不同小麦品种茎秆特性及其与抗倒性的关系

以黄淮麦区优良品种矮抗58、周麦18、豫麦49、百农418为研究对象,采用田间试验与实验室分析相结合的方法,对不同小麦品种在不同生育时期的抗倒伏性状进行研究.结果表明: 茎秆机械强度在开花期至花后20 d处于较高水平,在花后30 d明显下降;倒伏指数在开花期最小,花后30 d最大,其余两个时期处于中间水平.相关分析表明,开花期机械强度与重心高度呈显著负相关,与纤维素、木质素含量呈显著正相关,倒伏指数与节长、株高、重心高度呈显著正相关,与纤维素、木质素含量呈显著负相关;花后10 d和花后20 d机械强度与节长、株高、重心高度呈显著负相关,与茎粗、纤维素、半纤维素、木质素含量呈显著正相关,倒伏指数这段时期正好与之相反;花后30 d机械强度与株高、重心高度呈显著负相关,倒伏指数与株高、重心高度呈显著正相关,与木质素含量呈显著负相关.因此,明确各个生育时期与抗倒性相关的茎秆特性,可为黄淮麦区高产抗倒性品种的选育提供依据.     

大田增强UV-B辐射对元阳梯田地方水稻茎秆性状和倒伏指数的影响

大田原位种植元阳梯田2个地方水稻品种——白脚老粳和月亮谷,研究2年不同强度(0、2.5、5.0和7.5 kJ·m^-2)UV-B辐射对水稻穗下第1至第4节的茎秆性状(节间长、茎秆粗和茎壁厚)和倒伏指数的影响.结果表明: 增强UV-B辐射对水稻茎秆的节间长和茎秆粗没有显著影响,但导致茎壁厚度显著减小,其中,7.5 kJ·m^-2 UV-B辐射对水稻穗下第4节茎秆茎壁厚度的影响较大,降幅为11.6%～19.6%;增强UV-B辐射导致水稻茎秆的倒伏指数增加,增大水稻倒伏的风险,水稻穗下第4节茎秆倒伏指数最大,并大于倒伏临界值(200);水稻穗下第4节、第3节和第2节茎秆的倒伏指数与茎壁厚度呈显著负相关.表明增强UV-B辐射显著减小元阳梯田水稻茎秆的茎壁厚是增加其倒伏风险的主要原因.
     

切除子叶对蕹菜幼苗生长发育的影响

蕹菜幼苗中心蔓长与粗,单株分蘖数与分蘖总长度,单株根,茎,叶及整株的鲜重与干重等指标均随子叶切除率增加而呈线性降低。分蘖株率与子叶切除率之间呈无显性线性关系,但处理差异显著,子叶切除对鲜重及干重的冠／根值的影响。未达显著水平。     

套作不同化感潜力分蘖洋葱对黄瓜生长及土壤微环境的影响

盆栽试验以黄瓜为主栽作物,分蘖洋葱为套作作物,研究了套作不同化感潜力分蘖洋葱对黄瓜生长及土壤微环境的影响.结果表明:与化感潜力强的分蘖洋葱套作,黄瓜根际土壤电导率降低、pH值提高;根际土壤过氧化氢酶和转化酶活性提高,过氧化物酶活性降低;根际土壤细菌丰富度增加.DGGE条带测序显示,黄瓜根际土壤细菌大多与不可培养的细菌种属具有较高的同源性,共有条带的测序比对推测为放线菌纲和变形菌纲,差异条带的测序比对推测为变形菌纲和酸杆菌纲,红螺旋菌目、酸杆菌属只出现在与化感潜力弱的分蘖洋葱套作的黄瓜根际土壤中.相关分析表明,土壤脲酶与黄瓜幼苗株高、全株干质量、叶面积、DGGE条带数呈显著正相关.综上,与化感潜力强的分蘖洋葱套作,可为黄瓜生长创造良好的根际微环境,显著促进黄瓜幼苗生长.     

我国不同年代玉米自交系茎秆性状演替规律

茎秆是玉米植株重要的组成部分,与植株倒伏、籽粒产量密切相关。研究我国玉米茎秆性状变化趋势,探讨不同年代茎秆性状演变规律,为我国玉米抗倒伏及高产品种选育提供参考。本研究以20世纪60-90年代65个代表性玉米自交系为材料,调查植株茎高、穗位高、茎节数、穗位节、茎粗、茎秆含水量、茎秆含糖量7个茎秆性状,及其衍生的穗位系数(穗位高/茎高)和穗节系数(穗位节/茎节数),基于最佳线性无偏估计值,开展性状相关性分析及不同年代自交系茎秆性状演变规律研究。结果显示,玉米自交系间茎秆性状差异显著;不同年代的茎秆性状时代特征不明显;随着年代的更替,玉米茎高、穗位高、茎节数、穗位节呈下降趋势;20世纪60-90年代穗位高改良效果显著;80年代左右玉米茎秆粗细育种目标由粗壮型调整为纤细型,可能与合理密植、提高单产的育种目标有关;90年代,玉米茎秆含水量降低3个百分点,下降显著。总之,抗倒伏研究一直是我国玉米育种的重要研究方向,且穗位高改良效果显著,玉米茎节数、穗位节将成为玉米抗倒伏及高产研究中新的重要关注点,研究结果对玉米抗倒伏及高产育种具有重要的指导意义。     

切除子叶对蕹菜幼苗生长发育的影响(简报)

蕹菜幼苗中心蔓长与粗,单株分蘖数与分蘖总长度,单株根、茎、叶及整株的鲜重与干重等指标均随子叶切除率（分别为0／4、1／4、2／4、3／4和4／4）增加而是线性降低。分蘖株率与子叶切除率之间虽无显性线性关系,但处理间差异显著。子叶切除对鲜重及于重的冠／根（S／R）值的影响,未达显著水平。     

大气CO2和O3浓度升高对汕优63生长动态、物质生产和氮素吸收的影响

大气二氧化碳(CO_2)和近地层臭氧(O_3)浓度升高将极大地改变作物的生长环境,进而影响作物包括主要粮食作物的生产力。利用自然光气体熏蒸平台,设置室外对照(Ambient)、室内对照(CK,实时模拟室外环境)、高浓度CO_2(Ambient CO_2+200μmol/mol)、高浓度O_3(Ambient O_3的1.6倍)、高浓度CO_2+O_35个处理,研究大气组分变化对敏感水稻汕优63生长动态、物质生产及氮素吸收的影响。结果表明,室外对照和室内对照水稻的多数测定指标无显著差异。与CK相比,O_3处理使水稻生育中后期株高和分蘖数明显下降,且随时间推移降幅逐渐增加,最大降幅分别达21%和15%,但CO_2处理使水稻生育中后期株高和分蘖数明显增加,最大增幅分别为5%和18%,CO_2+O_3处理使水稻株高最大下降为7%,但对各期分蘖数没有影响。与CK相比,O_3处理使水稻成熟期叶片、茎鞘、稻穗和根系生物量大幅下降,使全株总生物量平均下降51%,CO_2处理对绿叶和黄叶生物量无显著影响,但使茎鞘、稻穗和根系生物量明显增加,使全株总生物量平均增加37%,CO_2+O_3处理对各器官和全株生物量均无显著影响。臭氧处理使生物量在叶片中的分配比例显著增加,而CO_2处理则表现相反,CO_2+O_3处理对水稻物质分配的影响小于单独的O_3处理。与CK相比,O_3处理使水稻抽穗期植株含氮率平均增加29%,吸氮量下降31%,而CO_2处理或CO_2+O_3处理对地上部植株含氮率和吸氮量的影响均未达显著水平。试验结论,近地层臭氧浓度升高使水稻变矮、分蘖减少、生长受抑,但同步增加的二氧化碳浓度可明显缓减甚至抵消臭氧胁迫对汕优63生长发育的负效应。     

几种狼尾草属观赏植物在北京地区的生长特性

在北京地区气候条件下评价了狼尾草‘紫光’（Pennisetum alopecuroides（L．）Spreng‘Ziguang’）、绒毛狼尾草（Pennisetum setaceum（Forssk．）Chiov．）、羽绒狼尾草（Pennisetum villosum R．Br．ex Fresen）、狼尾草‘小兔子’（Pennisetum alopecuroides Desv．ex Ham‘Little Bunny’）和东方狼尾草（Pennisetum orientale Willd．ex Rich．）的田间生长状况、越冬存活率、根系生物量分布和繁殖特性。结果表明,这5种植物在北京地区气候条件下,能正常发芽、生长、抽穗、开花和结实。其中狼尾草‘紫光’、绒毛狼尾草植株高大,分蘖旺盛,盛花期花序高度达135CH和156cm,植株茎数达156和217个／株,地上生物量达608．7和535．3g/株,根系密集分布空间在距地表10～40cm,距茎秆0～30cm。狼尾草‘小兔子’和东方狼尾草株型矮小,株高为40cm,植株茎数分别为162和108个／株,地上生物量分别为124．2和39．8g／株,根系密集分布空间为距地表10～30cm,距茎秆15～30cm。羽绒狼尾草的茎秆半匍匐生长,分蘖能力强,盛花期花序高为79cm,植株茎数为389个／株,地上生物量高达619．9g／株,根系密集区为距地表0～30am,距茎秆0～30cm。狼尾草‘紫光’、狼尾草‘小兔子’和东方狼尾草在北京地区能安全越冬,成活率为100％,羽绒狼尾草和绒毛狼尾草在自然条件下不能越冬,成活率为0。5种狼尾草都可以播种和分株的方式扩繁。     

谷子抗倒伏性和株高、穗部性状的相关性研究

倒伏是限制作物产量提高的重要因素,而株高、穗长、穗粗、穗粒重等性状与产量密切相关,因此弄清抗倒伏性与这些性状的关系,对开展抗倒伏高产育种具有重要意义。本研究系统调查了41份谷子材料倒伏指数、株高、穗长、穗粗、穗码数、码粒数、穗粒重7个性状,结果表明：所有调查的7个性状指标在41份谷子材料中存在显著差异,除穗粗变异幅度较小,其余6个性状指标均存在丰富的遗传变异。相关性分析表明谷子基部第一、第二、第三节倒伏指数均与株高呈一定负相关,但未达到显著水平,与穗长、穗码数、码粒数、穗粒重均呈一定正相关,但只有第二节倒伏指数与穗长间的相关达到了显著水平（P<0.05）。倒伏指数与穗粗的相关性较复杂,第一、第三节倒伏指数与穗粗呈负相关,而第二节倒伏指数与穗粗呈正相关,但都未达到显著水平。株高与穗长、穗粗、穗码数、穗粒重4个产量关键性状间呈显著（P<0.05）或极显著（P<0.01）正相关;穗长、穗粗、穗码数、码粒数、穗粒重5个性状间呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）。研究结果认为在80 cm范围内,增加株高不会减弱谷子的抗倒伏性,谷子倒第二节抗倒伏性对整株植株抗倒伏性起到关键作用,应在抗倒伏高产育种中加以重视。     

空心莲子草叶甲对空心莲子草控制效果的定量评价

为了解空心莲子草叶甲Agasicles hygrophila被引入中国20多年后其取食行为与取食能力是否发生改变, 我们通过采集叶甲自然种群的成虫, 在室内用空心莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides饲养获得检测用叶甲各虫态与虫量进行室内定量检测, 研究了空心莲子草叶甲自然种群各龄幼虫与成虫在不同密度下对空心莲子草的控害效果。结果显示： 1龄幼虫喜食顶芽嫩叶, 在每株接0.2和1头1龄幼虫密度下, 空心莲子草仍有新叶和侧芽生成, 生物量、 株高与茎节数仍在增加; 在5头/株的密度下, 空心莲子草的生物量、 叶片数和侧芽数均出现负增长; 在10头/株的密度下, 草的生物量、 株高、 叶片数、 侧芽数和茎节数均表现为负增长。2龄幼虫优先取食顶芽嫩叶, 也取食老叶与茎杆, 在每株10头2龄幼虫的密度下, 接虫7 d后, 40%的植株死亡。3龄幼虫取食叶片与茎秆, 后期钻入茎秆中化蛹,在10头/株密度下,7 d后, 已引起52%的植株死亡, 存活株的茎节数显著减少。成虫可24 h连续取食植株的任何组织, 0.2头/株的密度下,空心莲子草叶片与侧芽数量已呈现负增长; 5头/株的密度下,空心莲子草的生物量、 株高、 叶片数、 侧芽数与茎节数均呈现较大的负增长; 10头/株的控草效果更加显著。     

甜高粱品系的抗倒伏性鉴定及评价

倒伏一直是影响我国甜高粱高产稳产的主要因素。以倒伏系数为分级依据,制定分级标准,对一些主要甜高粱品系（种）抗倒伏性进行了鉴定、分级和评价。研究表明：甜高粱品系间倒伏相关性状差异较大,遗传变异丰富。保持系品系Tx3047B、Tx3048B、墨彩B、张02427B、抗蚜60B、MAMAMAMA、R111B/Sug中杆、P236/R111-1、E35/糖/9047B的倒伏系数小,抗倒伏性好。恢复系品系甜C-1-1杂-1、HAT-1、15069、帚黄矮/品02283的抗倒伏性好。选育出茎秆粗壮、机械强度大、抗倒伏性好的品种是可能的。     

Characterising the morphological characters and carbohydrate metabolism of oat culms and their association with lodging resistance

• Lodging resistance can be improved by enhancing the mechanical strength of culms, and culm carbohydrates could improve this mechanical strength. Culm carbohydrates can regulate development of the culm and affect its toughness.
• The present study determines the relationship between lodging and carbohydrate content in oat culms. Field experiments were conducted in alpine regions in 2017 and 2018 using three oat varieties with different lodging resistance. Lodging‐related morphological characteristics were directly determined and culm carbohydrate content and enzyme activity related to cellulose synthesis and sucrose metabolism were evaluated with ultraviolet spectrophotometry.
• Results showed that the lower the gravity height or the lower ratio of gravity height to plant height, the stronger the lodging resistance of the varieties. Higher culm nonstructural (NSC) and structural (SC) carbohydrate content contributed to the ability of culms to resist lodging, especially the content of cellulose and sucrose. PCA showed that sucrose metabolism and SC content were closely related to lodging resistance. Correlation analysis showed that the lodging index (LI) was significantly negatively correlated with NSC. Sucrose content was highly and significantly positively correlated with NSC. Additionally, the activities of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose synthase (SS) were highly and significantly positively correlated with sucrose and cellulose content.
• The relationship between field characters and oat lodging, as well as the regulatory mechanism of carbohydrate content on lodging resistance of the culm are discussed.

     

小麦抗倒性研究进展

倒伏是严重影响小麦子粒产量和品质的一个重要因素。本文系统阐述了小麦茎秆形态和结构特性、茎秆化学成分与抗倒伏关系以及抗倒性的遗传和分子标记等方面的最新研究进展。株高、基部节间长度与抗倒性呈负相关;而基部节间粗度、秆壁厚、单位长度干重与抗倒性呈正相关。茎秆机械组织细胞层数、厚度,维管束数目、面积以及髓腔大小与抗倒性密切相关。茎秆化学成分中纤维素、木质素以及碳水化合物含量和硅、钾元素含量与抗倒性呈正相关。小麦抗倒性呈数量性状遗传特征,除受多对主基因控制外,可能还受微效修饰基因作用。采用分子标记技术已将抗倒性以及与抗倒性相关的茎秆形态性状进行了QTL定位。     

Quantitative trait loci for lodging resistance in a segregating wheat×spelt population

 Lodging can strongly affect both the grain yield and the quality of wheat. Lodging represents a quantitative trait and is difficult to assess on a phenotypic basis. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) could therefore become an important tool in breeding for lodging resistance. In this study, we mapped and characterised quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for lodging resistance, as well as morphological traits correlated with lodging, in a segregating population of 226 recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross of the lodging-resistant wheat variety Forno with the susceptible spelt variety Oberkulmer. Lodging, plant height, leaf width, leaf-growth habit, culm stiffness, culm swinging, culm thickness, days to ear emergence and days to flowering were assessed in field trials at two locations in 1996 and at one location in 1997. Additionally, at one location weight and length parameters were also assessed. Plant height and culm stiffness explained 77% of the phenotypic variance of lodging in a multiple regression model over all three environments. QTL analysis of lodging and morphological parameters was based on a genetic map containing 230 loci with 23 linkage groups (2469 cM). With the method of composite interval mapping nine QTLs for lodging resistance were detected, explaining 63% of the phenotypic variance in a simultaneous fit. Seven of these QTLs coincided with QTLs for morphological traits, reflecting the correlations between these traits and lodging. In our population the most efficient way to improve lodging resistance would be by a combination of indirect selection on plant height and culm stiffness together with MAS on the two QTLs for lodging resistance which did not coincide with QTLs for morphological traits. Received: 3 August 1998 / Accepted: 28 November 1998     

中国小麦主推品种和育成品系的抗倒伏性评价

倒伏是影响小麦产量的主要因素之一,选育抗倒伏性强的品种是育种研究的重点目标.本研究以528份我国主推的小麦品种和育成品系为材料,对影响小麦倒伏的主要性状进行测定,利用无偏线性估计值进行遗传变异分析、相关分析、主成分分析、线性回归分析和聚类分析,综合评价不同小麦品种的抗倒伏性.研究表明,6个抗倒伏性状在品种间都存在着广泛...     

Loss of the beta-catenin homologue aardvark causes ectopic stalk formation in Dictyostelium

Aardvark (Aar) is a Dictyostelium beta-catenin homologue with both cytoskeletal and signal transduction roles during development. Here, we show that loss of aar causes a novel phenotype where multiple stalks appear during late development. Ectopic stalks are preceded by misexpression of the stalk marker ST-lacZ in the surrounding tissue. This process does not involve the kinase GSK-3. Mixing experiments show that ectopic ST-lacZ expression and stalk formation are cell non-autonomous. The protein-cellulose matrix surrounding the stalk of aar mutant fruiting bodies is defective, and damage to the stalk of wild-type fruiting bodies leads to ectopic ST-lacZ expression. We postulate that poor synthesis of the stalk tube matrix allows diffusion of a stalk cell-inducing factor into the surrounding tissue.     

Combining QTL and candidate gene analysis with phenotypic model to unravel the relationship between lodging and related traits in soybean

Lodging is one of the major influencing factors of yield and quality in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and other crops. To dissect the genetic basis of lodging in soybean, a recombinant inbred line population consisting of 165 lines was used to evaluate lodging percentage and eight related traits (branch number, internode length, number of nodes, plant height, stem diameter, stem strength, root length, and root weight) in three environments. Regression analysis indicated that plant height and root weight, which explain more than 55% of the variation in lodging percentage, might be the key factors influencing lodging in soybean. Nine consensus quantitative trait locus (QTLs) of lodging percentage were detected in one to three environments. Of which, eight consensus QTLs were colocated with 16 consensus QTLs of lodging-related traits by meta-analysis. In addition, seven candidate genes with the biological functions of shoot branching, root development, internode elongation, and lignin biosynthesis were identified on four pleiotropic QTL regions (oq.13-1, oq.13-2, oq.19-2, and oq.19-3) for lodging percentage and related traits. These findings showed that the consensus QTLs of lodging percentage might result from the pleiotropic QTLs affecting the lodging-related traits. Soybean lodging is determined by the cumulative effect of many traits/processes of growth and development. The combination of MAS, statistical model, and phenotypic selection will provide a powerful breeding strategy for lodging resistance in soybean.     

The effect of nitrogen and growth regulators on stem and root characteristics associated with lodging in two cultivars of winter wheat

The effects of nitrogen and plant growth regulators (stem shorteners)on root and shoot characteristics associated with lodging resistancewere investigated in two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)cultivars of contrasting lodging resistance: the susceptibleGalahad and the resistant Hereward. The morphology and mechanicalstrength of the stems and anchorage systems grown at two levelsof nitrogen and with or without growth regulators were measuredand related to the incidence of lodging recorded in a fieldtrial. In both cultivars high levels of nitrogen increased theheight of the stem, thereby increasing the ‘self-weight’moment transmitted into the ground and weakened both the stemsand the anchorage coronal roots. As a result, the anchoragestrength was also reduced, plants failing in the root systemin simulated lodging tests. Growth regulators, in contrast,had little effect on the bending strength of the shoots androot systems, but reduced plant height so that the over turningmoments generated by the weight of the shoot were less. Therewere also differences between cultivars: Galahad plants hadweaker anchorage due to the smaller number and lower strengthof the coronal roots. The morphological and mechanical measureswere used to calculate a safety factor against both stem androot lodging. Five factors were found to influence the safetyfactors, these were: cultivar type, the type of lodging, therate of nitrogen and growth regulator application, and time,being lowest in Galahad plants at high levels of nitrogen andwithout growth regulators and at grain filling when the earswere heaviest. This was consistent with the observed patternof lodging: root lodging occurred at grain filling and onlyin Galahad which had been treated with high nitrogen rates,most strongly in plants without growth regulators. Key words: Lodging, safety factors, anchorage, ‘self-weight’ moment     

抽雄期前后大风倒伏对夏玉米生长及产量的影响

利用2013年8月1日河南省南阳地区夏玉米大风倒伏灾害的调查数据,分析抽雄期前后不同类型倒伏对夏玉米生长及产量形成的影响,研究不同品种的抗倒性差异和适播期.调查对象为5个播期的浚单20和3个播期的郑单958,倒伏类型划分为根斜、根倒、茎折和折断4种.研究表明： 各品种及播期均于抽雄前～抽雄后15 d倒伏率较高.浚单20各播期的总倒伏率为86.0%～98.5%,郑单958各播期的总倒伏率为60.0%～76.4%,且播种越早的播期总倒伏率越低.浚单20倒伏发生时,播期Ⅱ～Ⅴ的夏玉米生育时期接近抽雄,以根倒类型为主,倒伏率为53.0%～84.3%,已过抽雄期的播期Ⅰ夏玉米以茎折倒伏为主,倒伏率为37.5%.倒伏发生后干物质积累显著降低,各倒伏类型对干物质积累的影响总体表现为茎折>根倒>根斜,播种越晚的总干物质积累越少.倒伏对干物质分配比例影响表现为叶片和茎杆干物质比例增大,果穗干物质比例减少.根倒和茎折两种倒伏类型使穗长显著变短,穗粗显著变细,穗粒数显著减少,抽雄后发生倒伏也会使百粒重显著降低;而根斜倒伏类型对各性状的影响均不显著.倒伏后产量损失严重,不同倒伏类型中茎折类型减产最多,浚单20和郑单958平均减产率分别为74.2%和68.7%,尤其是茎折发生在抽雄之前难以形成产量;其次是根倒,平均减产率分别为46.3%和46.5%;根斜产量损失最小,平均分别为8.4%和13.2%.大风倒伏灾害后,浚单20产量平均为4959.9 kg·hm^-2,产量随播期的推迟而减少;郑单958平均为6026.1 kg·hm^-2,随播期变化不明显.总体上,郑单958品种抗倒性好于浚单20.     

Effect of Mowing Cotton Stalks and Preventing Plant Re-Growth on Post-Harvest Reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita

The southern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) is a major parasite of cotton in the U.S., and management tactics for this nematode attempt to minimize population levels. We compared three post-harvest practices for their ability to reduce nematode population levels in the field, thereby reducing initial nematode population for the next year's crop. The three practices tested were: 1) chemical defoliation before harvest plus cutting cotton stalks after harvest, 2) chemical defoliation plus applying a herbicide to kill plants prior to cutting the stalks, and 3) chemical defoliation without cutting stalks. Experiments were conducted in both the greenhouse and in the field. The greenhouse experiments demonstrated that M. incognita reproduction (measured as egg counts and root gall rating indices) was significantly greater when stalks were not cut. Cutting stalks plus applying herbicide to kill cotton roots did not significantly reduce nematode reproduction compared to cutting stalks alone. In field experiments, cutting stalks reduced egg populations and root galling compared to defoliation without stalk cutting. In a greenhouse bioassay which used soil from the field plots, plants grown in soil from the defoliation only treatment had greater root gall ratings and egg counts than in the stalk cutting plus herbicide treatment. Therefore, we conclude that cutting cotton stalks immediately after harvest effectively reduces M. incognita reproduction, and may lead to a lower initial population density of this nematode in the following year.