平滑肌收缩调节的信号转导

平滑肌细胞内信号转导主要有肌球蛋白轻链激酶（ＭＬＣＫ）和蛋白激酶Ｃ（ＰＫＣ）途径。前者通过肌浆内Ｃａ＾２＋浓度升高,激活钙调蛋白（ＣａＭ）依赖性ＭＬＣＫ,催化肌球蛋白轻链丝氨酸（Ｓｅｒ）－１９磷酸化,肌球蛋白ＡＴＰ酶活性增加,肌丝滑行,肌肉收缩。肌浆内Ｃａ＾２＋浓度的恢复使ＭＬＣＫ失活,肌球蛋白轻链磷酸酶（ＭＬＣＰ）使肌球蛋白脱磷酸化,肌肉舒张。近来有证据表明ＰＫＣ信号转导途径通过影响细肌丝相关蛋     

钙调蛋白结合蛋白,类肌钙蛋白和脊椎动物平滑肌收缩的调节

平滑肌细胞包含有粗肌丝、细肌丝和中等纤维。一般认为Ｃａ＾２＋／ＣａＭ依赖性的肌球蛋白磷酸化作用是平滑肌收缩的重要调控环节。然而,新近在平滑肌中发现钙调蛋白结合蛋白和类肌钙蛋白,它们也参与平滑肌收缩的调节。     

平滑肌肌球蛋白磷酸化与肌动球蛋白功能调节

在有Ｃａ２＋和钙调蛋白存在时,肌球蛋白轻链激酶催化肌球蛋白磷酸化,促使肌动蛋白激活的肌球蛋白（肌动球蛋白）Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性显著增加．然而,肌球蛋白磷酸化水平与Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶之间的关系是非线性的,原肌球蛋白可以进一步增加Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶的活性,但仍不改变它们之间的非线性关系．肌球蛋白轻链激酶的合成肽抑制剂抑制了肌球蛋白磷酸化和Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性,并导致平滑肌去膜肌纤维的等长收缩张力与速度的降低．结果提示肌球蛋白轻链激酶参与脊椎动物平滑肌收缩的调节过程,肌球蛋白轻链磷酸化作用会引起平滑肌收缩     

肌球蛋白轻链激酶及其抑制剂

肌球蛋白轻链激酶（ＭＬＣＫ）是三磷酸肌醇（ＩＰ３）、Ｃａ２＋－钙调蛋白（ＣａＭ）信息转导途径的一种重要蛋白质，也是第一个被发现的依赖于ＣａＭ的激酶，对肌肉收缩起着重要作用［１］。ＭＬＣＫ抑制剂从ＣａＭ水平或ＭＬＣＫ自身水平上抑制ＭＬＣＫ的活性，可抑制或减弱平滑肌的收缩。天然植物中的多种化合物对ＭＬＣＫ有较强的抑制作用，有吖啶类、黄酮类、蒽醌类、菲类和喹啉类化合物等，为植物资源的开发利用提供了有价值的依据。１．ＭＬＣＫ的结构和酶促反应动力学研究ＭＬＣＫ的活性型是由Ｃａ２＋、ＣａＭ和全酶组成的三元复…     

RU486对兔输卵管平滑肌的收缩效应

应用肌肉机械－电换能器和Ｇｉｌｓｏｎ生理记录仪,观察ＲＵ４８６对假孕４ｄ兔离体输卵管平滑肌的收缩效应。结果显示：（１）ＲＵ４８６可直接作用输卵管平滑肌,使其收缩频率增加,而未明显改变收缩张力及振幅,与在体肌内注射ＲＵ４８６观察到的结果相似;（２）ＲＵ４８６部分抑制ｃａ~（２＋）诱发的平滑肌收缩活动,它还与Ｖｅｒａｐａｍｉｌ诱发的抑制效应有协同作用,与ＮＥ诱发的收缩张力有拮抗作用,而对Ｆｏｒｓｋｏｌｉｎ诱发的效应未产生任何影响。以上结果表明,ＲＵ４８６对输卵管平滑肌的作用似乎是改变细胞内游离Ｃａ（２＋）的结果,可能干扰Ｃａ（２＋）的流入、或／和内质网Ｃａ（２＋）释放以及Ｃａ（２＋）－Ｉｐ３信息传递机制。     

慢性低氧性肺动脉高压鼠原代培养肺动脉平滑肌细胞内钙的检定

用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜观察经Ｆｌｕｏ－３／ＡＭ负荷的慢性低氧性肺动脉高压（ＨＰＨ）大鼠原代培养的肺动脉平滑肌细胞（ＰＡＳＭＣ）的形态与内游离Ｃａ２＋浓度的动态变化。结果表明：原代培养的（ＨＰＨ）大鼠的ＰＡＳＭＣ与正常大鼠相比,①细胞内游离Ｃａ２＋浓度增加,但其收缩性减弱;②随培养日数增加,咖啡因（Ｃａｆｅｉｎ）所致的细胞内储钙池－肌浆网的Ｃａ２＋释放作用逐渐减弱,直至消失;③血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡＴ－Ⅱ）升高细胞内钙作用明显增强;④部分呈大红色细胞对多种缩血管物质敏感性增强。结果提示,ＨＰＨ大鼠的ＰＡＳＭＣ的内钙明显增加,其调节机制处于紊乱状态。     

豌豆钙调蛋白基因的克隆及七种来源钙调蛋白基因的分析

从豌豆（Ｐｉｓｕｍ ｓａｔｉｖｕｍ Ｌ．）中提取总ＲＮＡ, 逆转录出ｃＤＮＡ 第一条链后, 以大麦钙调蛋白结构基因两端的寡聚核苷酸为引物, 用ＰＣＲ方法合成豌豆钙调蛋白基因, 克隆到Ｂｌｕｅ－ｓｃｒｉｐｔ 载体上并测定其全序列。结果与已知的苜蓿（Ｍｅｄｉｃａｇｏ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．）、水稻（Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａＬ．）、大麦（Ｈｏｒｄｅｕｍ ｖｕｌｇａｒｅ Ｌ．）、电鳗（Ｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｐｈｏｒｉｄａｅ）、根瘤（Ａｓｐｅｒｇｉｌｌｕｓ ｎｉｄｕｌａｎｓ）、酵母（Ｓａｃｃｈａｒｏｍｙｃｅｓｃｅｒｅｖｉｓｉａｅ） 钙调蛋白基因相比,同源性较高（９１．３％ —６０．８％ ）,其不同部分则常常是Ｃ和Ｔ相替换。进一步分析发现,上述七种来源的钙调蛋白基因之间,常有某些核苷酸替换方式占优势,它们对于氨基酸密码子的使用也各有偏爱     

平滑肌肌球蛋白轻链激酶及ATP结合位点突变体对ATP酶活性的调节作用

目的：探寻MLCK的非激酶活性区域对MLCK活性的影响,进一步阐明MLCK的非激酶活性在调节平滑肌收缩过程中的分子机制。方法：利用编码MLCK全长的pColdI表达载体对其ATP结合位点进行定点突变,获得无激酶活性的MLCK突变体;应用Glycerol—PAGE鉴定肌球蛋白磷酸化水平;应用孔雀绿方法检测重组MLCK对肌球蛋白ATP酶活性的影响。结果：MLCK／△ATP（突变型）失去磷酸化肌球蛋白轻链的激酶活性;重组MLCK（野生型）和MLCK／AATP（突变型）均可以在非钙条件下激活非磷酸化肌球蛋白Mg2＋-ATP酶活性,抑制磷酸化肌球蛋白的Mg2＋．ATP酶活性,而且激活与抑制作用均随着MLCK浓度的增加而增大,但二者对肌球蛋白的ATP酶活性的作用没有显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论：平滑肌肌球蛋白轻链激酶及ATP结合位点突变体具有激活非磷酸化肌球蛋白ATP酶活性的作用。     

神经节苷脂（Gangliosides）对人红细胞膜Ca~（2＋）－Mg~（2＋）ATPase的影响

神经节苷脂（Ｇａｎｇｌｉｏｓｉｄｅｓ）是红细胞膜Ｃａ~（２＋）－Ｍｇ~（２＋）ＡＴＰａｓｅ的一种激活剂,这种激活作用也是依赖于Ｃａ~（２＋）存在。在２００μｍｏｌ／ＬＣａ~（２＋）存在的反应体系中,１００μｇ／ｍＬＧａｎｇｌｉｏｓｉｄｅｓ对Ｃａ~（２＋）－Ｍｇ~（２＋）ＡＴＰａｓｅ的激活作用最大,为基本酶活性的１５０％以上。实验还发现ＣａＭ拮抗剂三氟拉嗪（ＴＦＰ）、粉防已碱（Ｔｅｔ）等也同样抑制Ｇａｎｇｌｉｏｓｉｄｅｓ的这种激活作用。其抑制的ＩＣ_（５０）值为２５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ和３０μｍｏ１／Ｌ;而此浓度下抑制剂存在的反应体系中,对Ｃａ~（２＋）－Ｍｇ~（２＋）ＡＴＰａｓｅ的基本活性影响不大。     

cGMP对原代培养猪冠状动脉平滑肌细胞钙激活钾通道的作用

３′,５′－环－磷酸鸟苷（ｃＧＭＰ）具有激活血管平滑肌细胞膜上钙激活钾通道（ＫＣａ通道）的作用,从而引起血管平滑肌细胞的舒张。但ｃＧＭＰ激活ＫＣａ物机制存在争论。本工作应用膜片箝技术以原代培养猪冠状动脉平滑肌细胞为对象研究了ｃＧＭＰ影响ＫＣａ通道的机制。实验结果显示：（１）在ｃｅｌｌ－ａｔｔａｃｈｅｄ膜片方式下,当溶液内游离Ｃａ＾２＋浓度为１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,膜电位为＋７０ｍＶ时,不同浓度的ｃＧ     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.