褐飞虱持续暴发成因——以江西泰和县为例

为了明确泰和县近年来晚稻田褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)连年暴发的规律。通过分析泰和县2008—2013年褐飞虱的田间调查及灯诱数据,并结合气象条件,研究了泰和县晚稻田褐飞虱暴发的主要影响因素。结果表明:(1)危害早稻田的褐飞虱以2、3代为主,其田间种群数量的多少主要受春季迁入虫量的限制,本地早稻收割后的滞留虫源对晚稻种群数量的影响很小。(2)危害晚稻田的褐飞虱以5、6代为主,后期迁入虫量、秋季温度以及晚稻田初期外来迁入虫量是影响晚稻田后期暴发的关键因子。(3)不同年份间晚稻田褐飞虱暴发类型不同。2008和2009年属后期迁入虫量与"暖秋"共同影响类型;2010年是"暖秋"影响类型;2011和2012年是后期迁入虫量影响类型;2013年是晚稻田早期迁入虫量积累影响类型。后期迁入虫量、秋季温度以及晚稻田早期迁入虫量是导致泰和县晚稻田褐飞虱连年暴发的主要原因。这些结果为褐飞虱暴发规律的阐明及可持续治理提供了理论依据和参考价值。     

2006年安庆地区褐飞虱大发生特点及其原因分析

2006年褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens Stl大发生的特点主要有:迁入虫量大、回迁峰次明显;短翅型成虫发生早、虫口高;田间种群增长迅速,全市普遍重发,局部暴发;田块间虫口差异大。分析认为导致大发生的主要原因是:丰富的初迁虫源奠定了大发生的基础;褐飞虱生物型变化,食料条件丰富;单季稻面积扩大,从食料和生境2个方面为褐飞虱发生提供利好条件;褐飞虱对主治药剂吡虫啉产生抗性,促进褐飞虱暴发。还就加强异地监测、抗药性监测、田间调查等,提出建议。     

“秕谷草-伪褐飞虱-中华淡翅盲蝽”载体植物系统的可行性

为明确用于防治稻飞虱的“秕谷草-伪褐飞虱-中华淡翅盲蝽”载体植物系统的可行性,本文开展了靶标作物水稻、载体植物秕谷草和靶标害虫褐飞虱、替代猎物伪褐飞虱组合对中华淡翅盲蝽成虫形态、种群增长参数、产卵选择性和取食选择性的影响研究.结果表明: 中华淡翅盲蝽水稻种群(取食褐飞虱卵)的雌雄成虫个体均显著大于秕谷草种群(取食伪褐飞虱卵).取食褐飞虱卵的中华淡翅盲蝽种群增长参数单雌产卵量、净增长率、内禀增长率、周限增长率明显高于取食伪褐飞虱卵的种群,但取食伪褐飞虱卵也有较高的种群增长能力,足以扩繁种群.对于靶标作物水稻和载体植物秕谷草,无论是水稻种群还是秕谷草种群均偏好在水稻上产卵.同时,2个种群的雌虫、雄虫和若虫对褐飞虱卵和伪褐飞虱卵捕食量没有显著性差异.在上述研究基础上,讨论了在田间建立“秕谷草-伪褐飞虱-中华淡翅盲蝽”载体植物系统的可行性.     

褐飞虱抗药性研究现状

褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stal)对杀虫剂产生抗药性是其近年来暴发频繁的重要原因。文章综述国内外关于褐飞虱抗药性的研究成果,包括褐飞虱抗性测定方法、抗药性的发展、交互抗性、抗性遗传、抗性机理及抗性治理等。田间褐飞虱种群对新烟碱类药剂产生不同程度的抗药性,其中对吡虫啉产生高水平到极高水平抗性,对氯噻啉和噻虫嗪分别产生中等水平和低水平的抗药性,对呋虫胺和烯啶虫胺仍然处于敏感性阶段。此外,褐飞虱种群对噻嗪酮(昆虫生长调节剂)产生低水平到中等水平抗性。长期大面积使用化学药剂是褐飞虱产生抗药性的重要原因。因此,必须加强褐飞虱的抗性治理,以延缓其抗药性进一步发展。     

2007年广西早稻田褐飞虱发生动态及虫源分析

褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stal)是我国水稻上的重要害虫,近年来在全国连续大暴发,给我国水稻生产造成严重的损失。广西是境外虫源迁入我国的第一站,分析其早稻田褐飞虱的种群动态和迁飞规律,对全国褐飞虱的预测预报和防治工作意义重大。采用田间系统调查与雌虫卵巢系统解剖的方法研究了2007年南宁地区早稻田的褐飞虱发生动态和世代种群特征,分析全区灯诱数据确定迁入高峰期,并运用美国NOAA网站的HYSPLIT平台对2007年广西褐飞虱早期的6段迁入高峰期进行了数值模拟和虫源地分析。结果表明:(1)2007年广西南宁地区褐飞虱在晚熟品种田的发生虫量明显高于早熟品种田,发生、危害期明显延长,为我国北方其他稻区的褐飞虱的迁入积累了充足的虫源基数。(2)确定了南宁地区的早稻田褐飞虱各发生世代的虫源性质。第2代属于大部迁入型;第3代前期属于本地繁殖,部分迁入型,后期属部分迁出型;第4代属于大部分迁出型。(3)4月下旬-5月上旬,虫源地主要分布在越南、老挝中部的地区(18°-20°N);5月中下旬,虫源地主要分布在越南、老挝较北的地区(20°-22°N),部分来自我国海南省和雷州半岛;而6月上旬桂北地区大规模迁入的虫源地主要分布在越南东北部、广西西南部;低空急流为广西褐飞虱大规模迁入提供了运载气流,而当时的降雨是迫使褐飞虱集中降落的主要原因。     

河南省三种稻飞虱的发生和生物学特性

<正> 河南省为害水稻的飞虱种类主要有灰飞虱Laodelphax striatella(Fallen)、白背飞虱Soga-tella furcifera(Horvath)和褐稻虱Nilapar-vata lugens Stal。灰飞虱发生数量少,为害轻微;白背飞虱和揭稻虱为迁入虫源,常年普遍发生,局部严重,猖獗年暴发成灾。1977—1980年对其生物学和发生规律进行了研究,兹将结果整理如下。     

我国北方稻区1991年稻飞虱大发生虫源形成

北方稻区在一般年份只有少量稻飞虱（褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens,白背飞虱Sogatella fercifera)迁入,而与虫源区相隔千余公里的沿渤海湾稻区却在1991年稻飞虱暴发成灾,通过分析1991年各地稻飞虱主要迁入峰期的天气学背景和低空急流的时空分布及我国东部稻作区各地虫源的对应关系,表明大尺度低空急流的时空动态与南方（江岭区）大发生虫源的迁出期（区）相吻合的程度及维持时间乃北方稻虱大发生虫源得以形成的关键因子和暴发成灾的触发机制,其北上前缘左侧的暴雨区即远迁种群的集中降虫区,是否存在与南方大发生虫源时空同步且贯通南北的大尺度低空急流及其前缘的暴雨区可作为北方稻虱暴发的预警指标。     

2020年江苏省稻飞虱虫源地及暴发成因分析

为了明确江苏省稻飞虱（白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera Horváth和褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens Stal）在沉寂近10年后再次暴发的成因,通过分析江苏2020年白背飞虱和褐飞虱的田间调查及灯诱数据,并结合气象条件,研究了江苏省稻飞虱暴发的主要影响因素。结果表明：（1）2020年,江苏省白背飞虱虫源主要来自于江西中、北部,湖南东部以及湖北东部;褐飞虱虫源主要来自于安徽南部、浙江北部、本省南部以及江西省中北部。（2）江淮地区自6月中旬至7月下旬的超长降雨期有利于江苏省早期迁入虫源大量降落。（3）9月初,田间已存在大量褐飞虱短翅型成虫,适宜的秋季温度促使田间短翅型褐飞虱大量繁殖,导致后期田间褐飞虱大暴发。总而言之,超长降雨期有利于早期稻飞虱的迁入降落,而秋季的适宜温度引发短翅型成虫大量繁殖,是导致江苏省稻飞虱在沉寂近10年后再次暴发的主要因素。这些结果为稻飞虱暴发规律的阐明及可持续治理提供了理论依据和参考价值。     

病原线虫对褐飞虱寄生状况调查

褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens在浙北稻区常年发生严重,在中晚稻后期常暴发成灾.病原线虫是褐飞虱短翅型成虫的主要寄生性天敌之一.由于短翅型成虫数量与下一代发生和为害动态关系密切,故研究线虫对该虫主害代前一代短翅型成虫的寄生情况,有助于剖析褐飞虱成灾的规律,也可为增强线虫这一重要生物因子对该虫的控制作用提供依据.作者调查了浙江安吉1985～1998年线虫对褐飞虱主害代前一代短翅型成虫的寄生情况,讨论了线虫对该虫主害代的控制作用.结果如下.     

水稻褐飞虱综合治理研究与示范——农业公益性行业专项“水稻褐飞虱综合防控技术研究”进展

针对我国褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)近年来严重为害及其对当家农药品种抗性急剧上升的现状,本项目在华中、华南、华东地区等代表性地区开展褐飞虱灾变规律、抗虫品种培育、抗药性监测及复配农药新剂型开发、生态治理新技术研究、预测预报技术、可持续治理技术集成与示范研究。结果表明:越南、老挝等境外虫源地及我国华南、长江中下游等地田间褐飞虱种群仍以2型为主,3型次之。田间小气候是褐飞虱逃避高温的关键因素,褐飞虱在上午气温升高时大量向温度较低的水稻基部20cm范围内转移以逃避高温,将高温天气造成的不利影响降至最低。不同栽插方式对褐飞虱发生量有明显影响,手栽稻田褐飞虱发生最重,机插稻次之,直播稻最轻。不同水稻品种、N肥施用水平对褐飞虱的发生有明显的影响:超级杂交稻褐飞虱虫口密度明显高于常规杂交稻,高N肥施用量促进褐飞虱的发生,且水稻品种与N肥施用量对褐飞虱发生量的影响有明显交互作用。抗药性监测结果表明:我国褐飞虱对吡虫啉有极高水平抗性(168.1～561.5倍),对噻嗪酮为低到中等水平抗性(4.2～33.1倍),对氟虫腈为敏感性降低到高水平抗性(2.7～67.7倍),对烯啶虫胺与毒死蜱为低水平抗性。筛选出噻虫嗪、吡蚜酮、唏啶虫胺和仲丁威4种高效低毒的防治单剂。研制出3种农药复配新制剂,其中1种新制剂已获得农业部药检所正式登记,且规模化生产,2种新制剂已进入农药登记程序。精细定位水稻抗褐飞虱基因Bph6、Bph7、Bph9、Bph15、BG1222,并找到了它们的近距离共分离分子标记。培育出高产、优质、熟期适宜、含有抗稻飞虱基因Bph14的水稻新品种广两优476。储备了一批聚合多抗稻飞虱基因的水稻亲本材料。研发出在田埂种植芝麻、大豆等天敌诱集植物,增加褐飞虱卵期寄生蜂和捕食性天敌蜘蛛的种群数量的轻简化生态调控技术;研发出对褐飞虱成、若虫取食及雌成虫产卵均有驱避作用的植物提取物混配剂3种;研发出显著提高稻虱缨小蜂对田间褐飞虱卵寄生率的引诱剂1种。建立了褐飞虱环境友好防控技术集成体系,并在湖南、湖北、广东、广西、浙江、江西6省区示范应用,取得了良好的经济、生态、社会效益。     

稻田氮肥施用量对黑肩绿盲蝽捕食功能的影响

在实验室条件下研究了黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorhinuslividipennis Reuter在不同含氮量稻株上对褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens Stal卵和低龄若虫的捕食能力、对褐飞虱卵的捕食功能反应以及褐飞虱蜜露和水稻伤流液对其捕食 能力的影响。结果表明,黑肩绿盲蝽对褐飞虱卵和若虫的捕食量均与寄主植物的含氮量呈显著 负相关。黑肩绿盲蝽在相同氮肥施用量的稻株上连续饲养2代后对褐飞虱卵的捕食能力没有改变 。黑肩绿盲蝽对褐飞虱卵的功能反应呈Holling Ⅱ型方程,其参数瞬时发现率(a)和处置时间(T_h)只与寄主含氮量有关,而与黑肩绿盲蝽种群和褐飞虱卵的来源无关。 在高氮量稻株上黑肩绿盲蝽种群对褐飞虱卵的瞬时发现率(a)下降导致了功能反应的减弱, 而在相同含氮量稻株上黑肩绿盲蝽种群之间的捕食功能没有明显差异。黑肩绿盲蝽成虫取食水 稻伤流液和褐飞虱蜜露时寿命明显延长,取食高氮稻株的褐飞虱分泌的蜜露对延长黑肩绿盲蝽 雌成虫寿命的作用最大。但是,在高氮稻株上褐飞虱蜜露显著降低黑肩绿盲蝽的捕食能力。这 些结果表明黑肩绿盲蝽对褐飞虱自然控制作用的下降是稻田过量施用氮肥后褐飞虱种群增加的 主要原因之一。     

Resurrecting the ghost of green revolutions past: The brown planthopper as a recurring threat to high-yielding rice production in tropical Asia

The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), which periodically erupted in tropical Asian rice before the 1960s, became a major threat after farmers adopted green revolution technologies in the 1960s. Management and policy changes in the 1980s and 1990s emphasized non-insecticidal tactics to avert BPH outbreaks. However, insecticides have resurfaced as the primary means for controlling rice insect pests and tropical Asian countries have recently experienced planthopper outbreaks in record numbers. Our review of factors that have contributed to the outbreaks points to insecticides as the most tangible outbreak factor primarily because of their harmful effects on natural enemies. BPH resistance to insecticides and especially imidacloprid has increased the probability of outbreaks as farmers have applied increasing quantities of insecticide in an attempt to combat resistant populations. Similarly, heavy use of nitrogen fertilizer, especially on hybrid rice, has increased the potential for outbreaks. Other factors triggering outbreaks are less documented, but we discuss the possibility that the high outbreak synchrony in geographically separated populations of BPH may suggest a “Moran effect” such as climate that promotes an environment favoring above-average increases in BPH populations. Also, we hypothesize that BPH functions as a metapopulation and, as such, periodic outbreaks could be a natural phenomenon requiring resupply of planthoppers into vacant areas to ensure genetic linkage among subpopulations. We conclude with a series of recommendations for research and policy changes aimed at better understanding the cause of BPH outbreaks and for developing sustainable management practices to prevent future outbreaks.     

不同地理种群褐飞虱体内共生酵母菌的个体大小及数量差异

褐飞虱腹部脂肪体内普遍存在共生酵母菌,该类共生菌在褐飞虱的生理代谢和营养利用等方面起着重要作用。采用冷冻切片技术结合显微摄像系统观察法测定不同地理种群褐飞虱体内共生酵母菌的个体大小和数量。试验结果表明,不同地理种群褐飞虱雌(雄)成虫体内共生菌的个体大小和数量差异显著,依次为:对照种群>广西种群>浙江种群>福建种群。结合虫体内脂肪和糖元含量的分析得出,褐飞虱体内共生酵母菌的长、宽度和数量与脂肪和糖元含量显著正相关。文章从共生酵母菌的角度解释了不同地理种群褐飞虱致害性变异的内在原因,并推测,迁飞过程所导致的褐飞虱体内脂肪和糖元的消耗影响了该类共生菌的数量和质量,并最终导致褐飞虱对抗性品种水稻的致害性减弱。     

Effects of nitrogen on the tolerance of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata Lugens, to adverse environmental factors

The effect of nitrogen content in rice plants on the tolerance of brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Stal to high temperature, starvation and insecticide, was studied in the laboratory at International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines. Survival of nymphs and adults, fecundity and egg hatchability were significantly increased by the increase of nitrogen content in host plants at 38℃. Moreover, the survival of nymphs,fecundity and egg hatchability were significantly higher in BPH populations on rice plants with a high nitrogen regimen than those on rice plants with a low nitrogen regimen.Meanwhile, the tolerance of female adults to starvation and nymphs to growth regulator buprofezin on rice plants with a high nitrogen regimen were slightly increased. This indicates that the tolerances of BPH to adverse environmental stresses were positively increased by the application of nitrogenous fertilizer. The outbreak potential of BPH induced by the excessive application of fertilizer in rice fields was also discussed.     

安庆褐飞虱近三个大发生年虫源和气候条件的比较分析

比较并分析安庆市1997,2005年和2006年褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugehs(Stal)大发生的虫源、气候条件。1997年,迁入期偏早,初迁虫量大,到7月26日止,单灯累计诱量为1228~8698头;7、8月份气温比历史均值低0.2~1.3℃,导致单季稻上基数适温协同暴发型;再迁补充虫源峰次较多,但9月份气温比历史均值低1.0℃,抑制了双季晚稻褐飞虱发生。2005年,迁入期较早,但初迁虫量低,到7月26日止,单灯累计诱量为200~3334头;7月中旬至8月份气温比历史均值低0.4~0.8℃,9月至10月中旬气温比历史均值高1.8~2.2℃,有利褐飞虱发生的气候条件长达3个月;同时,夏、秋季台风暴雨频繁,再迁补充虫源丰富,8月16日~9月25日每侯灯下≥1000头的回迁峰次多达5个,分别比1997年和2006年多1个和2个,导致多代连续重发。2006年,迁入期早,6月底以前的早迁虫量分别是1997年和2005年同期的6.4倍和2.1倍,初迁虫量大,到7月26日止,单灯累计诱量为1595~7181头;虽然7、8月份气温比历史均值高1.0~2.0℃,但单季稻田间小气候适宜,构成单季稻基数暴发型;再迁补充虫源峰次较少,但8月底~9月初短期内大量集中迁入,9月下旬至10月份气温异常偏高,高于历史均值1.5~3.0℃,引起晚稻持续重发。     

共生菌在褐飞虱致害性变化中的作用

研究了不同虫源和致害性褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens种群体内共生菌数量动态及其对褐飞虱在抗虫品种上的取食选择、生长发育、繁殖以及氨基酸转移酶活性的影响。结果表明,褐飞虱田间种群的致害性与其体内共生菌数量有关。广西南宁种群雌成虫体内的共生菌数量显著地高于浙江杭州和龙游两个虫源的雌成虫体内共生菌数量,而已纯化的3个不同致害性生物型体内的共生菌数量无显著差异。取食抗性品种能显著减少生物型Ⅰ雌成虫体内的共生菌数量。缺乏共生菌时,生物型Ⅰ、Ⅱ若虫对水稻品种TN1和ASD7的选择性增大,而对Mudgo的取食选择性下降。尽管缺共生菌的3个生物型在已适应的和不适应的感虫和抗虫品种上的若虫存活率和雌成虫产卵量均下降,若虫历期明显延长,但在已适应品种上的变化程度明显小于在不适应的抗虫品种上的变化程度。共生菌还明显影响成虫体内丙氨酸氨基转移酶和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶的活性。这些结果证明体内共生菌的数量和质量在褐飞虱对水稻致害性的变化中发挥了重要作用。     

褐飞虱的迁人和翅型分化规律的研究

褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stal)属迁飞性水稻害虫,其成虫有短翅和长翅两种翅型。 褐飞虱迁入雌虫均未经过交配,其短翅型由一对显性等位基因控制。翅型分化同时受到遗传和内分泌系统的协调控制,外界条件如密度和寄主等因子通过内分泌系统来影响翅型的分化。褐飞虱翅型分化的敏感龄期雌虫为1～3龄,而雄虫为1-5龄;不同若虫蜜度处理对褐飞虱成虫的前翅形成有一定的影响。分蘖期水稻饲养的褐飞虱短翅型比例明显高于孕穗期水稻饲养的褐飞虱。不同密度下各生物型间的翅型分化差异不显著。迁入地的浙江各种群属温带型,其雌虫短翅率低且与密度呈显著负相关;菲律宾热带种群雌虫在不同密度下均为短翅型,而雄虫的短翅率随密度增加而上升。广西种群接近热带型,其雌虫短翅率高但不随密度而变化。试验各种群的雄虫在中等密度甚至高密度时其短翅率出现最高。     

Resonance effects and outbreaks in ecological time series

Organismal response to environmental variability is an important aspect of ecological processes. We propose new mechanisms whereby environmental variability can cause cyclic population outbreaks due to the nonlinearity of the organismal response. We consider stage-structured populations that respond to variable environments with variable diapause or dormancy, and in which cyclic changes of the environment induce a resonance-like boost in the population size. If there is also a stochastic component of variation in the environment, the population outbreaks are magnified by the phenomenon of "stochastic resonance". The results show that large population fluctuations may not be due to extrinsic or intrinsic factors alone, but to a nonlinear interaction between the external environment and internal population processes. Indeed, in the presence of such nonlinearities even very small environmental fluctuations can cause massive fluctuations in population size. Our theoretical results may help to explain periodic population cycles and outbreak dynamics found in many infectious diseases and pest species. We also discuss the evolution of the response parameters that regulate diapause or dormancy and promote the outbreak dynamics in variable environments.     

Rice planting systems, global warming and outbreaks of Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)

Brown Planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens (St?l)) is one of the most serious pests of rice in both temperate and tropical regions of East and South Asia and has become especially problematic over the past few years. In order to analyze the effect of the change of rice cropping system on the population dynamics of BPH, field surveys of the occurrence and distribution of BPH were performed and other relevant data, including light trap data and ovary dissection data were collected in nearly 40 Chinese counties encompassing six provinces (or municipalities), including Hainan, Guangxi, Anhui, Shanghai, Fujian and Guangdong from April to October in 2007.The mixed planting areas of single- and double-cropping rice in China include Hubei, South and Central Anhui, North Hunan, and North Jiangxi. In these areas, double-cropping rice has now been greatly reduced and single-cropping rice has been rapidly increasing since 1997. The surveys revealed that when the immigration peak of BPH occurred in June and July, the single-cropping rice was at the tillering to booting stage and fit for BPH, but early rice had already matured and most of late rice had not yet been transplanted. BPH immigrants from southern rice areas prefer to inhabit and breed in single-cropping rice paddies. Moreover, farming activities between early rice and late rice interrupted the continuous growth of BPH populations in double-cropping rice paddies. As a result, in comparison with data collected 30 years ago, the spatiotemporal dynamics and migration patterns of BPH have dramatically changed in the lower-middle reaches of the Yangtze River. In the mixed planting areas, due to their high suitability, the BPH population in single-cropping rice grew so quickly that it caused serious local damage and there was mass emigration of macropterous progeny to the Yangtze River Delta in late August and early September.Global warming may also affect BPH populations, where results suggest steadily warmer autumns have occurred from the 1990s on, with such conditions gradually the norm. The combination of 'cooler summer' and 'warmer autumn' are conditions known to promote outbreaks of BPH in the lower-middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Immigrant BPH arrivals in late August and September now cause serious damage to late-maturing mid-season rice and late rice in the lower-middle reaches of the Yangtze River.