野生哺乳动物的疥螨病

疥螨病是一种呈世界性分布的传染性外寄生虫病,暴发流行时可引起野生哺乳动物的大量死亡,导致种群数量急剧下降,严重时甚至可能威胁到整个种群的生存。了解并分析野生哺乳动物疥螨病的发病规律、传播与增殖的影响因素、监测与防控等一般手段,既为未来科研工作者对该病的深入研究,为我国野生哺乳动物疥螨病的监测和防控提供科学依据,也为促进我国野生哺乳动物保护工作的逐渐完善,保护我国野生哺乳动物的生物多样性奠定基础。     

野生鸟类疾病的研究现状

野生鸟类是全人类的财富,但随着人类活动范围的加大,野生鸟类的种群和数量不断减少,导致野生鸟类资源日益减少的因素除环境因子和人类活动影响外,野生鸟类的疾病也是导致其种群数量减少的一个重要因素,野生鸟类感染或机械地携带的一些病源微生物和寄生虫不仅对野鸟的自身?..     

2015年福建省局部地区褐飞虱暴发成灾主要原因分析与防控对策

针对福建省2015年水稻褐飞虱暴发成灾,从昆虫种群生态学原理出发,结合历史相关资料,总结研究了导致2015年褐飞虱暴发成灾的主要原因.褐飞虱本地虫源和外来迁入虫源是重要诱因,极高的种群增长率是决定性关键内因,异常气候与水稻抽穗灌浆期契合形成的适宜环境及食物营养条件是决定性关键外因,田间防治技术问题则是导致灾害并造成重大损失的直接原因.褐飞虱持续治理对策方面,需加强褐飞虱种群监测与预警,开展抗药性监测与治理,实施稻田肥料和农药减施技术,并加强防控应用技术的研究与推广及技术培训,加快推进实施褐飞虱专业化防治.     

重要呼吸道传染病智慧化监测预警与有效应对策略探讨

全球新发突发传染病不断出现,特别是新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情暴发,对人类健康和社会发展造成巨大影响.本文通过不同渠道收集有关资料,试图梳理我国呼吸道传染病监测预警发展和现状,探讨采用大数据、区块链、人工智能等高新技术,建立智慧化新发突发呼吸道传染病监测预警平台.运用统一关键数据标准、口径,打通部门之间数据壁垒,建立数据共享机制,实时自动采集与传染病有关的数据信息.利用大数据、人工智能、云计算等技术,建立相关数据模型,强化数据分析应用,达到早期识别和预警,做到遏止突发事件的发生发展和传播.同时,在疫情防控过程中能够实时获得疫情的发生发展趋势,及时提出科学精准的有效防控策略.不断提升我国应对突发公共卫生事件的能力和水平,保障我国生物安全.     

Wolbachia在蚊虫中的防控应用研究进展

蚊媒传播的疾病在世界范围内造成巨大的经济损失和健康负担。传统化学杀虫剂的不规范和过度使用导致抗药性在蚊虫种群的扩散,加剧了蚊媒传播疾病的发生,因此,研发经济安全的新型蚊媒防控方法至关重要。Wolbachia是一种专性感染节肢动物的细胞内共生菌,可以操纵蚊虫的生殖能力并具有病原体阻断作用。释放Wolbachia感染的蚊虫品系来抑制或修饰蚊虫种群的防控策略具有巨大的发展潜力。本文主要介绍了Wolbachia诱导的胞质不相容作用和Wolbachia介导的病原体阻断作用,并阐述了以这两种技术为基础的蚊虫防控策略的研究进展,包括种群抑制和种群修饰策略。     

道路对陆栖野生动物的生态学影响

道路网络为大多数景观所共同具有的空间特征,在增进社会财富、方便人们生活的同时。也会产生严重的生态学后果。就道路对陆栖野生动物的生态学影响进行了综述。道路交通导致动物死亡。已成为野生脊椎动物死亡的首要原因;阻碍动物个体在同种种群问的交流以及在互补性资源间的周期性迁移;迫使森林内部种、边缘敏感种主动回避道路栖息地;导致道路区域栖息鸟类繁殖下降;有利于小型物种沿道路边缘扩散,造成生物入侵。道路区域为一种特殊的边缘。对一些边缘物种以及其它被吸引过来的动物来说是一种死亡陷阱。这些影响的综合作用会导致孤立的小种群问题。从而严重威胁到渐危濒危物种的长期存活。     

种植业结构调整增加棉铃虫的灾变风险

棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)是一种重要的多食性害虫,20世纪90年代曾在我国连年大暴发,自2000年左右种群发生逐步减轻,2010年以来危害程度再次加重。本文系统分析了棉铃虫种群地位演变的生态学机制,总结了作物结构调整下棉铃虫发生现状并预测了发生趋势,提出了今后棉铃虫的监控重点,为棉铃虫监测预警和绿色防控提供科学指导。     

微生物消毒剂抗性机理

在物体表面和传播介质中,消毒剂能有效抑制或杀死微生物,广泛用于食品、卫生、健康、防疫等领域.在新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情期间,全球消毒剂的使用量激增,对有效防控病毒传播和防止疫情扩散起到重要作用.但消毒剂的不正确使用会降低其有效性,甚至会诱导微生物产生抗性,从而增加传染性疾病的传播风险.微生物的消毒剂抗性...     

鱼用核酸疫苗研究进展

近几十年,传染性疾病的暴发给世界鱼类与贝类养殖造成约10%的产量损失。防治寄生虫和传染性病原的化学药剂和抗生素的使用往往会导致药物残留和耐药性的产生,甚至污染水环境;对于病毒病目前尚无有效的防治药物,免疫接种是预防水产动物疾病发生的有效途径。       

海洋浮游生物介导的弧菌传播扩散机制研究进展

弧菌在全球范围内广泛存在，弧菌病的暴发和流行不仅给海水养殖业造成巨大的经济损失，还严重威胁人类健康。一些弧菌可以通过与环境中浮游植物和浮游动物的相互作用提高自身存活率和环境持久性，并进行跨海域传播。本文综述了海洋浮游生物作为部分弧菌物种储库的作用及影响因素，以及气候变化和人类活动等因素驱动下浮游生物间接介导的弧菌传播扩散特性；并重点介绍了弧菌特定的结构、代谢途径和次级代谢产物在其与浮游生物互作过程中发挥的独特作用及其机制；提出今后应从分子层面深入解析浮游生物与弧菌的相互作用机制，从全球尺度阐释浮游生物介导的弧菌跨海域传播机制，建立弧菌疾病传播预测模型和预警系统，为浮游生物介导的弧菌传播扩散风险的防控提供重要信息。     

我国野生鸟类疫病传播风险及防范措施

众多疫病病毒来源于野生动物,具有向人类传播的风险,尤其是具有飞翔能力的鸟类不易控制,所携带的病毒传播广泛,威胁人畜安全。因此,充分了解鸟类携带疫病情况以及鸟类迁徙路线中重点区域的疫病风险,对疫病防控非常重要。本文总结了鸟类主要携带的病原类型,如冠状病毒、流感病毒、寄生虫和新城疫病毒等。着重探讨鸟类携带病原对生物安全防范重点区域的人员和动物的疫病风险,包括自然保护区、机场和禽类养殖场等,并从加强候鸟迁徙的动态监测、加强栖息地检疫和保护、家禽定期疫苗接种等方面提出疫病防范措施。     

Emergence of influenza A viruses.

Pandemic influenza in humans is a zoonotic disease caused by the transfer of influenza A viruses or virus gene segments from animal reservoirs. Influenza A viruses have been isolated from avian and mammalian hosts, although the primary reservoirs are the aquatic bird populations of the world. In the aquatic birds, influenza is asymptomatic, and the viruses are in evolutionary stasis. The aquatic bird viruses do not replicate well in humans, and these viruses need to reassort or adapt in an intermediate host before they emerge in human populations. Pigs can serve as a host for avian and human viruses and are logical candidates for the role of intermediate host. The transmission of avian H5N1 and H9N2 viruses directly to humans during the late 1990s showed that land-based poultry also can serve between aquatic birds and humans as intermediate hosts of influenza viruses. That these transmission events took place in Hong Kong and China adds further support to the hypothesis that Asia is an epicentre for influenza and stresses the importance of surveillance of pigs and live-bird markets in this area.     

Novel H7N7 avian influenza viruses detected in migratory wild birds in eastern China between 2018 and 2020

Wild birds are the natural reservoirs of avian influenza viruses, and surveillance and assessment of these viruses in wild birds provide valuable information for early warning and control of animal diseases. In this study, we isolated 19 H7N7 avian influenza viruses from wild bird between 2018 and 2020. Full genomic analysis revealed that these viruses bear a single basic amino acid in the cleavage site of their hemagglutinin gene, and formed four different genotypes by actively reassorting other avian influenza viruses circulating in wild birds and ducks. The H7N7 viruses bound to both avian-type and human-type receptors, although their affinity for human-type receptors was markedly lower than that for avian-type receptors. Moreover, we found that the H7N7 viruses could replicate efficiently in the upper respiratory tract and caecum of domestic ducks, and that the H5/H7 inactivated vaccine used in poultry in China provided complete protection against H7N7 wild bird virus challenge in ducks. Our findings demonstrate that wild bird H7N7 viruses pose a substantial threat to the poultry industry across the East Asian-Australian migratory flyway, emphasize the importance of influenza virus surveillance in both wild and domestic birds, and support the development of active control strategies against H7N7 virus.     

Epizootic and epidemiological situation with the avian flu in Dovolensk and Kupinsk areas of Novosibirsk region and the preventive measures

Results of the analysis registered avian flu epizootia are submitted. Diseases were registered as among wild birds, and poultry. From a biological material from a poultry and wild bird of some villages of Novosibirsk region the influenza virus type A (H5N1) is allocated. Carrying out sanitary and antiepidemic measures is organized. It is established, that disease and a mass destruction of poultry have taken place after contact to a wild bird on lakes. It is revealed, that the degree of distribution of a mass destruction of poultry on farmsteads in the struck territories depends on terms of carrying out of necessary measures on localization of the foci. Occurrence of new cases of disease among wild birds and poultry in 2006 as lakes in this territory are a place of nesting of the wild birds being the reservoir of the influenza virus is predicted.     

Low pathogenic avian influenza isolates from wild birds replicate and transmit via contact in ferrets without prior adaptation

Direct transmission of avian influenza viruses to mammals has become an increasingly investigated topic during the past decade; however, isolates that have been primarily investigated are typically ones originating from human or poultry outbreaks. Currently there is minimal comparative information on the behavior of the innumerable viruses that exist in the natural wild bird host. We have previously demonstrated the capacity of numerous North American avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds to infect and induce lesions in the respiratory tract of mice. In this study, two isolates from shorebirds that were previously examined in mice (H1N9 and H6N1 subtypes) are further examined through experimental inoculations in the ferret with analysis of viral shedding, histopathology, and antigen localization via immunohistochemistry to elucidate pathogenicity and transmission of these viruses. Using sequence analysis and glycan binding analysis, we show that these avian viruses have the typical avian influenza binding pattern, with affinity for cell glycoproteins/glycolipids having terminal sialic acid (SA) residues with α 2,3 linkage [Neu5Ac(α2,3)Gal]. Despite the lack of α2,6 linked SA binding, these AIVs productively infected both the upper and lower respiratory tract of ferrets, resulting in nasal viral shedding and pulmonary lesions with minimal morbidity. Moreover, we show that one of the viruses is able to transmit to ferrets via direct contact, despite its binding affinity for α 2,3 linked SA residues. These results demonstrate that avian influenza viruses, which are endemic in aquatic birds, can potentially infect humans and other mammals without adaptation. Finally this work highlights the need for additional study of the wild bird subset of influenza viruses in regard to surveillance, transmission, and potential for reassortment, as they have zoonotic potential.     

Prospective of Genomics in Revealing Transmission, Reassortment and Evolution of Wildlife-Borne Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Viruses

The outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 disease has led to significant loss of poultry and wild life and case fatality rates in humans of 60%. Wild birds are natural hosts for all avian influenza virus subtypes and over120 bird species have been reported with evidence of H5N1 infection. Influenza A viruses possess a segmented RNA genome and are characterized by frequently occurring genetic reassortment events, which play a very important role in virus evolution and the spread of novel gene constellations in immunologically naïve human and animal populations. Phylogenetic analysis of whole genome or sub-genomic sequences is a standard means for delineating genetic variation, novel reassortment events, and surveillance to trace the global transmission pathways. In this paper, special emphasis is given to the transmission and circulation of H5N1 among wild life populations, and to the reassortment events that are associated with inter-host transmission of the H5N1 viruses when they infect different hosts, such as birds, pigs and humans. In addition, we review the inter-subtype reassortment of the viral segments encoding inner proteins between the H5N1 viruses and viruses of other subtypes, such as H9N2 and H6N1. Finally, we highlight the usefulness of genomic sequences in molecular epidemiological analysis of HPAI H5N1 and the technical limitations in existing analytical methods that hinder them from playing a greater role in virological research.     

Prevention of avian influenza epidemic: what policy should we choose?

Human-to-human transmission of the avian influenza has been extremely rarely reported, and is considered as limited, inefficient and unsustained. However, experts warn an occurrence of “mutant avian influenza”, which can easily spread among humans, because the avian influenza is already endemic, in particular in Asian poultry, and it is evolving in domestic and wild birds, pigs and humans. Outbreak of such mutant avian influenza in the human world may have devastating consequences, which are comparable with these for the 1918 “Spanish influenza”. In this paper we develop a mathematical model for the spread of the mutant avian influenza, and explore the effectivity of the prevention policies, namely the elimination policy which increases the effective additional death rate of the infected birds and the quarantine policy which reduces the number of infective contacts.     

Evidence of infection with H4 and H11 avian influenza viruses among Lebanese chicken growers

Human infections with H5, H7, and H9 avian influenza viruses are well documented. Exposure to poultry is the most important risk factor for humans becoming infected with these viruses. Data on human infection with other low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses is sparse but suggests that such infections may occur. Lebanon is a Mediterranean country lying under two major migratory birds flyways and is home to many wild and domestic bird species. Previous reports from this country demonstrated that low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses are in circulation but highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses were not reported. In order to study the extent of human infection with avian influenza viruses in Lebanon, we carried out a seroprevalence cross-sectional study into which 200 poultry-exposed individuals and 50 non-exposed controls were enrolled. We obtained their sera and tested it for the presence of antibodies against avian influenza viruses types H4 through H16 and used a questionnaire to collect exposure data. Our microneutralization assay results suggested that backyard poultry growers may have been previously infected with H4 and H11 avian influenza viruses. We confirmed these results by using a horse red blood cells hemagglutination inhibition assay. Our data also showed that farmers with antibodies against each virus type clustered in a small geographic area suggesting that unrecognized outbreaks among birds may have led to these human infections. In conclusion, this study suggests that occupational exposure to chicken is a risk factor for infection with avian influenza especially among backyard growers and that H4 and H11 influenza viruses may possess the ability to cross the species barrier to infect humans.     

禽流感病毒感染鸽的流行病学与致病机理研究进展

禽流感病毒(Avian influenza virus,AIV)不仅严重危害禽类,而且对人类生命健康造成严重威胁。鸽作为留鸟,具有作为AIV从野生鸟类传播至人类中间宿主的潜能。鸽对AIV的易感性以及在病毒传播中的作用却存在争议。通过分析AIV自然感染、人工感染鸽的流行病学以及实验研究数据,同时回顾了禽流感病毒感染鸽的机制,发现随着病毒的进化和时间的推移,鸽群AIV的感染率也在递增;尤其随着近年具有双受体结合特性的高致病性禽流感病毒(highly pathogenic avian influenza virus,HPAIV)clade2.3.4.4分支H5Nx毒株的出现,其感染鸽后排毒量上升以及鸽体间直接接触传播能力增强。为了有效防控AIV的跨种间传播,有必要加强对鸽感染AIV的流行病学监测和传播特性的研究,特别需要密切关注具双受体结合特性的H5Nx和H7N9 HPAIV对鸽易感性的发展趋势。     

The Recent Establishment of North American H10 Lineage Influenza Viruses in Australian Wild Waterfowl and the Evolution of Australian Avian Influenza Viruses

Influenza A H10N7 virus with a hemagglutinin gene of North American origin was detected in Australian chickens and poultry abattoir workers in New South Wales, Australia, in 2010 and in chickens in Queensland, Australia, on a mixed chicken and domestic duck farm in 2012. We investigated their genomic origins by sequencing full and partial genomes of H10 viruses isolated from wild aquatic birds and poultry in Australia and analyzed them with all available avian influenza virus sequences from Oceania and representative viruses from North America and Eurasia. Our analysis showed that the H10N7 viruses isolated from poultry were similar to those that have been circulating since 2009 in Australian aquatic birds and that their initial transmission into Australia occurred during 2007 and 2008. The H10 viruses that appear to have developed endemicity in Australian wild aquatic birds were derived from several viruses circulating in waterfowl along various flyways. Their hemagglutinin gene was derived from aquatic birds in the western states of the United States, whereas the neuraminidase was closely related to that from viruses previously detected in waterfowl in Japan. The remaining genes were derived from Eurasian avian influenza virus lineages. Our analysis of virological data spanning 40 years in Oceania indicates that the long-term evolutionary dynamics of avian influenza viruses in Australia may be determined by climatic changes. The introduction and long-term persistence of avian influenza virus lineages were observed during periods with increased rainfall, whereas bottlenecks and extinction were observed during phases of widespread decreases in rainfall. These results extend our understanding of factors affecting the dynamics of avian influenza and provide important considerations for surveillance and disease control strategies.