体现不同专业特色的微生物学实验教学改革研究

总结了微生物学实验教学的改革与实践.根据专业特点设置基础验证性实验以加强基本操作技能训练,开设有专业特色的综合、设计性实验强化学生综合实践能力培养,利用创新性实验促进培养学生创新能力,并依托网络化的实验教学信息平台与完善的实验室管理制度实施开放实验,构建了体现专业特色的微生物学实验教学体系.实践证明,体现专业特色的微生物学实验教学改革,提高了实验效率与实验教学质量.     

安徽医科大学基础医学皖

安徽医科大学基础医学院是安徽医科大学最重要的教学、科研单位之一,该院始终把提高教学和科研工作水平和为学院永恒主题。学院现有16个教研室、4个教学中心实验室和1个基础医学研究所;3个学生专业;3个省级基础课实验教学示范中心,3个中央地方共建基础课实验室和2个中央与地方共建高校特色优势学科实验室。     

以微生物学为特色的生物工程专业实验教学改革

介绍了以微生物学为特色的生物工程专业实验教学改革的思路,结合实验室的建设实践,从优化人才培养方案、创新实验体系、分期建设专业实验室、创新实验教学运行机制四方面,对生物工程专业实验教学改革进行了探讨。     

病原生物学与免疫学实验教学考核评价体系的构建与实践

实验教学是高等医学教学的重要环节,对于培养学生的实践能力、创新精神和创新能力有着理论教学和其它教学环节不可替代的作用.而建立科学合理的实验教学考核体系,对深化实验教学改革、提高实验教学质量具有重要的指导意义.为此,我们根据地方本科院校培养高素质应用型人才的要求,初步构建了病原生物学与免疫学实验全程评价与终结性评价、理论考核与操作考核、学生自评与教师评价相结合的多元化考核评价体系,并在实践中取得了较好的效果.     

基于课程标准的初中生命科学实验学习的评价研究

实验教学是生命科学学科教学的重要内容,是生命科学学科教学中的一大特色。为提高实验教学的有效性,学习评价这一反馈环节尤为重要。分析了当前初中生命科学实验学习评价中存在的问题,为探寻实验评价的有效方式,提高实验教学的实效性,提出在学科课程标准的基础上,自主设计实验评价表,并在实际教学中探索、实践与反思。希望借此引起教师的共鸣,共同探讨并完善该评价方式,促进实验教学,推动学生发展。     

医学院校生物技术专业发酵工程实验体系的构建

为建设有特色的生物技术专业和培养创新复合型人才,本研究结合医学院校特点,充分利用"医"和"药"的资源,合理安排实验项目,构建了科学的发酵工程实验教学体系。结果表明该实验教学体系教学效果良好。学生的操作能力显著提高。为强化发酵工程教学,探索产学研联合培养模式将成必然。     

新课程背景下农村中学生物学实验教学面临的困难及对策

当前,农村中学生物学实验教学面临师资力量薄弱、经费缺乏、设备欠缺等困难,但如能以新课改为契机,转变观念,因地制宜、因陋就简、大力开发校本实验教学资源,一定能走出困境,并逐步显示出自身的特色.     

翻转课堂教学模式在“食品发酵技术”实验教学中的应用

实验教学是地方高校培养应用型人才的关键环节。翻转课堂是以“学生课前自主学习和课上师生互动讨论”为特点的教学模式。本教研室借助网络课程平台,以“食品发酵技术”中的腊肠制作实验为例,通过课前设计任务单,课上问题讨论和小组实验设计,以及课后视频制作等环节,将翻转课堂的理念应用于实验教学改革中。本次教学实践激发了学生自主学习动力和思辨创新能力,获得良好的教学效果,也为教师进行实验教学改革提供了借鉴。     

安徽医科大学基础医学院

安徽医科大学基础医学院的前身为基础部,始建于1976年,2000年6月正式更名为基础医学院。现有12个教研室（药理学、免疫学、生理学、微生物学、生物化学、人体解剖学、组织胚胎学、寄生虫学、病理解剖学、病理生理学、核医学、化学）,4个教学中心实验室（形态、机能、病免与免疫、综合）、8个研究所（中心）（基础医学研究所、天然药物研究所、神经生物学研究所、病理与法学研究所、临床与病毒研究所、人兽共患病研究所、放射医学研究所、过敏与免疫研究中心）。有3个省级基础课实验教学示范中心,3个中央地方共建基础课实验室和2个中央与地方共建高校特色优势学科实验室。     

新时期地方高校特色校园文化建设探索

地方高校特色校园文化在高校人才培养过程中具有十分重要的作用,地方高校要克服现阶段大多数高校在校园文化建设中呈现出的种种问题,发挥出地方优势,体现地方办学的特色,在校园文化建设中要从精神、物质、制度等方面进行探索。     

北京大学微生物学实验课模块化教学的探索

微生物学是一门重要的生命科学分支学科,并在很大程度上促进了其他分支学科如分子生物学等的发展。在北京大学新的教学体系下,微生物学实验课被提前到大学一年级本科生选修。为了保证一年级本科生能够掌握微生物学基础实验技术,达到良好的学习效果,作者在参考了国内各综合性大学所编写的微生物学基础实验教材之后,认真梳理了教材中相关微生物学基础实验,明确了微生物基础实验课的教学要求和目的:学生能掌握微生物学基础实验技术并能初步运用这些技术解决实际问题。根据新体系中教学目的,作者重新设计和丰富了微生物基础实验内容,进行了模块化教学的实验教学安排,增强了课程的整体性、连贯性、实用性和开放性,提高了学生学习的兴趣,实现了教学目的。     

基于合作学习的翻转课堂在微生物生态实验教学中的探索

借鉴合作学习的翻转课堂的理论和方法,以微生物生态实验教学为例,创造性构建了让学生参与到实验准备及教学视频录制的教学模式。该模式强化了学生对实验准备环节的学习认知,激发了学生的主观能动性,提高了实验技能、团队协作和创新意识等方面的教学效果,以期为高校实验教学改革提供借鉴。     

转变教育理念，强化实践环节，提高微生物学教学质量

微生物学是一门研究微生物的生命活动规律及其应用技术的学科。为了使不同学科背景和不同发展愿景的学生在有限的课时内能深入领会微生物学知识、掌握实验技能、增加对社会热点问题的理解,浙江大学从2013年开始对微生物学课程进行了改革。通过转变教学理念、融入课程思政、强化实验技能、重视评价导向等手段,使微生物学课程的教学质量有了明显的提升。     

构建网络实验室 促进微生物学实验教学与管理

探讨网络实验室的构建与微生物教学与管理的实践。实践证明,利用网络实验室,可以提高学生对实验的熟悉程度,弥补实验室已有硬件条件的局限,以仿真实验弥补传统实验教学的不足。同时,网络实验室能拓展学生的实验技能、有效加强毕业环节的过程管理与提高指导毕业实践的时效性,并提高真实实验室的运行效率。利用实验室网站,可以展示学生的实验结果、学习成就,以提升学生的成就感。     

Oxidation of sulfur-containing substrates by aboriginal and experimentally designed microbial communities

Aboriginal and experimental (constructed of pure microbial cultures) communities of acidophilic chemolithotrophs have been studied. The oxidation of elemental sulfur, sodium thiosulfate, and potassium tetrathionate as sole sources of energy has been monitored. The oxidation rate of the experimental community is higher as compared to the aboriginal community isolated from a flotation concentrate of pyrrhotine-containing pyrite-arsenopyrite gold-arsenic sulfide ore. The degree of oxidation of the mentioned S substrates amounts to 17.91, 68.30, and 93.94% for the experimental microbial community and to 10.71, 56.03, and 79.50% for the aboriginal community, respectively. The degree of oxidation of sulfur sulfide forms in the ore flotation concentrate is 59.15% by the aboriginal microbial community and 49.40% by the experimental microbial community. Despite a higher rate of oxidation of S substrates as a sole source of energy by the experimental microbial community, the aboriginal community oxidizes S substrates at a higher rate in the flotation concentrate of pyrrhotine-containing pyrite-arsenopyrite gold-arsenic sulfide ore, from which it was isolated. Bacterial-chemical oxidation of the flotation concentrate by the aboriginal microbial community allows for the extraction of an additional 32.3% of gold from sulfide minerals, which is by 5.7% larger compared to the yield obtained by the experimental microbial community.     

微生物药物学课程教学的改革与实践

微生物药物学是针对生命科学相关专业所开设的一门主干选修课。在生物技术高速发展的今天,如何有效建立合理的微生物药物学课程教学体系是教学工作者值得深思的课题。本文从微生物药物学教学内容及教学理念方面入手,简要阐述了作者对微生物药物学课程教学改革和实践所进行的一些有益的尝试和探索。     

Quantitative studies of bacterial chemotaxis and microbial population dynamics

Although there is a long history of conjecture regarding the role and significance of bacterial chemotaxis in microbial ecology, only recently has a significant body of work appeared attempting to address this issue. The purpose of this paper is to provide a concise overview of this work, which combined mathematical modeling of bacterial population migration and experimental measurement of the model parameters with modeling of competitive microbial population dynamics in a nonmixed environment. Predictions from the population dynamics models, based on experimental estimates of the various motility and growth parameter values, are related to the small number of experimental observations available to date dealing with the effects of bacterial motility on competition in a nonmixed environment. Current results indicate that cell motility and chemotaxis properties can be as important to population dynamics as cell growth kinetic properties, so that greater attention to this aspect of microbial behavior is warranted in future studies of microbial ecology.     

新工科背景下“微生物生理学”虚拟仿真实验教学模式探索：以“微生物絮凝剂合成机制及应用”为例

微生物生理学是哈尔滨工业大学微生物学及环境科学与工程学科领域的硕士研究生精品核心课程,但由于传统微生物学实验教学耗时长、过程不确定及不可逆等因素,难以开展“微生物生理学”综合性研究生专业课程实验。将先进的虚拟仿真和互联网技术相结合构建“微生物生理学”虚拟仿真实验系统,可以有效突破课程实验教学的时空障碍,推进微生物学及环境科学与工程的研究生教育改革。本文以“微生物絮凝剂合成机理研究及应用”为例,从微观尺度到宏观尺度逐渐展开,实验内容涵盖微生物絮凝剂合成机理和微生物絮凝剂的应用,以培养学生综合利用所学知识探索微生物絮凝剂合成及应用的内在机理的能力,并鼓励学生独立思考,激发其科研热情。     

Predominant role of water in regulating soil and microbial respiration and their responses to climate change in a semiarid grassland

Climate change can profoundly impact carbon (C) cycling of terrestrial ecosystems. A field experiment was conducted to examine responses of total soil and microbial respiration, and microbial biomass to experimental warming and increased precipitation in a semiarid temperate steppe in northern China since April 2005. We measured soil respiration twice a month over the growing seasons, soil microbial biomass C (MBC) and N (MBN), microbial respiration (MR) once a year in the middle growing season from 2005 to 2007. The results showed that interannual variations in soil respiration, MR, and microbial biomass were positively related to interannual fluctuations in precipitation. Laboratory incubation with a soil moisture gradient revealed a constraint of the temperature responses of MR by low soil moisture contents. Across the 3 years, experimental warming decreased soil moisture, and consequently caused significant reductions in total and microbial respiration, and microbial biomass, suggesting stronger negatively indirect effects through warming‐induced water stress than the positively direct effects of elevated temperature. Increased evapotranspiration under experimental warming could have reduced soil water availability below a stress threshold, thus leading to suppression of plant growth, root and microbial activities. Increased precipitation significantly stimulated total soil and microbial respiration and all other microbial parameters and the positive precipitation effects increased over time. Our results suggest that soil water availability is more important than temperature in regulating soil and microbial respiratory processes, microbial biomass and their responses to climate change in the semiarid temperate steppe. Experimental warming caused greater reductions in soil respiration than in gross ecosystem productivity (GEP). In contrast, increased precipitation stimulated GEP more than soil respiration. Our observations suggest that climate warming may cause net C losses, whereas increased precipitation may lead to net C gains in the semiarid temperate steppe. Our findings highlight that unless there is concurrent increase in precipitation, the temperate steppe in the arid and semiarid regions of northern China may act as a net C source under climate warming.     

Testing the functional significance of microbial composition in natural communities

Ecologists have long studied the relationship between biotic composition and ecosystem functioning in larger organisms; however, only recently has this relationship been investigated widely in microorganisms. Recent studies are reviewed within a framework of three experimental approaches that are often used to study larger organisms: environmental treatment, common garden, and reciprocal transplant experiments. Although the composition of microorganisms cannot be easily manipulated in the field, applying these approaches to intact microbial communities can begin to tease apart the effects of microbial composition from environmental parameters on ecosystem functioning. The challenges in applying these approaches to microorganisms are highlighted and it is discussed how the experimental approach and duration affects a study's interpretation. In general, long-term environmental treatment experiments identify correlative relationships between microbial composition and ecosystem functioning, whereas short-term common garden experiments demonstrate that microbial composition influences ecosystem functioning. Finally, reciprocal transplants simultaneously test for interactive effects of the environment and composition on functioning. The studies reviewed provide evidence that, at least in some cases, microbial composition influences ecosystem functioning. It is concluded that whole-community experiments offer a way to test whether information about microbial composition will help predict ecosystem responses to global change.