乙型肝炎、肝硬变和肝癌中HBxAg的表达及其在肝癌发生中的作用

对３７９例良、恶性肝组织进行的免疫组织化学研究显示,３３％的慢性迁延性肝炎（６／１８）、７６％的慢性活动性肝炎（２６／３４）、９２％的肝硬变（５７／６２）和９７％的肝细胞性肝癌（ＨＣＣ）（５８／６０）中有ＨＢｘＡｇ表达,阳性率高于ＨＢｓＡｇ或ＨＢｃＡｇ。癌周肝中的ＨＢｘＡｇ阳性率显著高于非癌周肝。与其它２种ＨＢＶ抗原不同,ＨＢｘＡｇ表达在细胞类型上有较明显的选择性,在肝小多角细胞（ＳＰＬＣ）、小细胞性不典型增生（ＳＣＤ）及ＨＣＣ中较强。与ＩＧＦⅡ、ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２、ｃ－ｍｙｃ和ＥＧＦ－Ｒ表达进行的对照研究表明ＨＢｘＡｇ与ＩＧＦⅡ和ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２这２种ＨＣＣ发生相关基因的表达关系密切。ＰＣＮＡ染色结果显示ＨＢｘＡｇ阳性组织的细胞增殖活性显著高于ＨＢｘＡｇ阴性组织。我们的结果还表明ＨＢｘＡｇ表达与肝细胞不典型增生的发生和进展有关、提出ＨＢＶＸ基因可能通过其表达产物（ＨＢｘＡｇ）首先激活ＩＧＦⅡ、ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２基因,继而引起显著的ＳＰＬＣ增生和ＳＣＤ而参与ＨＣＣ发生的．     

人肝细胞癌中N－ras、c－myc癌基因的表达──原位分子杂交和免疫组织化学研究

为了明确Ｎ－ｒａｓ、ｃ－ｍｙｃ癌基因在人肝细胞癌（ＨＣＣ）中的表达及其形态学分布,我们对３８例石蜡包埋的ＨＣＣ（其中３３例带有癌周肝组织）标本进行了原位核酸杂交和免疫组化研究。结果表明,ＨＣＣ及癌周肝组织中Ｎ－ｒａｓ表达阳性率分别为４２％和３９％;ｃ－ｍｙｃｍＲＮＡ阳性表达率分别为４７％和３６％;ｃ－ｍｙｃ蛋白阳性率分别为５３％和３９％。ＨＣＣ与癌周肝之间Ｎ－ｒａｓ、ｃ－ｍｙｃｍＲＮＡ及ｃ－ｍｙｃ蛋白表达水平无显著差别;ｃ－ｍｙｃｍＲＮＡ及蛋白阳性强度也无显著差别,其形态学分布基本一致,主要集中于癌细胞和癌周肝中的部分高度增生结节;Ｎ－ｒａｓ表达增强主要见于癌细胞、癌周肝中的高度增生结节、小细胞性不典型增生及少部分肝小多角细胞。它们与ＨＢｘＡｇ表达之间无明确的对应关系。上述结果显示,ＨＣＣ中Ｎ－ｒａｓ、ｃ－ｍｙｃ表达都显著增强,它们可能是人ＨＣＣ发生中较晚期的事件,而Ｎ－ｒａｓ表达增强早于ｃ－ｍｙｃ癌基因活化。     

原位杂交检测石蜡包埋组织中丙型肝炎病毒RNA

为了提高ＨＣＶＲＮＡ的原位杂交检出率,我们应用地高辛标记ＨＣＶ５＇非编码区ｃＤＮＡ作探针,采用原位分子杂交法对９６Ｎ肝硬变,１０２例肝细胞肝癌进行了ＨＣＶＲＮＡ检测,并结合不同年份标本中ＨＣＶＲＮＡ的检出率,探讨ＨＣＶＲＮＡ在肝脏的分布及其丢失问题．结果显示ＨＣＶＲＮＡ定位于肝细胞和肝癌细胞胞浆内,肝脏其它细胞未见明确阳性杂交信号。ＨＣＶＲＮＡ杂交阳性细胞呈灶状和弥漫分布,正常对照、替代、空白对照为阴性,在不同年份肝硬变及肝细胞肝癌中两两比较表明新近包埋蜡块组织较陈旧蜡块组织ＨＣＶ　ＲＮＡ检出率明显高。本文结果证实ＨＣＶＲＮＡ存在于肝细胞和癌细胞的胞浆内,未见肝内其它细胞阳性,还发现ＨＣＶＲＮＡ在肝硬变、肝细胞癌中的检出率随保存时间的延长,其阳性检出率明显降低,表明ＨＣＶＲＮＡ在蜡块中存在明显的降解,应尽可能选用近期标本、为临床分析ＨＣＶ感染,ＨＣＶ与肝硬变、肝细胞肝癌的关系提供更客观的数据。     

人体肝癌及其相关慢性肝病的肝细胞DNA含量定量分析

利用图像分析技术对轻度慢性活动性肝炎（ＭＣＡＨ）、重度慢性活动性肝炎（ＳＣＡＨ）、小结节肝硬变（ＭＩＮＣ）、大结节肝硬变（ＭＡＮＣ）、癌周肝硬变（ＰＣ）和肝细胞癌（ＨＣＣ）及正常对照共６７例样本的肝细胞或癌细胞ＤＮＡ含量进行测定分析。结果（１）ＭＣＡＨ、ＳＣＡＨ和ＭＡＮＣ多倍体化受抑制,显示细胞分化能力下降,可能与肝癌的发生相关;（２）ＨＣＣ均为异倍体肿瘤,细胞具有较高的增殖能力并处于较低的分化状态;（３）ＰＣ倍体分布和双核细胞率介于其他非癌病变和ＨＣＣ之间,细胞分化受抑制且有向异倍体发展趋势,具有癌前病变性质;（４）ＭＩＮＣ明显多倍体化,为分化性的再生修复病变而与肝癌发生无关。因此肝细胞ＤＮＡ含量的定量分析对于了解肝细胞的增生状态,以及患者的预后评估有重要意义。     

三种大鼠肝损伤模型中细胞角蛋白异常表达及其机制──免疫组化及免疫电镜研究

本研究应用ＡＢＣ免疫组化技术显示,奶油黄、液氮致局部冻伤及ＣＣｌ＿４所致的三种肝损伤中也有细胞角蛋白（ＣＫ）异常表达肝细胞。（１）在局部肝冻伤及奶油黄性肝损伤中表明不伴脂肪变性的肝细胞坏死不能直接引起肝细胞ＣＫ表达的改变;（２）在奶油黄性肝损伤中显示了卵圆细胞对肝细胞ＣＫ异常表达的诱导作用,表明层粘连蛋白（ＬＮ）可能是这种作用的媒介;（３）在ＣＣｌ＿４致慢性肝损伤中表明肝细胞ＣＫ异常表达和ＬＮ异常沉积无论在位相上还是在时相上都一致,提出肝小叶结构破坏可能也是通过ＬＮ异常沉积而影响肝细胞的ＣＫ表达;（４）应用电镜及免疫电镜技术表明ＣＣｌ＿４性肝损伤中肝细胞中间丝细胞骨架结构的改变伴随着ＣＫ１９阳性抗原决定簇的出现;（５）设计了一种局部肝冻伤模型,利用这种模型表明,ＣＫ１９阳性肝细胞在肝小叶结构完整性遭到破坏且伴纤维组织增生时出现,随小叶结构的恢复而消失。这是对关于肝细胞ＣＫ异常表达是肝小叶结构修复过程中局部肝细胞的修复性反应这一假说的有力支持。讨论了这种改变的意义。     

针刺对部分背根切断后猫脊髓Ⅱ板层SP、CCK、L－ENK和5－HT神经纤维可塑性的影响──免疫组化定量分析

本研究用免疫组化结合图像分析观测了针刺对切除一侧Ｌ１－Ｓ２背根（保留Ｌ６背根）猫脊髓Ｌ５Ⅱ板层内含Ｐ物质（ＳＰ）、胆囊收缩素（ＣＣＫ）,亮氨酸脑啡肽（Ｌ－ＥＮＫ）和５－羟色胺（５－ＨＴ）神经纤维可塑性的影响。结果如下：非针刺组手术侧Ⅱ板层ＳＰ和ＣＣＫ阳性面积分别为非手术侧的７７％和４６％,而针刺组手术侧ＳＰ已恢复到非手术侧水平,ＣＣＫ为非手术侧的６６％,均比非针刺组明显增加。术后３０天再切断Ｌ６备用根后两组动物手术侧ＳＰ和ＣＣＫ阳性面积显著下降,表明针刺促进备用根中ＳＰ和ＣＣＫ神经纤维发生可塑变化;手术切断背根上Ｌ－ＥＮＫ阳性面积无影响,而针刺后有所增加,表明针刺能影响中间神经元的Ｌ－ＥＮＫ神经纤维发生可塑性变化;背根切断后下行投射的５－ＨＴ阳性面积明显增加,而针刺无进一步促进作用。     

福州地区庚型肝炎病毒重叠感染

为研究庚型肝炎病毒在福州地区的重叠感染,采用ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测本院住院的２８６例病毒性肝炎（ＨＶ）患者和５００名供血员的抗－ＨＧＶ。结果表明,甲、乙、丙、戊型肝炎患者和供血员的抗－ＨＧＶ检出率分别为２．０％、２．２％、４．０％、１０．０％和０．２％。急性肝炎、慢性肝炎、慢性重型肝炎、肝硬化、原发性肝癌和抗－ＨＣＶ阳性供血员的检出率分别为７．９％、４．３％、３３．３％、０％、７．１％和６．３％,慢性重型肝炎检出率较慢性肝炎显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。各型肝炎患者和供血员均存在庚型肝炎病毒重叠感染,以慢性重型肝炎为著。     

重组人蛋白激酶CK2β亚基cDNA的克隆与测序

蛋白激酶ＣＫ２是一种存在的信使非依赖性丝／苏氨酸蛋白激酶．它是由两个催化亚基（α或α′）和两个调节亚基（β）组成的不均一四聚体．用反转录ＰＣＲ从ＨＬ－６０细胞中获得了人蛋白激酶ＣＫ２β亚基编码区ｃＤＮＡ,将ＮｄｅⅠ／ＨｉｎｄⅢ双酶切ＰＣＲ产物连接到表达载体ｐＴ７－７的ＮｄｅⅠ／ＨｉｎｄⅢ双酶切位点中．转化感受态细菌ＤＨ５α获得转化子,阳性筛选率为７２％．限制性酶切分析结果表明,插入片段和重组质粒的大小与理论推测值相符．随机挑选４个阳性质粒测定其插入片段ＤＮＡ序列,结果显示有２个含有正确插入的人蛋白激酶ＣＫ２βｃＤＮＡ,命名为ｐＴＣＫＢ．其余２个克隆分别存在１个和２个点突变,即在其编码区ｃｏｎｄｏｎ１４８的ＴＣＡ→ＴＴＡ,结果Ｓｅｒ→Ｌｅｕ;另一个则在Ｃｏｎｄｏｎ１４３ＧＴＧ→ＡＴＧ,Ｖａｌ→Ｍｅｔ;Ｃｏｎｄｏｎ１７０ＧＴＧ→ＧＣＧ,Ｖａｌ→Ａｌａ．重组质粒（ｐＴＣＫＢ）克隆的成功,将为在原核细胞中表达蛋白激酶ＣＫ２β亚基以及利用ＣＫ２βｃＤＮＡ作为探针进行深入研究打下基础．并为利用ｐＴ７－７表达载体构建其他重组质粒建立了一套成功的方法     

一组丝瓜籽小分子核糖体失活蛋白LuffinS的分离、纯化和性质

通过硫酸铵分级沉淀、ＣＭ－５２阳离子交换层析、ＨＲＬＣ分子排阻层析及ＦＰＬＣＭｏｎｏＳ离子交换层析等步骤,从丝瓜籽中分离到一组分子量为８ｋＤ左右的小分子核糖体失活蛋白——ＬｕｆｉｎＳ１、ＬｕｆｉｎＳ２、ＬｕｆｉｎＳ３。末端分析结果表明,它们的Ｎ端氨基酸分别为Ａｌａ、Ｐｒｏ和Ｔｈｒ。氨基酸序列分析确定了ＬｕｆｉｎＳ２的Ｎ端９个氨基酸的序列是Ｐｒｏ－Ａｒｇ－Ａｒｇ－Ｇｌｙ－Ｇｌｎ－Ｇｌｕ－Ａｌａ－Ｐｈｅ－Ａｓｐ。ＬｕｆｉｎＳｓ对核糖体的失活机制与天花粉蛋白（ＴＣＳ）一致,是ＲＮＡＮ－糖苷酶催化型的。它们对无细胞蛋白质生物合成的抑制活性较ＴＣＳ略强,ＩＣ５０分别为１．３×１０－１１、１．０×１０－１０和６．３×１０－１１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ左右。因此ＬｕｆｉｎＳｓ有可能开发成免疫毒素的高效“弹头”。     

人肝刺激因子对大鼠实验性慢性肝损伤的保护作用

从健康孕妇水囊引产４─６个月龄的胎儿取肝,采用ＬａＢｒｅｃｑｕｅ方法提取人肝刺激因子（ｈＨＳＳ）。经３Ｈ－胸腺嘧啶核苷参入肝ＤＮＡ法测定其生物活性。表明此ｈＨＳＳ可刺激肝细胞ＤＮＡ合成。采用皮下注射ＣＣｌ４和饮用１０％乙醇来制备慢性肝损伤动物模型,观察了ｈＨＳＳ的保护肝脏作用。结果表明：ｈＨＳＳ可使ＣＣｌ４－乙醇所致慢性肝损伤大鼠的死亡率、血清谷丙转氨酶水平、肝组织中羟脯氨酸含量的升高以及肝组织中丙二醛的含量降低。肝组织切片表明：ｈＨＳＳ能减轻肝组织的损伤程度,促进肝细胞再生,并能明显防止肝纤维化的形成和发展。可见,ｈＨＳＳ对ＣＣｌ４－乙醇所致的慢性肝损伤大鼠有明显的保护作用,其机制可能与促进肝细胞再生及抑制肝细胞膜的脂质过氧化有关。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.