人脐血CD34+细胞在NOD/SCID小鼠免疫重建及其抗HBV作用的初步探讨

目的：探讨NOD／SCID（nonobese diabetic／severe combined immunodeficient）小鼠移植人脐带血（human umbilical cord blood,HUCB）CD34＋细胞后免疫重建的特性。建立hu—NOD／SCID人鼠嵌合模型并观察其人源化免疫细胞在小鼠体内的生长分化特性、存活时间及其对HBV感染的清除作用。方法：1．NOD／SCID小鼠于C0603．5Gy照射后24h内尾静脉输注HUCBCD34＋细胞;2．以流式细胞技术鉴定小鼠外周血中CD45＋,CD3＋,CD19＋,CD56＋等人源化细胞的比例;3．NOD／SCID小鼠于移植后第4wk注射HBV感染者血清并以未移植的NOD／SCID小鼠作为对照,注射同等量的患者血清;4．于感染后1、7、10、15天采血,免疫荧光定量PCR方法分别检测其HBV—DNA含量。结果：1．HUCBCD34＋细胞移植后第2wk,在小鼠外周血中检测出的CD3＋CD8＋T细胞、CD3＋CD4＋T细胞、CD19＋B细胞、CD56＋NK细胞的比例分别为18．6％、16．1％、13．1％和27．8％。各细胞比例随小鼠周龄而变化。所有移植小鼠存活时间均达9wk;2．移植后小鼠感染HBV血清后,病毒仅在感染后第一天检出,随后消失;未移植CD34＋细胞的小鼠外周血HBV—DNA一直维持在103水平：结论：1．NOD／SCID小鼠经射线照射后移植HUCBCD34＋细胞,在不加任何刺激因子的情况下小鼠可以长时间存活并重建免疫;2．hu—NOD／SCID人鼠嵌合模型小鼠免疫成功重建后,对HBV感染有快速的清除作用。     

NOD/SCID小鼠模型在实验血液学研究中的应用

NOD/SCID（非肥胖糖尿病/重症联合免疫缺陷）小鼠是在SCID（重症联合免疫缺陷）小鼠的基础上与非肥胖性糖尿病小鼠（NOD/Lt）品系回交的免疫缺陷鼠。NOD/SCID小鼠既有先天免疫缺陷,又有T和B淋巴细胞缺乏,各种肿瘤细胞可以植入,且较少发生排斥反应及移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）,所以NOD/SCID小鼠逐渐成为血液学实验研究的有用工具。本文从NOD/SCID小鼠的生物学特性、建立人类白血病模型、干细胞移植、药物研究及NOD/SCID小鼠应用中存在的不足和改良等方面综合述评。     

急性淋巴细胞白血病CD34~+ CD38~-细胞在NOD/SCID小鼠体内的自我更新与增殖能力

目的探索急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)患者CD34+CD38-细胞移植到NOD/SCID小鼠体内建立白血病的可行性、自我更新与增殖潜能。方法分选并鉴定ALL患者骨髓CD34+CD38-细胞及对照CD34-CD38+细胞后,经尾静脉分别注射104个细胞于亚致死剂量射线照射的NOD/SCID小鼠体内,连续监测小鼠状态以及外周血血象改变,对濒死或死亡小鼠进行骨髓检查、肝脾病理学检查。结果接种从ALL患者分选的CD34+CD38-细胞到NOD/SCID小鼠体内后4周,小鼠外周血白细胞上升,到8周左右达高峰,约15×109～20×109/L,原始及幼稚淋巴细胞明显增多。骨髓象显示以原始及幼稚淋巴细胞增生为主,约为40%,且肝脾组织也有白细胞浸润,明显高于接种了对照组CD34-CD38+细胞的NOD/SCID小鼠。结论 ALL患者CD34+CD38-细胞可以成功移植NOD/SCID小鼠,在小鼠体内增殖形成白血病,说明该群细胞具有自我更新和增殖的潜能,可作为探索白血病起始细胞研究的重要载体。     

急性淋巴细胞白血病CD34+CD38-细胞在NOD/SCID小鼠体内的自我更新与增值能力

目的 探索急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)患者CD34+ CD38-细胞移植到NOD/SCID小鼠体内建立白血病的可行性、自我更新与增殖潜能.方法 分选并鉴定ALL患者骨髓CD34+ CD38-细胞及对照CD34- CD38+细胞后,经尾静脉分别注射104个细胞于亚致死剂量射线照射的NOD/SCID小鼠体内,连续监测小鼠状态以及外周血血象改变,对濒死或死亡小鼠进行骨髓检查、肝脾病理学检查.结果 接种从ALL患者分选的CD34+ CD38-细胞到NOD/SCID小鼠体内后4周,小鼠外周血白细胞上升,到8周左右达高峰,约15×109～20× 109/L,原始及幼稚淋巴细胞明显增多.骨髓象显示以原始及幼稚淋巴细胞增生为主,约为40％,且肝脾组织也有白细胞浸润,明显高于接种了对照组CD34- CD38+细胞的NOD/SCID小鼠.结论 ALL患者CD34+CD38-细胞可以成功移植NOD/SCID 小鼠,在小鼠体内增殖形成白血病,说明该群细胞具有自我更新和增殖的潜能,可作为探索白血病起始细胞研究的重要载体.     

人羊膜间充质干细胞对四氯化碳诱导小鼠肝损伤定位修复的研究

目的：观察活体染料羧基荧光素乙酰乙酸（CFSE）标记的人羊膜间充质干细胞对四氯化碳诱导小鼠肝损伤模型的定位修复情况。方法：采用胰蛋白酶-胶原酶消化法从羊膜组织中分离间充质干细胞,通过流式细胞术和免疫荧光等方法进行鉴定。模型组按浓度为20μl/g剂量的四氯化碳和橄榄油混合液诱导小鼠肝损伤,治疗组经小鼠尾静脉注射羧基荧光素乙酰乙酸标记的人羊膜间充质干细胞约1×10⁶个/ml。分别取模型组和细胞移植的治疗组小鼠眼球血和肝组织进行相关检测。结果：分离得到纯度较高的羊膜间充质干细胞;冰冻切片免疫荧光显示移植1周后细胞向小鼠受损肝组织定植,CFSE标记的人羊膜间充质干细胞呈绿色荧光;细胞移植后4周,与模型组比较,细胞移植组小鼠血清中天冬氨酸转移酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶显著降低,而白蛋白明显升高（P< 0.01）;肝组织病理切片模型组小鼠细胞水肿,坏死灶多见,脂肪变性,可见不同程度的炎性细胞浸润;治疗组小鼠肝组织病理学改变和损伤程度有较明显改善;小鼠肝组织冰冻切片的免疫荧光显示移植4周后人羊膜间充质干细胞周围分泌血清白蛋白。结论：羧基荧光素乙酰乙酸标记的人羊膜间充质干细胞可有效改善肝组织的生理功能,为细胞定位移植治疗肝脏疾病的修复情况提供实验数据。     

骨髓间充质干细胞移植在小鼠急性肾损伤肾内的存活与分化情况研究

为探讨急性肾损伤后,移植骨髓间充质干细胞(marrow mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs在损伤肾内的存活能力及分化情况,通过复苏、扩增培养已完成鉴定、经慢病毒EGFP转染的MSCs,观察备用MSCs的EGFP(enhanced green fluorescent protein)表达情况,采用雄性C57BL/6J小鼠12只建立小鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤模型后(结扎双侧肾蒂40 min后开放血流并经尾静脉注射MSCs),分别于第1、3、7、14 d处死3只小鼠,采集小鼠左侧肾脏制作石蜡切片,倒置荧光显微镜下观察MSCs在肾内的存活及分化情况,定量分析每个时间点存活于肾内的数目的差异.结果表明复苏、扩增培养出的MSCs增殖活力旺盛,成功建立小鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤模型.移植的细胞随时间的延长,存活于肾脏内的数量显著减少(第14 d存活于肾内的细胞数量仅为移植后第1d的1/5),第1、3、7、14 d表达EGFP的MSCs主要分布于肾小球周围、肾脏小血管内壁、肾小管与肾小管之间的间质而肾小管内壁未见到表达EGFP的MSCs分布.这说明移植的MSCs在缺血再灌注损伤后肾脏内能够存活,但肾脏内的微环境限制了移植细胞的存活能力.在肾小管内壁未观测到表达EGFP的MSCs,提示MSCs对肾脏修复的途径不是直接向肾小管内皮细胞分化而另有其它途径.     

NOD/SCID雌性小鼠动情周期的观察

目的观察NOD/SCID小鼠动情周期及卵巢切除术后阴道涂片的变化。方法连续观察9 d NOD/SCID鼠,每日进行两次阴道涂片,计算动情周期时间及发生率。卵巢切除后,阴道涂片并观察阴道涂片变化。结果NOD/SCID小鼠动情周期为4~6 d。有规律动情的小鼠占80%。阴道口状态与动情周期无明显相关。卵巢切除术后,阴道涂片呈动情后期或动情间期改变。结论采用阴道脱落细胞涂片法可判断NOD/SCID雌性小鼠的动情周期及特点,NOD/SCID雌性小鼠卵巢切除手术有效。     

四君子汤及其纳米制剂对微生态失调小鼠的调整作用

目的研究四君子汤水提液及纳米制剂对肠道微生态失调小鼠的调整作用。方法应用林可霉素灌胃建立小鼠肠道微生态失调模型,然后应用四君子汤水提液(常态中药)及其纳米制剂进行治疗,同时设正常、阳性对照及自然恢复组,于给药6 d后处死小鼠,进行肠道菌群检测、肠组织电镜检查及肝脏细菌易位检测。结果林可霉素灌胃3 d后,小鼠肠道菌群失调,肠黏膜损伤严重,肝脏有大量细菌易位。持续6 d治疗后,肠道双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌菌量明显上升,损伤的肠黏膜基本修复,肝脏细菌易位数量大幅度下降。各治疗组间比较纳米中药组的效果要好于常态中药和丽珠肠乐组(P<0.001,P<0.01,P<0.05)。结论2种不同粒径的中药均能扶植肠道正常菌群生长,促进肠黏膜损伤修复,控制细菌易位。但纳米中药效果优于常态中药,且用药量小。     

同种异体大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞移植对放射性空肠损伤的修复作用

目的观察同种异体骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）移植对放射性空肠的修复作用。方法全骨髓贴壁体外培养大鼠MSCs并进行DAPI标记。对大鼠行5 Gy X线全腹部照射,每隔72 h照射1次,共5次,制备放射性空肠损伤动物模型。取40只大鼠,随机分成正常对照组、模型及MSCs治疗组及DAP标记组。激光共聚焦显微镜下观察DAPI标记的MSCs在空肠组织中富集情况。病理学观察MSCs对放射性空肠损伤的修复作用。结果正常大鼠空肠黏膜结构清楚,隐窝深遂,腺体丰富,模型组7 d黏膜上皮细胞坏死脱落,隐窝几乎完全破坏,治疗组7 d黏膜坏死组织较少,黏膜增厚,30 d治疗组核分裂相增加,较模型组增加明显。结论成功建立放射性空肠损伤动物模型,MSCs可以促进空肠再生与修复。     

经肠道播散诱导内源性感染小鼠模型的建立及评价

目的建立经肠道播散诱导发生内源性感染的小鼠模型,为研究肠道微生态与内源性感染的相关机制提供可靠的实验模型。方法24只ICR雌性小鼠随机分为模型组A、模型组B和对照组C。模型组A给予广谱抗生素溶液口服破坏肠道正常菌群后尾静脉注射5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)进行免疫抑制。在模型组A的基础上给予白假丝酵母菌灌胃引入机会性致病菌即为模型组B。对照组C同等方法给予生理盐水处理。实验过程中持续观察小鼠粪便菌群变化,平板计数法检测小鼠组织载菌量,HE染色观察小鼠肺、肝、盲肠和大肠组织病理变化,荧光定量PCR法观察小鼠肠道主要菌群定量变化。结果实验终点时模型组A小鼠组织器官均出现细菌感染,模型组B小鼠表现为细菌和真菌混合感染。两模型组小鼠肺和肝脏组织器官均表现为典型的炎症表现,而盲肠和大肠表现为黏膜炎症和屏障完整性被破坏。肠道菌群定量结果显示两模型组肠道主要菌群结构发生紊乱,肠道定植抗力下降,B/E值<1。结论在小鼠肠道菌群紊乱和免疫抑制的条件下,肠道致病菌或机会致病菌突破肠道黏膜屏障引起组织器官感染,该模型能够为从肠道微生态方面预防及控制内源性感染的研究提供可靠的模型基础。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.