定量PCR比较两种苦瓜制品对人肠道菌群结构的体外调节作用

目的通过体外厌氧培养联合定量PCR的方法比较两种不同的苦瓜制品,苦瓜全粉（Bitter melon power。BMP）和苦瓜乙醇提取物（Bitter melon ethanol extract,BME）,对健康人和2型糖尿患者肠道菌群结构的调节作用。方法采集一名健康个体和一名2型糖尿病个体的新鲜粪便样品,在体外厌氧的条件下与不同浓度的BMP或BME共培养,收集0、12、24、48h的菌体沉淀。采用定量PCR的方法,检测乳杆菌属细菌、双歧杆菌属细菌、丁酸盐产生菌、硫酸盐还原菌和肠杆菌科细菌这5类细菌在总菌中相对含量的变化。结果培养过程中,双歧杆菌属细菌、硫酸盐还原菌和肠杆菌科细菌在两名个体培养样本中表现出类似的生长趋势,而乳杆菌属细菌和丁酸盐产生菌则有差异。相同培养时间下,与对照组相比,BMP和BME在两名个体的培养样本中均能富集乳杆菌属细菌、双歧杆菌属细菌和丁酸盐产生菌,并抑制肠杆菌科细菌,但是只有BMP15mg／mL能持续抑制硫酸盐还原菌。相同浓度之下,BMP对菌群结构的调节效果比BME显著。结论来自不同个体的相同肠道细菌类群可能呈现不同的体外生长趋势,但BMP和BME均能对同一细菌类群起到类似的调节作用;且相较于BME,BMP通过富集一些有益细菌并抑制机会致病细菌从而改善肠道菌群结构的效果更显著。     

健康成年人肠道硫酸盐还原菌和丁酸盐产生菌的性别差异

探究人体肠道内重要的功能菌——硫酸盐还原菌和丁酸盐产生菌在健康成年个体中的数量,并分析其与年龄、性别的关系。采集40名健康成年志愿者(男性:女性=1:1,年龄23~53岁)的粪便样品,采用试剂盒Invi Mag誖Stool DNA Kit联合Bead beating的方法提取粪便中细菌总DNA。通过定量PCR技术对总菌、硫酸盐还原菌以及丁酸盐产生菌的拷贝数进行定量检测。结果显示,40名健康成年人每纳克粪便DNA中含有的细菌总量为(9.22×106±7.35×106)个拷贝,硫酸盐还原菌拷贝数为(9.21×103±9.87×103),而丁酸盐产生菌拷贝数稍高于硫酸盐还原菌,为(2.68×104±3.08×104)。硫酸盐还原菌和丁酸盐产生菌的数量在不同个体间存在较大差异。Spearman相关分析显示三类基因的拷贝数与志愿者年龄无显著相关关系。硫酸盐还原菌和丁酸盐产生菌的拷贝数及其相对丰度存在显著的性别差异,表现在男性个体含有更少的硫酸盐还原菌(p0.05)和更多的丁酸盐产生菌(p0.01)。本研究揭示了硫酸盐还原菌和丁酸盐产生菌在健康成年人肠道内的数量,为进一步探究肠道菌群的性别差异提供了新的思路。     

残留剂量恩诺沙星对SPF小鼠肠道菌群数量和多样性的影响研究

目的研究不同残留剂量的恩诺沙星对SPF小鼠肠道菌群数量和种类的影响。方法30只SPF雌性KM小鼠,随机分为5组。根据中国现行规定恩诺沙星的日允许摄入量（ADI）设置剂量（0mg／L、0．03mg／L、0．3mg／L、3mg／L、30mg／L）,0．3mg／L相当于ADI。适应性饲养7d后给药35d,恢复21d。使用活菌计数法检测模型小鼠粪便菌群数量的变化。使用PCR—DGGE法检测粪便菌群多样性的变化。结果3mg／L和30mg／L组总需氧菌的数量与对照组比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;30mg／L组的肠杆菌的数量和对照组比较差异有非常显著性（P〈0．01）,其余种类细菌数量差异没有显著性。PCR．DGGE结果显示0．3mg／L的恩诺沙星对小鼠肠道菌群多样性产生影响,3mg／L和30mg／L两组影响显著。结论PCR—DGGE技术是一种比活菌计数更灵敏的实验方法,可以用于抗生素残留微生物安全性评价;中国现行规定恩诺沙星的日允许摄入量（ADI）可能会对人体肠道菌群产生影响。     

阿魏酸对高脂血症小鼠肝脂肪变性及肠道菌群的调节作用

目的探讨阿魏酸(ferulic acid)对高脂血症小鼠肝脂肪变性及肠道菌群的调节作用。方法将24只6周龄雄性Apo E-/-小鼠随机分为4组(n=6),即对照组、模型组、阿魏酸组[40 mg/(kg·d)]、辛伐他汀组[5 mg/(kg·d)];另取6只同龄C57BL/6小鼠为空白组。高脂喂养12周后,再给药处理12周,采集小鼠粪便进行肠道菌群检测,检测血脂水平,制作肝切片观察病理变化。结果与对照组相比,模型组小鼠体重、血清总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、低密度脂蛋白(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)明显升高(P 0. 05),肝切片可见小鼠肝细胞质内充满脂滴,大部分肝细胞呈现脂肪变性,模型组厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和韦荣球菌科(Erysipelotrichaceae)的细菌数量升高,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、瘤胃菌科(Ruminococcaceae)和Odoribacter数量减少;与模型组比较,阿魏酸组小鼠体重、血清TC、TG、LDL-C显著降低,肝脂肪变性明显减轻,厚壁菌门和韦荣球菌科细菌数量减少,拟杆菌门、瘤胃菌科和Odoribacter数量升高。结论阿魏酸可以改善小鼠的血脂异常,肝脂肪变性,调节肠道菌群失衡。     

一种肠道硫酸盐还原菌的增菌培养基

目的针对已经分离、纯化的肠道硫酸盐还原菌,建立一种能快速、高效地培养菌体的培养基。方法比较营养丰富的GAM肉汤与常用于培养硫酸盐还原菌的选择性培养基Postgate的培养效果,摸索在GAM肉汤中添加不同浓度的硫酸盐对两种肠道硫酸盐还原菌-Desulfovibrio desulfuricans和Desulfovibrio intestina—zis的培养效果。确定效果最佳的改良GAM培养基配方,并测定在该培养基中D．desulful＇icans的生长曲线。结果与Postgate培养基相比,GAM肉汤能在2d内快速培养D．desulfugicans,但培养至6d时细菌数量大幅降低。在GAM肉汤中添加Na2SO4与FeSO4,在实验浓度范围内,均显著地促进硫酸盐还原菌的生长。在此基础上改良GAM肉汤培养基,培养得到的细菌数量较GAM肉汤显著提高。D．desulfuricans的生长曲线显示,2d时细菌生长达到最高峰,数量可达3．5×10^7 CFU／mL;培养6d,细菌数量为7．3×10^6 CFU／mL。结论基于GAM肉汤改良而得到的增菌培养基,能快速、高效地培养肠道硫酸盐还原菌,为后续进一步研究肠道硫酸盐还原菌的生理功能提供了支持。     

实时荧光定量PCR检测非酒精性脂肪性肝炎新西兰兔肠道内菌群的变化

目的 应用实时荧光定量-聚合酶链反应法(fluorescent real-time polymerase chain reaction,RT-PCR)法对高脂喂养诱导非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(nonalcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH)新西兰兔的粪便中大肠埃希菌、乳酸杆菌及双歧杆菌属的数量进行定量检测分析.方法 14只雄性新西兰兔随机分为模型组和对照组,分别用普通饲料和高脂饲料喂养12周,取粪便提取细菌组DNA,根据细菌的16S rDNA基因序列设计大肠埃希菌、乳酸杆菌及双歧杆菌属的种属特异性引物,进行实时荧光定量PCR反应,定量分析不同细菌的数量.结果 模型组动物病理学检测肝细胞脂肪变性,提示模型成功.对照组与模型组动物粪便中细菌数量分别为大肠埃希菌(11.48 ±1.09,7.39 ±0.81)、乳酸杆菌(4.94±0.95,5.65 ±0.91)、双歧杆菌属(4.07 ±0.97,6.45±0.90),经统计学分析表明模型组较对照组大肠埃希菌数量明显增多(t=-3.282,P =0.013),而乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌属数量变化无统计学意义(t1=-1.204,P1=0.268;t2=0.423,P2=0.683).结论 NASH模型组粪便内大肠埃希菌数量较正常组增多,提示大肠埃希菌数量与非酒精性脂肪性肝病(Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)有关,而乳酸杆菌及双歧杆菌数量无明显变化,其与NAFLD的关系有待进一步研究.     

高脂饲料诱导的肥胖大鼠肠道内硫酸盐还原菌的定量检测

目的 检测高脂饲料诱导大鼠肥胖过程中,大鼠肠道内硫酸盐还原菌( sulfate-reducing bacteria,SRB)的数量变化,为研究SRB与肥胖的关系提供参考.方法 20只Wistar大鼠随机分为2组(每组10只),一组饲喂高脂饲料(HFD组)18周,另一组饲喂正常饲料(NCD组,即对照组)18周.以编码腺苷酰硫酸还原酶α亚基的基因(aprA)作为分子标记,通过荧光定量PCR的方法检测两组大鼠在0、8和18周,肠道内SRB的数量变化;同时,以16S rRNA基因作为标记基因定量大鼠肠道内总菌的数量,以计算肠道内SRB在总菌中的比例变化.结果 分组饲喂8周后,高脂饲料饲喂组大鼠的体重与正常饲料组相比显著升高.对SRB的定量结果显示,饲喂8周和18周,高脂饲料组大鼠肠道内SRB的数量和含量与正常饲料组相比显著升高.结论 大鼠肠道中的硫酸盐还原菌与饮食诱导的肥胖密切相关,为进一步研究SRB在肥胖及其相关代谢疾病的发生发展中的作用提供了依据.     

阿哈湖深层水中微生物和硫酸还原菌数量及群落结构空间变化

采用荧光原位杂交法分析了贵州阿哈湖深层水环境中总微生物、真细菌和硫酸盐还原菌数量。结果表明:该湖水中微生物总量为1.6×107个.L-1,真细菌占微生物总量的52.9%,且微生物总量和真细菌数量垂直变化无明显差异。随着水体深度的增加,活性微生物数量增加,且微生物的群落结构更加复杂。阿哈湖深层水体中有一定数量的硫酸盐还原菌存在。     

邻苯二甲酸酯染毒哺乳期母鼠对雄性仔鼠睾丸Leydig细胞形态及功能的影响

目的:观察邻苯二甲酸二乙基己基酯(DEHP)对哺乳期雄性仔鼠睾丸子Leydig细胞(PLC)形态和功能的影响及作用机制。方法:SD孕鼠20只,随机均分为4组(n=5):正常对照组,低剂量组,中剂量组,高剂量组。仔鼠出生第1天起分别以0、10、100、750 mg/(kg·d)DEHP灌胃染毒母鼠,直到仔鼠出生后21 d。用化学发光法检测雄性仔鼠血清睾酮(T)水平;测量体重、睾丸重量、肛生殖器距离(AGD);光镜及电镜下观察睾丸Leydig细胞形态结构;免疫组化方法检测睾丸类固醇激素合成急性调节蛋白(St AR)表达;Real-time PCR法检测睾丸胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)mRNA的表达。结果:与正常组比较,低剂量组T无明显变化,中、高剂量组血清T水平明显降低(P0.01)。低剂量组睾丸重量增加(P0.05),高剂量组睾丸重量、仔鼠体重明显下降(P0.01);中、高剂量组AGD明显缩短(P0.01)。低剂量组睾丸Leydig细胞明显增生,呈簇状分布;中、高剂量组睾丸Leydig细胞灶区轻度增生,高剂量组部分生精小管生精细胞层次减少、生精细胞凋亡并脱落。电镜观察各给药组Leydig细胞胞浆脂质颗粒减少,线粒体、内质网减少。低剂量组IGF-ⅠmRNA表达增高(P0.05);中、高剂量组睾丸St AR蛋白表达降低(P0.05)。结论:哺乳期染毒DEHP可干扰仔鼠PLC的睾酮合成,St AR蛋白的降低和Leydig细胞的损伤可能是其机制。     

家蝇幼虫肠道细菌对其取食选择性和生长发育的影响

目的探究家蝇幼虫肠道细菌对幼虫取食与发育的影响,进而明确肠道细菌的部分功能。方法取3日龄家蝇幼虫,采用细菌传统分离法分离纯化其肠道内可培养细菌并进行分子鉴定,利用这些肠道细菌进行家蝇幼虫爬行选择实验,测定幼虫对不同细菌的选择性;利用这些肠道细菌发酵液与麦麸混合饲养家蝇幼虫,记录家蝇幼虫发育过程中的生物学参数,分别以LB培养原液与麦麸混合饲养的幼虫为阴性对照,以无菌水与麦麸混合饲养的幼虫为空白对照。结果在家蝇幼虫肠道中共分离出9个属10种细菌,分别为霍氏肠杆菌(Enterobacter hormaechei)、肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)、铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)、别雷斯不动杆菌(Acinetobacter bereziniae)、斯氏普罗威登斯菌(Providencia stuartii)、阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae)、乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus lactis)、纺锤形赖氨酸芽胞杆菌(Lysinibacillus fusiformis)、居幼虫普罗威登斯菌(Providencia vermicola)和沙福芽胞杆菌(Bacillus safensis)。其中,除铜绿假单胞菌和斯氏普罗威登斯菌外,其余8种细菌对幼虫有显著吸引作用;除铜绿假单胞菌对家蝇生长有明显抑制作用以外,其余9种细菌对家蝇幼虫生长均有一定的促进作用,其中霍氏肠杆菌和别雷斯不动杆菌对其生长有显著促进作用。结论明确了家蝇幼虫肠道细菌的组成,确定了8种家蝇幼虫肠道细菌对其取食有吸引作用,9种细菌对其生长发育有促进作用。霍氏肠杆菌和别雷斯不动杆菌可作为添加剂用于家蝇的规模化饲养,以提高养殖效率。铜绿假单胞菌可作为生长抑制剂用于家蝇幼虫的防治。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.