四川短尾鼩种群年龄鉴定的研究

为给四川短尾鼩年龄鉴定提供科学合理的鉴定方法,对1996～2012年贵州省大方县捕获的134只四川短尾鼩(雌性86只,雄性48只)体重统计分析。结果表明:四川短尾鼩平均体重为(31.12±6.48)g。根据体重的频次分配特征,参照其繁殖状况,将四川短尾鼩划分为5个年龄组,制定了各年龄组的体重划分标准:幼年组(Ⅰ)体重≤23.0g,亚成年组(Ⅱ)23.1～28.0g,成年Ⅰ组(Ⅲ)28.1～33.0g,成年Ⅱ组(Ⅳ)33.1～38.0g,老年组(Ⅴ)>38.0g。体重与胴体重、体长之间具有极显著的正相关关系,依据体重与胴体重的回归方程,制定了各年龄组的胴体重划分标准:幼年组(Ⅰ)胴体重≤15.0g,亚成年组(Ⅱ)15.1～19.0g,成年Ⅰ组(Ⅲ)19.1～23.0g,成年Ⅱ组(Ⅳ)23.1～27.0g,老年组(Ⅴ)>27.0g。不同年龄组体重、胴体重之间具有显著差异,随着种群年龄的增长而不断增加。不同年龄组种群繁殖力存在显著差异,随着种群年龄的增长,种群繁殖力不断增加,参与种群繁殖的主要群体为成年Ⅰ组、成年Ⅱ组和老年组,平均怀孕率为37.10%,平均睾丸下降率为72.00%,平均繁殖指数为1.39。种群年龄组成具有明显的季节变化。     

中国婴儿中脊灰母传抗体水平对两种疫苗免疫效果的影响

为了了解2月龄婴儿中针对脊髓灰质炎病毒的中和抗体水平,并探讨母传抗体对脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗(OPV)和灭活疫苗(IPV)免疫效果的影响。对416名2月龄婴儿分别接种OPV和IPV,采集免疫前后血清,用微量中和法检测血清中Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型脊髓灰质炎病毒中和抗体滴度,评价抗体GMT水平及4倍增长情况。检测结果显示,2月龄婴儿母传抗体Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型阳性率分别为45%、38.2%和17.5%,抗体GMT水平为9.0、8.1和5.2。经接种两组疫苗后,母传抗体阳性者与阴性者免后抗体GMT水平相比,OPV组无明显差异,IPV组阳性者略低于阴性者。在免前抗体滴度<1∶32人群中,OPV组免后抗体滴度4倍增长率及几何滴度增长倍数分别为:Ⅰ型93.6%、71.2;Ⅱ型98.2%、43.7;Ⅲ型91.7%、47.9;IPV组免后抗体滴度4倍增长率及几何滴度增长倍数分别为:Ⅰ型82%、9.4;Ⅱ型62.8%、5.1;Ⅲ型95.6%、11.7;在免前抗体滴度1∶32～1∶128人群中,OPV组Ⅰ型92.3%、23;Ⅱ型86.4%、13.9;Ⅲ型55.6%、4.1;IPV组Ⅰ型48%、2.5;Ⅱ型15%、0.9;Ⅲ型55.6%、2.7。目前中国2月龄婴儿免前脊灰抗体阳性率较高,尤其是Ⅰ、Ⅱ型。脊灰母传抗体对两种疫苗免疫效果有一定干扰,对IPV疫苗的影响较为明显。     

臭鼠的种群年龄结构研究

１９８６年１月至１９９３年１２月,作者在浙江萧山围垦农区采用体重法将臭　种群分为５个年龄组。雄体：Ⅰ．幼年组（体重≤３０８）、Ⅱ．亚成年组（体重＞３０９,≤４０ｇ）、Ⅲ．成年１组（体重＞４０ｇ,≤５２ｇ）、Ⅳ．成年ＩＩ组（体重＞５２８,≤６４８）、Ⅴ．老年组（体重＞６４ｇ）;雌体：幼年组（体重≤２４ｇ）,Ⅱ．亚成年组（体重＞２４ｇ;≤３６ｇ）．Ⅲ．成年Ⅰ组（体重＞３６９,≤４６ｇ）,Ⅳ．成年Ⅱ组（体重＞４６８,≤５４ｇ）,Ⅴ．老年组（体重＞５４ｇ）。各年龄组的繁殖特性存在差异。种群以成年Ⅰ组为主,但其种群的年龄结构存在有性别差异,雄性种群以成年Ⅰ组、成年Ⅱ组和老年组为主,雌性种群以亚成年组和成年Ⅰ组为主。种群的年龄结构存在季节性变化。在室内,雄性在春季和冬季以成年Ⅱ组为主,夏季和秋季以老年组为主;在室外春季、秋季和冬季均以成年Ⅰ组为主,夏季则以成年Ⅱ组为主。室内雌性在各季节均以成年Ⅰ组为主,而在室外春季和冬季以亚成年组为主,夏季和秋季以成年Ⅰ组为主。其种群年龄结构存在有年变化。     

发育温度对蜜蜂归巢能力及记忆相关基因表达的影响

【目的】本试验旨在研究不同发育温度对意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica工蜂归巢能力及学习记忆相关基因表达的影响。【方法】选择3群群势一致的意大利蜜蜂,控制蜂王在一张经工蜂清理的工蜂巢脾中产卵48 h,之后移至孵化区。子脾即将封盖时,平均分成3块,分别放入33℃(Ⅰ组)、35℃(Ⅱ组)、37℃(Ⅲ组)的恒温恒湿箱中继续发育(相对湿度为75%±5%),每群为1个重复。工蜂羽化出房时,用不同颜色标记不同发育温度下羽化的工蜂,并放回原蜂王产卵群,测定其采集时期在1 000 m、2 000 m的回归率及不同日龄(刚出房,10日龄,20日龄)工蜂3个记忆相关基因[谷氨酸受体A型基因(Glu-RA)、N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体1型基因(Nmdar1)、酪氨酸受体1型基因(tyr1)]的表达情况。【结果】结果表明:试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组发育的采集蜂在1 000 m和2 000 m处的回归率均显著高于Ⅰ组,但试验Ⅱ组与试验Ⅲ组之间差异不显著;试验Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组刚出房工蜂、10日龄工蜂和20日龄工蜂的Glu RA和Nmdar1基因相对表达量显著高于试验Ⅰ组,但试验Ⅱ组与Ⅲ组之间差异不显著;试验Ⅱ组刚出房工蜂的Tyr1基因相对表达量显著高于试验Ⅰ组与Ⅲ组,但试验Ⅰ组与试验Ⅲ组之间差异不显著,另外,各试验组10日龄和20日龄工蜂Tyr1基因相对表达量差异均不显著。【结论】过低发育温度会影响蜜蜂的归巢能力和记忆相关基因的表达。     

甘南草原高原鼢鼠年龄划分及其组成分析

建立高原鼢鼠(Eospalax baileyi)种群年龄鉴定划分标准,可为对其的监测及防控提供科学依据。研究于2015年5月、10月分别在甘南草原碌曲县采用夹捕法捕捉高原鼢鼠469只(雄鼠209只,雌鼠260只),在对样本进行逐个解剖和数据记录之后,参考其体重、体长、胴体重及毛色等,对高原鼢鼠的年龄划分标准进行研究。依据胴体重将高原鼢鼠分为6组:亚成年组(雄144 g,雌106 g),成年Ⅰ组(雄144~210 g,雌106~148 g)、成年Ⅱ组(雄211~276 g,雌149~190 g)、成年Ⅲ组(雄277~342 g,雌191~232 g)、成年Ⅳ组(雄343~408 g,雌233~274 g)和老年组(雄409 g,雌275 g)。年龄结构表显示,不同的季节和不同地理区域高原鼢鼠的种群年龄结构类型均为增长型。     

利福平对两种色型豌豆蚜种群参数的影响

为了明确利福平(rifampicin)不同处理对2种色型豌豆蚜生长发育和种群参数的影响,将利福平分别按同时喷洒蚕豆植株和蚜虫虫体(Ⅰ)、只喷洒蚜虫虫体(Ⅱ)和只喷洒蚕豆植株(Ⅲ)3种方式处理以及对照,获得各处理的发育历期、平均体重、体重差、相对日均体重增长率和平均繁殖力等生物学参数。结果表明:1)3种利福平处理的若虫发育历期和世代历期均显著长于同色型对照(P0.05),成蚜寿命表现为处理Ⅰ和处理Ⅲ均显著长于同色型对照(P0.05),处理Ⅱ有延长成蚜寿命的作用,但与同色型对照差异不显著(P0.05);处理Ⅰ中,红、绿色型豌豆蚜若虫发育历期期(9.46和9.84 d)、成蚜寿命(19.40和18.47 d)和世代历期(28.88和28.29 d)均达到最大值。2)3种处理的2种色型豌豆蚜平均体重、体重差和相对日均体重增长率均表现为下降,且与同色型对照差异显著(P0.05),而繁殖力显著低于同色型对照(P0.05)。3)3种处理的2种色型豌豆蚜种群净生殖率、平均世代周期、内禀增长率、周限增长率和种群加倍时间与同色型对照差异显著(P0.05),但红绿色型间种群参数差异不显著(P0.05)。     

汉江支流堵河宽鳍■种群结构与繁殖力研究

利用2018年6月—2019年5月湖北省堵河306尾宽鳍■Zacco platypus的调查数据,研究了该水域宽鳍■的种群结构和繁殖力特征。结果显示:堵河宽鳍■种群由3个年龄组组成,Ⅱ龄为优势年龄组,占种群总数的55.2%。体长、体质量分布区间分别为64～203 mm、4.0～106.8 g,平均体长、体质量分别为125 mm±24 mm和34.3 g±18.2 g, 87.1%的体长集中在82～154 mm, 70.3%的体质量集中在14.4～45.7 g。堵河水系宽鳍■种群的雌雄比为0.53∶1,Ⅰ龄、Ⅱ龄和Ⅲ龄组的分别为0.76∶1、0.40∶1和0.63∶1,其中,堵河水系宽鳍■种群和Ⅱ龄组的实际雌雄比与理论值(1∶1)之间的差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。雌雄个体的成熟系数周年变化明显,且具有明显的种内雌雄差异,雌性个体较雄性明显偏大。繁殖活动主要发生于4—7月,且雌性个体的繁殖活动存在一定的空白期。雌性个体的平均卵质量和卵径分别为1.34 mg±0.53 mg和1.14 mm±0.24 mm,绝对繁殖力变化范围为864～5 074粒,均值为1 863.74粒±1 097.86粒,绝对繁殖力与体长、体质量、空壳质量以及性腺质量均具有显著相关关系(P0.05),但与全长相关性不显著(P0.05)。     

理气调补汤对运动性疲劳大鼠血清β内啡肽和白细胞介素2影响的研究

目的:通过观察理气调补汤对运动性疲劳大鼠血清β内啡肽和白细胞介素2水平的影响,以期揭示中药理气调补汤促进运动性疲劳恢复的作用机理。方法:健康雄性SD大鼠30只,随即分为对照组(Ⅰ组)8只、单纯运动组(Ⅱ组)11只、中药运动组(Ⅲ组)11只。实验时Ⅲ组每天定时定量中药灌胃1ml/100g体重,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组灌胃相同剂量的生理盐水。实验采用游泳运动训练方式。6周末力竭训练后24h分离血清测定β内啡肽和白细胞介素2含量。结果:Ⅲ组大鼠游泳至力竭的时间较Ⅱ组显著延长;Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组大鼠血清IL-2浓度均显著低于Ⅰ组,但Ⅲ组大鼠血清IL-2浓度显著高于Ⅱ组;血清β-EP浓度Ⅱ组显著高于Ⅰ组,Ⅲ组较Ⅱ组显著降低。结论:理气调补汤可纠正疲劳造成的大鼠机体生理平衡状态的紊乱,提高运动性疲劳大鼠的运动能力,延缓疲劳的发生。     

理气调补汤对运动性疲劳大鼠血清皮质醇和白细胞介素2影响的研究

目的:通过观察理气调补汤对运动性疲劳大鼠血清皮质醇(C)和白细胞介素2(IL-2)水平的影响,以期揭示中药理气调补汤促进运动性疲劳恢复的作用机理.方法:健康雄性SD大鼠30只,随机分为对照组(Ⅰ组)8只、单纯运动组(Ⅱ组)11只、中药运动组(Ⅲ组)11只.实验时Ⅲ组每天定时定量中药灌胃1ml/100g体重,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组灌胃相同剂量的生理盐水.实验采用游泳运动训练方式.6周末力竭训练后24h分离血清测定C和IL-2含量.结果:Ⅲ组大鼠游泳至力竭的时间较Ⅱ组显著延长;Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组大鼠血清IL-2浓度均显著低于Ⅰ组,但Ⅲ组大鼠血清IL-2浓度显著高于Ⅱ组;血清C浓度Ⅱ组显著高于Ⅰ组,Ⅲ组较Ⅱ组显著降低.结论:大强度运动训练可能导致HPA轴释放过量皮质醇,从而使免疫功能受到抑制.理气调补汤能够调节疲劳大鼠的HPA轴适应性,降低C的过量释放,维持免疫功能稳定,延缓疲劳的发生.     

用水晶体干重鉴定五趾跳鼠的种年龄

利用556只五趾跳鼠的水晶体干重作次数分配,将该鼠年龄划分成7个组进行观察：幼年组水晶体干重在55.00毫克以下,亚成年组55.01-77.50毫克（当年出生）,成年Ⅰ组55.01-87.50毫克（经过一次冬眠并参加繁殖）,成年Ⅱ组87.51-102.50毫克,成年Ⅲ组102.51-117.50毫克,成年Ⅳ组117.51-130.00毫克,老年组130.01毫克以上。据1986和1987年的观察,结果表明五趾跳鼠年龄组成季节变化明显,年度之间没有显著变化。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.