用气相色谱(GC)分析绞股蓝多糖的单糖组成,通过体外抗氧化评价体系研究绞股蓝粗多糖(GPMPP)和精制多糖(GPMP)的总还原力、清除DPPH自由基、羟自由基的活性以及抗脂质过氧化作用.结果显示,绞股蓝多糖由鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖组成,物质的量比为1.39∶3.76∶1.00∶1.64∶4.98∶5.88.绞股蓝多糖具有较好的还原能力,对DPPH自由基和·OH具有较强的清除能力,并且对小鼠肝匀浆自发性脂质过氧化和Fe2+-H2O2诱导的小鼠肝匀浆脂质过氧化具有较好的抑制作用.以上结果表明,绞股蓝多糖具有明显的抗氧化活性.     

蝉虫草子实体与发酵菌丝体胞内多糖成分分析

比较蝉虫草子实体、孢梗束、虫体以及蝉虫草发酵菌丝体的胞内多糖含量、单糖组成和分子量差异,结果表明,蝉虫草子实体与发酵菌丝中胞内多糖的含量和组成均存在差异。葡萄糖、半乳糖和甘露糖是蝉虫草发酵菌丝体和子实体粗多糖中主要的3种单糖,阿拉伯糖和木糖是子实体粗多糖中的特征性单糖,而果糖属于菌丝体的特征性单糖。子实体粗多糖中高分子量组分（>1×10 ⁶Da）的相对含量明显高于菌丝体粗多糖。本研究对提升蝉虫草发酵多糖产品品质、促进蝉虫草开发应用具有参考价值。     

桑树木屑栽培的瓦尼桑黄子实体分级醇沉粗多糖组成特征与活性相关性

对桑树木屑代料栽培瓦尼桑黄Sanghuangporus vaninii子实体分级醇沉粗多糖组分的多糖含量、总酚含量、重均分子量分布、红外光谱、单糖组成、抗氧化活性和免疫活性进行了研究,并采用Pearson相关性分析对各醇沉粗多糖组分的组成特征与活性进行了关联性分析。结果表明,不同醇沉组分粗多糖的组成特征及活性差异较大,其中,各分级醇沉粗多糖组分的多糖含量随着醇沉浓度的增加而增加;20%醇沉多糖组分的总酚含量较高,50%醇沉多糖组分中的总酚含量较低;粗多糖重均分子量随着醇沉浓度的增加而降低;红外光谱结果表明,70%醇沉组分的多糖羟基振动峰不显著,与其分子量分布较低相关;就单糖组成而言,在50%醇沉组分中,果糖及甘露糖含量较高,而在20%和70%醇沉组分中含量较高的单糖是葡萄糖。相关性分析结果显示,子实体粗多糖组分中的总酚含量与DPPH及ABTS自由基清除能力呈显著正相关关系;3个粗多糖组分均能激活RAW 264.7细胞释放NO,促进其分泌肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)和白细胞介素-...     

灵芝-黄芪双向发酵菌质多糖的分离纯化及生物活性研究

本文旨在探究灵芝-黄芪双向固体发酵体系对灵芝多糖生物活性的增效作用。分别以灵芝-黄芪双向发酵菌质和未添加黄芪的灵芝菌发酵菌质为原材料提取多糖,采用热水浸提和离子交换色谱对粗多糖进行分离,得到PG-1和PG-2,添加黄芪发酵的菌质多糖中的PG-1组分相较于未添加黄芪发酵的菌质多糖中的PG-2组分增加了325%的产量。对PG-1和PG-2进行初步的结构鉴定和免疫活性、抗肿瘤活性的研究。运用排阻色谱法测定其分子量,高效液相色谱、紫外光谱和红外光谱等方法分析其单糖组成、官能团、糖苷键构型以及糖分子链链型。PG-1和PG-2都由葡萄糖醛酸、葡萄糖、木糖和阿拉伯糖4种组成,单糖组分摩尔比分别为12∶58∶21∶9和16∶41∶32∶11。分子量分别为9.2×10~4和8.9×10~4。PG-1和PG-2均由β-糖苷键连接,二者糖链间有—O—连接。PG-1和PG-2均是具有三螺旋空间构象的分子量相对均一的多糖。体外细胞实验结果显示:加入PG-1和PG-2后,巨噬细胞的增殖作用、巨噬细胞对中性红的吞噬作用、巨噬细胞的保护作用和对肿瘤细胞增殖的抑制作用都显著地提高。在细胞实验中,PG-1显示出比PG-2更强的免疫增强活性和对肿瘤细胞增殖的抑制作用,说明添加黄芪促进了灵芝菌质多糖的分泌,使灵芝多糖的免疫增强活性和抗肿瘤活性增强。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.