麦麸饲料中细菌对家蝇幼虫生长发育的影响

从饲料用麦麸中分离出的12种细菌均能支持无菌家蝇Musca domestica L．幼虫在胰化酪蛋白大豆卵黄琼脂（TrypticaseSoy EggYolkAgar,TSEYA）培养基中完成整个生长发育过程。1）幼虫在接种香味类香味菌Myroidesodoratimimus的TSEYA培养基中生长时间最短,仅需97．61±1．14h;2）幼虫在接种醋酸钙不动杆菌Acinetobacter calcoaceticus的TSEYA培养基中的化蛹率可达到86．81％;3）从接种嗜水汽单胞菌Aeromonas hydrophila的TSEYA培养基中得到的蝇蛹重量最高,达到20．15±0．23mg／个;4）除铜绿假单胞菌Pseudomonasaeruginosa饲养的家蝇羽化率较低（60．87％）外,其余各种细菌饲养的羽化率在84．33％～97．47％之间。此外,枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis、香味类香味菌、聚团肠杆菌Enterobacter agglomerans以及成团肠杆菌Pantoeaagglomerans可作为单一营养来源支持幼虫完成整个生长发育过程。对枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcusaurous、成团肠杆菌、大肠杆菌Escherichiacoli、奇异变形杆菌Proteusmirabilis以及香味类香味菌中各种营养成分进行分析,结果发现,6种细菌均能提供大量的维生素如（0．105～1．08g／kg）。在氨基酸方面,香味类香味菌和枯草芽孢杆菌中的10种昆虫必需氨基酸含量与总氨基酸含量之比（Essential amino acid／Totalaminoacid,EAA／TAA）最高,而金黄色葡萄球菌最低。这个比例与蛹重呈正相关（p=0．031）。在脂肪酸相对含量方面,金黄色葡萄球菌具有最高的饱和脂肪酸含量（76．38％）,香味类香味菌含有56．79％的不饱和脂肪酸,而枯草芽孢杆菌则具有最高的支链脂肪酸含量（42．16％）。     

斜纹夜蛾幼虫肠道细菌分离鉴定及其功能初步分析

昆虫肠道微生物对其寄主的生长发育、营养代谢、免疫以及农药抗性等方面都发挥着重要作用。为研究斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura幼虫肠道细菌的多样性,并为其功能验证做准备,本文利用传统微生物分离纯培养方法从斜纹夜蛾4龄幼虫肠道中共分离鉴定得到10株细菌,分别为属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的脱氮假单胞菌(Pseudomonas denitrificans),不动细菌(Acinetobacter sp.),肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)和肠杆菌(Enterobacter sp.);属于厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)的鸡葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus gallinarum),蒙氏肠球菌(Enterococcus mundtii),蜡样芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cereus)和枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)以及放线菌门(Actinobacteria)的微杆菌(Microbacteriums sp.)和乳酪棒杆菌(Corynebacterium casei)。变形菌门和厚壁菌门是斜纹夜蛾肠道可培养细菌中的优势菌群。功能验证实验表明肠杆菌具备纤维素降解能力,微杆菌具备很强的苯酚降解能力。本研究为未来深入研究斜纹夜蛾肠道微生物的功能提供了方向和菌株材料。     

重症监护病房鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌的分布及耐药性监测

目的探讨医院重症监护病房(ICU)鲍曼不动杆菌及铜绿假单胞菌临床分离株的分布及耐药性特点。方法回顾性调查2006年7月至2010年6月ICU患者中分离出的鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌的临床感染情况,对111株鲍曼不动杆菌和73株铜绿假单胞菌的药敏结果进行统计分析,所有数据采用WHONET 5.5软件进行分析。结果鲍曼不动杆菌及铜绿假单胞菌在呼吸道标本中检出率最高(76.1%),其次是CVP导管尖端(8.7%),鲍曼不动杆菌对临床常用抗菌药物耐药率85%的有8种,对亚胺培南的耐药率也达70.3%,耐药率最低的仅有头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(17.1%);铜绿假单胞菌对替卡西林、亚胺培南有较高的耐药率,分别为45.2%、41.1%,对其他抗菌药物耐药率均25%。结论下呼吸道是ICU患者鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌感染的主要部位;ICU患者感染以鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌为主,鲍曼不动杆菌较铜绿假单胞菌耐药及多重耐药性严重。     

mCIM试验检测临床产碳青霉烯酶革兰阴性杆菌的应用价值

目的评估改良碳青霉烯灭活试验(mCIM)在检测临床产碳青霉烯酶革兰阴性杆菌中的应用价值。方法采用mCIM、改良Hodge(MHT)及Carba NP试验分别检测106株碳青霉烯酶基因阳性的革兰阴性杆菌(36株肠杆菌科细菌、26株铜绿假单胞菌及44株鲍曼不动杆菌),并比较差异。同时,收集湘雅医院2016年1月-12月临床分离的非重复性耐碳青霉烯类革兰阴性杆菌106株,同期随机选取100株分离的碳青霉烯类敏感菌株作为对照组,mCIM试验检测碳青霉烯酶,PCR检测碳青霉烯酶基因,分析其敏感性及特异性。结果 (1)106株碳青霉烯酶基因阳性菌株,mCIM试验:肠杆菌科细菌的敏感性、特异性为88.9%(32/36),铜绿假单胞菌均为阴性。MHT试验:肠杆菌科细菌的敏感性、特异性为77.8%(28/36),铜绿假单胞菌的敏感性、特异性为69.2%(18/26)。Carba NP试验:肠杆菌科细菌的敏感性、特异性为97.2%(35/36),铜绿假单胞菌的敏感性、特异性为57.7%(15/26)。鲍曼不动杆菌3种方法均为阴性。肠杆菌科细菌中,MHT与Carba NP试验差异有统计学意义(χ~2=6.222,P=0.028),MHT与mCIM试验差异无统计学意义(χ~2=1.600,P=0.343),Carba NP与mCIM试验差异无统计学意义(χ~2=1.934,P=0.357);铜绿假单胞菌中,MHT与Carba NP试验阳性,二者差异无统计学意义(χ~2=0.746,P=0.565)。(2)144株临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌(碳青霉烯类耐药及敏感菌株分别为44株、100株),采用美罗培南和亚胺培南分别做mCIM试验,其敏感性和特异性均为100%,且与PCR的结果一致。结论 mCIM试验在肠杆菌科细菌中敏感性高、特异性强,操作简单,结果易于判断,具有良好的临床应用价值。     

不同巢材鸟巢中优势菌群的分离鉴定

从鸟类苔藓和草叶巢材中分离出6株优势细菌和8株放线菌,采用传统表观型特征观察和16SrRNA基因序列分析法对其进行菌种鉴定。结果表明：草叶巢材中的优势细菌分别为霍氏肠杆菌（Enterobacter hormaechei）、麝香石竹假单胞菌（Pseudomonas caryophyUi）和丁香假单胞菌（Pseudomonas syringae）;苔藓巢材中的优势细菌分别为苏云金芽胞杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis）、阴沟肠杆菌（Enterobacter cloacae）和马氏棒杆菌（Corynebacteriu matruchotii）;从2种巢材中分离出的8株放线菌均为链霉菌属（Streptomyces）,其中4株分另q为金色链霉菌（Streptomyces aureus）、红色淡紫灰链霉菌（Streptomyces rubrolavendulae）、胶样链霉菌（Streptomyces gelaticus）和灰色链霉菌（Streptomyces griseus）,另外4株链霉菌有待于进一步鉴定。     

革兰阴性杆菌对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦耐药率的变迁

目的调查革兰阴性杆菌对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦的耐药率变化。方法收集2004年1月至2007年12月从我院住院患者各种临床标本中分离的革兰阴性杆菌,使用VITEK-60全自动微生物分析仪进行菌种的鉴定,采用K-B法对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦进行药敏试验,对结果进行回顾性凋查。结果肠杆菌科细菌对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦的耐药率较低,大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦的耐药率分别为1．7％,7．7％和5．8％。嗜麦芽窄食假单胞菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌、脑膜脓毒性金黄杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦的耐药率分别为27．6％、38．0％、2．3％、23．5％和4．8％。铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦的耐药率从2004年的35．1％和23．7％下降至2007年的12．4％和0．4％。结论头孢哌酮／舒巴坦对肠杆菌科细菌具有非常强的体外抗菌活性,铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦的耐药率呈下降趋势。     

铜绿假单胞菌体外抑菌活性研究

目的 观察铜绿假单胞菌抗菌物质对鲍曼不动杆菌等细菌的体外抑菌效果.方法 用交叉条带实验方法检测了铜绿假单胞菌对鲍曼不动杆菌、耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌和粪肠球菌的体外抑制活性.结果 铜绿假单胞菌对鲍曼不动杆菌、耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌和粪肠球菌体外抑菌活性良好,10株铜绿假单胞菌中,有8株对鲍曼不动杆菌的抑制率均达到了100％.另外有8株对耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌的抑菌率均为100％;有6株对粪肠球菌的抑菌率为100％.结论 铜绿假单胞菌对上述3种致病菌具有较强的抗菌活性,具有开发前景.     

鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌在低碱性氨基酸培养基中对抗菌药物的敏感性

为了探讨鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌在低碱性氨基酸培养基中对抗菌药物的敏感性,本研究利用常规培养基和低碱性氨基酸培养基,采用琼脂稀释法检测140株鲍曼不动杆菌和60株铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南、帕尼培南和罗美培南的最低抑菌浓度,利用K-B纸片扩散法进行药敏实验并计算敏感率。结果显示,在低碱性培养基中,铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对三种药物的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)值显著降低,铜绿假单胞菌在低碱性氨基酸培养基中对帕尼培南的敏感率显著上升,而鲍曼不动杆菌对三种药物的敏感性均显著上升。研究表明,在低碱性氨基酸培养基中,鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌对帕尼培南、亚胺培南和美罗培南的敏感性有所增强,在临床检验中需考虑由培养基导致的敏感性差异。     

下呼吸道非发酵菌的分布及其耐药性研究

目的了解2000～2003年安微医科大学第一附属医院下呼吸道非发酵菌的分布及其耐药性,为临床合理选用抗生素提供依据。方法细菌鉴定、药敏试验和诱导β-内酰胺酶(IB)检测采用WalkAway-40全自动微生物分析仪,超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBb)检测采用纸片确证试验。结果2000～2003年下呼吸道非发酵菌的检出率为28．2％。其构成以铜绿假单胞菌为最多(56．6％),其次为洛菲不动杆菌(9．3％)、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(8．6％)和鲍曼或溶血不动杆菌(8．5％)。对复方新诺明,嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的耐药率最低(14．3％)。对头孢他啶、亚胺培南、哌拉西林或他巴坦,铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性较低,分别为20．3％、20．8％和28．3％;洛菲不动杆菌耐药率比鲍曼或溶血不动杆菌普遍偏低。铜绿假单胞菌ESBLs和IB的检出率分别为15．7％和84．2％。结论下呼吸道非发酵菌的检出率较高,主要为铜绿假单胞菌。非发酵菌耐药现象严重,不同非发酵菌的耐药谱差异较大。铜绿假单胞菌IB发生率高。     

铁皮石斛对微生物生长影响的研究

目的探讨铁皮石斛对部分酵母菌、益生细菌和有害菌生长的影响,为铁皮石斛调节微生态平衡提供实验依据。方法通过液体培养比浊法检测铁皮石斛对各供试菌株生长的抑促情况。结果铁皮石斛对白色假丝酵母菌、酿酒酵母菌、汉逊德巴利酵母菌的生长具有明显的促进作用:铁皮石斛对保加利亚乳杆菌和枯草芽胞杆菌等有益细菌的生长也具有明显的促进作用:能够抑制金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和沙门菌等(条件)致病菌的生长:铁皮石斛对产气杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、嗜热链球菌和地衣芽胞杆菌的生长没有明显的影响。结论铁皮石斛能促进部分有益菌的生长,对部分(条件)致病菌有抑制作用,通过抑制有害菌、促进有益菌调控微生态平衡。     

Restoration of an endangered plant,Hygrophila pogonocalyx,leads to an adaptive host shift of the chocolate pansy (Junonia iphita iphita)

Anthropogenic introduction of a plant species may cause novel encounters between the plant and local herbivores, and initiate evolutionary changes in host plant usage by herbivores. Until recently the endemic aquatic plant Hygrophila pogonocalyx was endangered and had a restricted distribution in Taiwan. Massive restoration efforts since 1997 have led to an expansion of the plant's distribution and a novel encounter between it and an Asian butterfly, the chocolate pansy, Junonia iphita (Nymphalidae). This butterfly appears to have colonized H. pogonocalyx, switching from its original host, Strobilanthes penstemonoides var. formosana. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether the utilization of H. pogonocalyx as a host plant has initiated a differentiation between butterflies using the novel and the original hosts. To this purpose we collected butterflies from patches of the two host plants which grow sympatrically. We tested oviposition preference for the two hosts and larval performance on them. Female adults exhibited distinct oviposition preference toward the host plant their mothers preferred. Offspring showed greater survivorship and pupal weight when fed on the host plant their mothers preferred. Male adults displayed territorial behaviors on the host plant that their mothers had preferred. Finally, the survival rate of offspring produced from cross-mating between individuals with different host plant preference was lower than that of non-hybrids. Taken together, we suggest that genetic differentiation has occurred between individuals preferring H. pogonocalyx versus S. penstemonoides as host plants via host shifting. This process was likely induced by the mass restoration of the formerly rare and endangered plant species.     

Susceptibility of larval Crepidula fornicata to predation by suspension-feeding adults

The slipper shell snail Crepidula fornicata forms dense assemblages along much of the European coast, where it co-occurs with oysters. We examined the susceptibility of slipper shell larvae to predation by suspension-feeders, including adults of their own species. In particular, we compared filtration rates on phytoplankton with those on larvae, and determined the extent to which consumption of larvae varied with adult size, larval size, and with the presence of alternative food (phytoplankton). We also examined the ability of competent larvae to metamorphose successfully in the presence of feeding adults. For each experiment, adults were held in plastic jars with seawater or phytoplankton suspension and allowed to graze on larvae (101 larvae per jar) for 4-6 h at room temperature (21-23 °C); larvae were kept in circulation with gentle aeration. Adults of C. fornicata ingested substantial numbers of larvae over the complete range of sizes tested, about 450-850 μm shell length. Ingestion rates were reduced by 43-50% in the presence of phytoplankton, and were not correlated with adult shell length. The rates at which larvae were removed by adult slipper shells were generally lower than predicted from the rates at which the same adults ingested phytoplankton, suggesting either some ability of larvae to avoid capture or some difficulty of adults in consuming larvae entrained into their feeding currents. Slipper shell larvae were also readily consumed by adult oysters (Ostrea edulis and Crassostrea gigas), and indeed oysters consumed larvae at faster rates than predicted from their phytoplankton ingestion rates. Nevertheless, substantial numbers of competent larvae managed to metamorphose successfully during the test periods, either on the sides of the jars they were in or on the adults' shells, suggesting that recruitment probably continues in the field even when suspension-feeding adults are at high concentrations in the benthos.     

Potential for integrated control of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) using larvicides and guppies

Acute toxicity tests were carried out to determine the effect of three larvicides, spinosad, pirimiphos methyl, and chlorpyrifos, on Culex quinquefasciatus Say, Anopheles gambiae s.s. Giles (Diptera: Culicidae), and guppies, Poecilia reticulata Peters (Pisces: Poeciliidae). Thereafter, larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus were introduced to P. reticulata in containers of different volumes with low concentrations of each larvicide at established predator to prey densities of 1–35; 5–70 and 10–350 (fish to larvae) respectively. The experiment was replicated six times, and the larval consumption was counted after 24 h. Spinosad and pirimiphos methyl were significantly toxic to Cx. quinquefasciatus, the less susceptible mosquito species. Guppy consumption of Culex larvae was highest at a predator to prey density 5–70. Feeding activity of guppies increased in the spinosad treatment at 49 μg L⁻¹ compared to control and the synthetic larvicides. The synthetic larvicides generally reduced consumption of larvae except for the lowest concentration of pirimiphos methyl which increased it at the highest predator to prey density in a 3 L container. The highest percentage of Culex larvae was consumed by fish in the presence of spinosad at 49 μg L⁻¹ and a predator to prey density of 5–70 in 0.5 L plastic containers. Thus, predator to prey density, container size, type and concentration of larvicide are all important factors to be considered in integrated management of mosquito larvae.     

Potential effects of physiological plastic responses to salinity on population networks of the estuarine crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chasmagnathus granulata</Emphasis>

Chasmagnathus granulata is a South American crab occurring in estuarine salt marshes of the Brazilian, Uruguayan and Argentine coasts. Life history is characterized by an export strategy of its larval stages. I reviewed information on experimental manipulation of salinity during embryonic and larval development (pre- and posthatching salinities), and on habitat characteristics of C. granulata in order to determine potential effects of larval response to salinity in the field and to suggest consequences for the population structure. Local populations are spread over coastal areas with different physical characteristics. Benthic phases occupy estuaries characterized by different patterns of salinity variation, and release larvae to coastal waters characterized by strong salinity gradients. The zoea 1 of C. granulata showed a strong acclimatory response to low salinity. This response operated only during the first weeks of development (during zoeae 1 and 2) since subsequent larval survival at low posthatching salinities was consistently low. Larvae developing at low salinity frequently followed a developmental pathway with five instead of four zoeal stages. The ability to acclimate and the variability in larval development (i.e. the existence of alternative developmental pathways) could be interpreted as a strategy to buffer environmental variability at spatial scales of local or population networks. Early survivorship and production of larvae may be relatively high across a rather wide range of variability in salinity (5–32‰). Plastic responses to low salinity would therefore contribute to maintain a certain degree of population connectivity and persistence regardless of habitat heterogeneity. Electronic Publication     

The Effectiveness of the Protection of Embryos and Larvae within Egg Masses of the Gastropod Epheria turritaagainst Changes in Salinity and Desiccation

The effectiveness of the protection of embryos and larvae in egg masses from reduced salinity and desiccation was investigated in the gastropod Epheria turrita, which inhabits the intertidal and upper subtidal zones. Embryos and larvae developing inside egg masses were shown not to be protected against changes in environmental salinity. Viable larvae hatched from egg masses at a salinity of 24–26. However, if free-swimming veliger larvae, rather than egg masses, were transferred to water of reduced salinity, the range of salinity tolerated by the larvae was wider, and its lower limit was 18–20. Egg masses did not protect against desiccation either. A 3-h exposure of egg masses to drying resulted in larval mortality. Larvae hatched from egg masses did not rise to the surface and displayed an early tendency towards gregarious behavior, which apparently enhances their ability to settle on a proper substrate near parental populations.     

Larval retention and dynamics of the prawns Palaemon longirostris H. Milne Edwards and Crangon crangon Linnaeus (Decapoda,Caridea) in the Mira estuary,Portugal

Summary

Palaemon longirostris and Crangon crangon larval and post-larval stages were collected intensively in two 24-h cycles during neap and spring tidal periods in a fixed station located in the mid-Mira estuary (southwest Portugal). In each case, on the previous day, horizontal distribution of larval stages was studied in a series of 20 stations from the mouth of the estuary to near freshwater. Horizontal distribution of the discrete instars of both species were similar, suggesting larval retention. Results from the 24-h cycles indicate a semilunar cycle of larval release activity, and an initial displacement of the larvae from the parental stock, as newly-hatched larvae concentrate in the surface layer of the water column on post-crepuscular ebbing tides. The sequence of larval stages tends to be progressively more dependent of the bottom layers, and the whole larval and post-larval development is accomplished within the estuarine boundaries. Larval release cycles, coupled with duration of development and progressive change in vertical position, induce mutual exclusion of different aged larvae, which may minimise cannibalistic behaviour and competition between larvae with different capabilities.     

广西发现版纳鱼螈白化幼体一例

2007年5月,在广西北流市六麻镇捕到一例雄性版纳鱼螈(Ichthyophis bannanicus)白化幼体。该个体完全白化。体重9.1 g,全长195 mm,尾长3.85 mm,体宽10.36 mm,吻长3.09 mm,尾鳍高5.71 mm,吻端至第一环沟9.47 mm,吻端至第二环沟13.41 mm,鼻间距2.42 mm,眼间距5.17 mm。与正常个体对比发现:该白化幼体的尾长、体宽、尾鳍高大于正常范围,吻端至第二环沟小于正常范围,其余数据均在正常范围内。     

云斑尖塘鳢仔鱼摄食节律的研究

对自然光照条件下云斑尖塘鳢仔鱼的昼夜摄食节律和在夜间增加不同强度外光源条件下仔鱼的摄食发生率进行了研究。结果表明,云斑尖塘鳢仔鱼具有明显的昼夜摄食节律,晚上摄食发生率是著高于白天,其摄食主要集中在光线较弱的16:00～00:00;5日龄仔鱼在100～500Lx,8日龄和12日龄仔鱼在10～100Lx光照条件下的摄食发生率要明显高于黑暗或更高光照条件下的摄食发生率。     

Post-larval development of the commercial sponge Spongia officinalis L. (Porifera, Demospongiae)

This study investigated the development of the larvae of Spongia officinalis in experimental conditions, after settlement on plastic substrates, using electron and light microscopy. The released larvae show a dark pigmented ring distinguishes the posterior larval pole. The youngest larvae, covered with a flagellate epithelium, move onwards by rotating on their longitudinal axis. Over time a creeping-like motion prevails, probably linked to the need for settlement. After a free-swimming period of 24-48 h, larvae settle on the artificial substrate by the anterior pole. At settlement, the flagellate epithelium is substituted by flattened cells, which delimit the outermost surface. Post-larvae were reared to about three months. The early phase of post-larval differentiation shows a solid interior mainly consisting of granular cells varying in shape and size. They are included in a dense collagen matrix that contains a conspicuous amount of bacteria. Lacunae are already evident in the initial phase of metamorphosis. In several of them, cell debris and nucleate cells are visible. This feature is consistent with a progressive reduction of the cell mass (autolysis). Neither choanocyte chambers nor canals differentiate. The morphogenetic process leads to a metamorph only consisting of vacuolated cells and collagen fibrils included in a thin fibrous coat.