支架蛋白Gab2信号调控与乳腺癌

Gab2是支架蛋白Gabs家族中的重要成员.该家族蛋白通过介导膜受体与信号转运蛋白间的偶联及各信号分子间的整合参与信号传导.作为支架蛋白,Gab2可被酪氨酸激酶磷酸化激活,接受胞外多种因子刺激,招募富含SH2结构域的信号转运分子,活化下游SHP2/Ras/ERK和PI3K/AKT等一系列信号传导途径,在细胞增殖、分化、...     

支架蛋白Gab的结构与功能及其在肿瘤、炎症和心血管疾病发生中的作用

Gab家族蛋白(Grb2-associated binder family proteins)是生长因子受体结合蛋白2的结合蛋白。在哺乳动物中,Gab家族蛋白包括Gab1、Gab2和Gab3。该家族蛋白可通过介导膜受体与信号转导蛋白间的耦联及各信号分子间的相互作用参与信号转导,其主要是通过激活SHP2/RAS/ERK和PI3K/AKT两条经典的信号通路,进而参与一系列的生物应答。研究显示,Gab蛋白的表达或功能异常与肿瘤、炎症和心血管疾病的发生、发展密切相关。本文就Gab蛋白结构、参与信号转导的调节机制及其在肿瘤、炎症和心血管疾病发生、发展中的作用进行综述。     

支架蛋白Gab的结构与功能及其在肿瘤、炎症和心血管疾病发生中的作用北大核心CSCD

Gab家族蛋白(Grb2-associated binder family proteins)是生长因子受体结合蛋白2的结合蛋白。在哺乳动物中,Gab家族蛋白包括Gab1、Gab2和Gab3。该家族蛋白可通过介导膜受体与信号转导蛋白间的耦联及各信号分子间的相互作用参与信号转导,其主要是通过激活SHP2/RAS/ERK和PI3K/AKT两条经典的信号通路,进而参与一系列的生物应答。研究显示,Gab蛋白的表达或功能异常与肿瘤、炎症和心血管疾病的发生、发展密切相关。本文就Gab蛋白结构、参与信号转导的调节机制及其在肿瘤、炎症和心血管疾病发生、发展中的作用进行综述。     

接头蛋白CIN85的结构与功能

CIN85与CD2AP构成了一个接头蛋白家族,在个体发育中担当重要角色并和多种疾病的病理机制相关。它们在功能结构域的序列上有很高的相似性,并具有细胞骨架蛋白的特点。近来研究表明CIN85在受体酪氨酸激酶(RTK)的内吞与降解、细胞凋亡、细胞局部黏附等许多生物学过程中发挥重要作用。     

二聚化:受体酪氨酸激酶活化的重要机制

受体酪氨酸激酶家族是一类具有内源性蛋白酪氨酸激酶活性的生长因子受体。它们具有相似的分子结构 ,其配体介导的受体活化主要是通过二聚化的机制来实现的。配体介导同源或异源的受体二聚化 ,不同的配体以不同的机制介导受体的二聚化。本文介绍了受体酪氨酸激酶家族不同亚类受体在其配体介导下二聚化的机制 ,并着重介绍了表皮生长因子受体家族各成员间的异二聚化及其引起的胞内信号转导途径的多样化     

二聚化：受体酶氨酸激酶活化的重要机制

受体酪氨酸激酶家族是一类具有内源性蛋白酪氨酸激酶活性的生长因子受体。它们具有相似的分子结构,其配体介导的受体活化主要是通过二聚化的机制来实现的。配体介导同源或异源的受体二聚化,不同的配体以不同的机制介导受体的二聚化。本文介绍了受体酪氨酸激酶家族不同亚类受体在其配体介导下二聚化的机制,并着重介绍了表皮生长因子受体家族各成员间的异二聚化及其引起的胞内信号转导途径的多样化。     

角质细胞生长因子-2研究进展

角质细胞生长因子 2 (KGF 2 )也叫成纤维细胞生长因子 10 (FGF 10 ) ,是成纤维细胞生长因子家族的一员 .能特异性促进上皮细胞的增殖、分化和迁移 ,对脊椎动物多种组织和器官的发育起重要调控作用 ,对临床上多种疾病的治疗也有很好的应用前景 .1　KGF 2与受体KGF 2有两种细胞膜表面受体 :FGFR1Ⅲb和FGFR2Ⅲb .KGF 2与FGFR2Ⅲb的亲和力很高 ,而与FGFR1Ⅲb的亲和力很低 ,只有在高浓度KGF 2存在时才与FGFR1Ⅲb结合 .KGF 2与受体结合后 ,促使受体胞内的C端酪氨酸残基磷酸化 ,磷酸化的受体具有了酪氨酸蛋白激酶活性 ,并与一系…     

丙型肝炎病毒受体研究进展

丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)入侵宿主细胞是在多种受体联合介导下才能完成的复杂过程.我们针对已报道的HCV 可能的细胞受体 CD81、低密度脂蛋白受体、B 族Ⅰ型清道夫受体、紧密连接蛋白家族、表皮生长子受体、酪氨酸激酶 EphA2受体、NPC1L1受体展开介绍,为今后研究和探索新型 HCV 疫苗和药物奠定基础.     

表皮生长因子受体

表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）是一种具有酪氨酸激酶活性的膜表面受体,其胞内区的3个亚区是其发挥酪氨酸激酶活性、介导信号转导的关键部位。表皮生长因子受体和其他的erbB受体可形成同源和异源的多种二聚体,不同的二聚体与表皮生长因子受体的6种配体形成的不同组合可将不同的细胞外刺激传入胞内。表皮生长因子可激活多种下游信号路径,产生多种生物学效应,ras-raf-MEK-erk/MAPK途径与增殖的激活有关,PI3K－PKC－IKK途径与细胞移动性的增强有关。表皮生长因子受体与肿瘤的发生发展和器官的修复有密切的关系,针对表皮生长因子受体的肿瘤治疗和器官修复具有良好的应用前景。     

GST-pull down方法鉴定Src激酶与PSD-95的直接结合

脚手架蛋白PSD-95通过募集多种蛋白质在包括缺血性脑中风在内的多种神经系统疾病中具有重要的作用。Src蛋白激酶家族是膜相关非受体酪氨酸蛋白激酶中最大的家族,该家族激酶含有与突触后致密蛋白PSD-95相结合的结构域。Src激酶是其家族中主要成员之一,在脑组织中表达丰富。脑缺血/再灌注引起缺血敏感区Src激酶活性的显著增强。之前的研究表明,Src激酶参与调节PSD-95酪氨酸磷酸化。本实验主要通过GST-pull down实验体外鉴定Src与PSD-95之间的直接结合。     

Role of Gab1 in UV-induced c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activation and cell apoptosis

Exposure of mammalian cells to UV irradiation leads to activation of the c-Jun NH(2)-terminal protein kinase (JNK) pathway, which is associated with cell apoptosis. However, the molecular mechanism for JNK activation by UV exposure is not fully understood. We show here an essential role of a multisubstrate adapter, Gab1, in this signaling cascade. Gab1-deficient mouse fibroblast cells were defective in induction of JNK activity by UV exposure or heat shock, and this defect was rescued by reintroduction of Gab1 into Gab1(-/-) cells. Consistently, Gab1(-/-) cells displayed reduced caspase 3 induction and apoptotic cell death in response to UV irradiation. Gab1 was constitutively complexed with JNK and became tyrosine phosphorylated in UV-irradiated cells. Genetic and pharmaceutical analyses suggest the involvement of c-Met and the Src family tyrosine kinases in mediating UV-induced Gab1 phosphorylation as well as JNK activation. In aggregate, these observations identify a new function of Gab1 in the response of mammalian cells to UV light.     

Role of Gab1 in heart, placenta, and skin development and growth factor- and cytokine-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase activation

Gab1 is a member of the Gab/DOS (Daughter of Sevenless) family of adapter molecules, which contain a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain and potential binding sites for SH2 and SH3 domains. Gab1 is tyrosine phosphorylated upon stimulation of various cytokines, growth factors, and antigen receptors in cell lines and interacts with signaling molecules, such as SHP-2 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, although its biological roles have not yet been established. To reveal the functions of Gab1 in vivo, we generated mice lacking Gab1 by gene targeting. Gab1-deficient embryos died in utero and displayed developmental defects in the heart, placenta, and skin, which were similar to phenotypes observed in mice lacking signals of the hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and epidermal growth factor pathways. Consistent with these observations, extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein (ERK MAP) kinases were activated at much lower levels in cells from Gab1-deficient embryos in response to these growth factors or to stimulation of the cytokine receptor gp130. These results indicate that Gab1 is a common player in a broad range of growth factor and cytokine signaling pathways linking ERK MAP kinase activation.     

Critical role for hematopoietic cell kinase (Hck)-mediated phosphorylation of Gab1 and Gab2 docking proteins in interleukin 6-induced proliferation and survival of multiple myeloma cells

Interleukin-6 (LI-6) is a known growth and survival factor in multiple myeloma via activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling cascade. In this report we show that Grb2-associated binder (Gab) family adapter proteins Gab1 and Gab2 are expressed by multiple myeloma cells; and that interleukin-6 induces their tyrosine phosphorylation and association with downstream signaling molecules. We further demonstrate that these events are Src family tyrosine kinase-dependent and specifically identify the role of hematopoietic cell kinase (Hck) as a new Gab family adapter protein kinase. Conversely, inhibition of Src family tyrosine kinases by the pyrazolopyrimidine PP2, as in kinase-inactive Hck mutants, significantly reduces IL-6-triggered activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and AKT-1, leading to significant reduction of multiple myeloma cell proliferation and survival. Taken together, these results delineate a key role for Hck-mediated phosphorylation of Gab1 and Gab2 docking proteins in IL-6-induced proliferation and survival of multiple myeloma cells and identify tyrosine kinases and downstream adapter proteins as potential new therapeutic targets in multiple myeloma.     

Gab1 contributes to cytoskeletal reorganization and chemotaxis in response to platelet-derived growth factor

Gab1 is a scaffolding/docking protein that has been suggested to play a role in signal transduction downstream of certain plasma membrane receptors, including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors. We found that PDGF induced a rapid Gab1 phosphorylation, which depended on the recruitment of Grb2, indicating that Grb2 acts as a bridge between Gab1 and the PDGF beta-receptor. PDGF also enhanced the binding of Gab1 to the phosphatase SHP-2, but not to p85. To further study the role of Gab1 in PDGF signaling, we transfected porcine aortic endothelial cells with a doxycycline-inducible Gab1 construct. Increased Gab1 expression enhanced the recruitment and activation of SHP-2, as well as the phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases Erk and p38 by PDGF. Gab1 expression also enhanced the formation of lamellipodia and cellular protrusions. In Gab1-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts, the same phenotype was induced by restoring the expression of wild-type Gab1, but not a mutant Gab1 that was unable to associate with SHP-2. These effects of PDGF on the actin cytoskeleton were not altered by the inhibition of p38 or Erk, but could be blocked by a dominant-negative form of Rac (Asn(17)). Finally, Gab1-deficient fibroblasts showed a decreased chemotactic response toward gradients of PDGF as compared with wild-type cells. In conclusion, Gab1 plays a selective role in the regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases Erk and p38 downstream of the PDGF beta-receptor, and contributes to cytoskeletal reorganization and chemotaxis in response to PDGF.     

Grb2-independent recruitment of Gab1 requires the C-terminal lobe and structural integrity of the Met receptor kinase domain

The Gab1 docking protein forms a platform for the assembly of a multiprotein signaling complex downstream from receptor tyrosine kinases. In general, recruitment of Gab1 occurs indirectly, via the adapter protein Grb2. In addition, Gab1 interacts with the Met/hepatocyte growth factor receptor in a Grb2-independent manner. This interaction requires a Met binding domain (MBD) in Gab1 and is essential for Met-mediated epithelial morphogenesis. The Gab1 MBD has been proposed to act as a phosphotyrosine binding domain that binds Tyr-1349 in the Met receptor. We show that a 16-amino acid motif within the Gab1 MBD is sufficient for interaction with the Met receptor, suggesting that it is unlikely that the Gab1 MBD forms a structured domain. Alternatively, the structural integrity of the Met receptor, and residues upstream of Tyr-1349 located in the C-terminal lobe of the kinase domain, are required for Grb2-independent interaction with the Gab1 MBD. Moreover, the substitution of Tyr-1349 with an acidic residue allows for the recruitment of the Gab1 MBD and for phosphorylation of Gab1. We propose that Gab1 and the Met receptor interact in a novel manner, such that the activated kinase domain of Met and the negative charge of phosphotyrosine 1349 engage the Gab1 MBD as an extended peptide ligand.     

G-CSF stimulates Jak2-dependent Gab2 phosphorylation leading to Erk1/2 activation and cell proliferation

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), the major cytokine regulator of neutrophilic granulopoiesis, stimulates both the proliferation and differentiation of myeloid precursors. A variety of signaling proteins have been identified as mediators of G-CSF signaling, but understanding of their specific interactions and organization into signaling pathways for particular cellular effects is incomplete. The present study examined the role of the scaffolding protein Grb2-associated binding protein-2 (Gab2) in G-CSF signaling. We found that a chemical inhibitor of Janus kinases inhibited G-CSF-stimulated Gab2 phosphorylation. Transfection with Jak2 antisense and dominant negative constructs also inhibited Gab2 phosphorylation in response to G-CSF. In addition, G-CSF enhanced the association of Jak2 with Gab2. In vitro, activated Jak2 directly phosphorylated specific Gab2 tyrosine residues. Mutagenesis studies revealed that Gab2 tyrosine 643 (Y643) was a major target of Jak2 in vitro, and a key residue for Jak2-dependent phosphorylation in intact cells. Mutation of Gab2 Y643 inhibited G-CSF-stimulated Erk1/2 activation and Shp2 binding to Gab2. Loss of Y643 also inhibited Gab2-mediated G-CSF-stimulated cell proliferation. Together, these results identify a novel signaling pathway involving Jak2-dependent Gab2 phosphorylation leading to Erk1/2 activation and cell proliferation in response to G-CSF.     

Essential role of Gab1 for signaling by the c-Met receptor in vivo

The docking protein Gab1 binds phosphorylated c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase directly and mediates signals of c-Met in cell culture. Gab1 is phosphorylated by c-Met and by other receptor and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases. Here, we report the functional analysis of Gab1 by targeted mutagenesis in the mouse, and compare the phenotypes of the Gab1 and c-Met mutations. Gab1 is essential for several steps in development: migration of myogenic precursor cells into the limb anlage is impaired in Gab1-/- embryos. As a consequence, extensor muscle groups of the forelimbs are virtually absent, and the flexor muscles reach less far. Fewer hindlimb muscles exist, which are smaller and disorganized. Muscles in the diaphragm, which also originate from migratory precursors, are missing. Moreover, Gab1-/- embryos die in a broad time window between E13.5 and E18.5, and display reduced liver size and placental defects. The labyrinth layer, but not the spongiotrophoblast layer, of the placenta is severely reduced, resulting in impaired communication between maternal and fetal circulation. Thus, extensive similarities between the phenotypes of c-Met and HGF/SF mutant mice exist, and the muscle migration phenotype is even more pronounced in Gab1-/-:c-Met+/- embryos. This is genetic evidence that Gab1 is essential for c-Met signaling in vivo. Analogy exists to signal transmission by insulin receptors, which require IRS1 and IRS2 as specific docking proteins.     

The docking protein Gab1 is an essential component of an indirect mechanism for fibroblast growth factor stimulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt antiapoptotic pathway

The docking protein Gab1 has been implicated as a mediator of multiple signaling pathways that are activated by a variety of receptor tyrosine kinases and cytokines. We have previously proposed that fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Gab1 and recruitment of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase are mediated by an indirect mechanism in which the docking protein fibroblast receptor substrate 2alpha (FRS2alpha) plays a critical role. In this report, we explore the role of Gab1 in FGF1 signaling by using mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from Gab1(-/-) or FRS2alpha(-/-) mice. We demonstrate that Gab1 is essential for FGF1 stimulation of both PI 3-kinase and the antiapoptotic protein kinase Akt, while FGF1-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) stimulation is not affected by Gab1 deficiency. To test the indirect mechanism for FGF1 stimulation of PI 3-kinase and Akt, we use a chimeric docking protein composed of the membrane targeting signal and the phosphotyrosine-binding domain of FRS2alpha fused to the C-terminal portion of Gab1, the region including the binding sites for the complement of signaling proteins that are recruited by Gab1. We demonstrate that expression of the chimeric docking protein in Gab1(-/-) MEFs rescues PI 3-kinase and the Akt responses, while expression of the chimeric docking protein in FRS2alpha(-/-) MEFs rescues stimulation of both Akt and MAPK. These experiments underscore the essential role of Gab1 in FGF1 stimulation of the PI 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway and provide further support for the indirect mechanism for FGF1 stimulation of PI 3-kinase involving regulated assembly of a multiprotein complex.     

Protein kinase C-alpha and protein kinase C-epsilon are required for Grb2-associated binder-1 tyrosine phosphorylation in response to platelet-derived growth factor

Grb2-associated binder-1 (Gab1) is an adapter protein related to the insulin receptor substrate family. It is a substrate for the insulin receptor as well as the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor and other receptor-tyrosine kinases. To investigate the role of Gab1 in signaling pathways downstream of growth factor receptors, we stimulated rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) with EGF and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Gab1 was tyrosine-phosphorylated by EGF and PDGF within 1 min. AG1478 (an EGF receptor kinase-specific inhibitor) failed to block PDGF-induced Gab1 tyrosine phosphorylation, suggesting that transactivated EGF receptor is not responsible for this signaling event. Because Gab1 associates with phospholipase Cgamma (PLCgamma), we studied the role of the PLCgamma pathway in Gab1 tyrosine phosphorylation. Gab1 tyrosine phosphorylation by PDGF was impaired in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing mutant PDGFbeta receptor (Y977F/Y989F: lacking the binding site for PLCgamma). Pretreatment of VSMC with (a specific PLCgamma inhibitor) inhibited Gab1 tyrosine phosphorylation as well, indicating the importance of the PLCgamma pathway. Gab1 was tyrosine-phosphorylated by phorbol ester to the same extent as PDGF stimulation. Studies using antisense protein kinase C (PKC) oligonucleotides and specific inhibitors showed that PKCalpha and PKCepsilon are required for Gab1 tyrosine phosphorylation. Binding of Gab1 to the protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase was significantly decreased by PLCgamma and/or PKC inhibition, suggesting the importance of the PLCgamma/PKC-dependent Gab1 tyrosine phosphorylation for the interaction with other signaling molecules. Because PDGF-mediated ERK activation is enhanced in Chinese hamster ovary cells that overexpress Gab1, Gab1 serves as an important link between PKC and ERK activation by PDGFbeta receptors in VSMC.