健康老年人肠道双歧杆菌和乳杆菌种群多样性分析

从31个60岁以上的符合中华医学会老年医学分会健康老年人标准的健康老人中随机选取4例作为研究对象,使用分子生物学方法,对他们的肠道双歧杆菌和乳杆菌种群多样性进行分析.研究结果表明,健康老人肠道中双歧杆菌的优势种群为长双歧杆菌（Bifi∥dobacterium longum）和假小链双歧杆菌（Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum）,分别占双歧杆菌种群的55%和45%;而肠道乳杆菌则有唾液乳杆菌（Lactobacillus salivarius）50%、Lactobacillus mocosae 31.1%、口腔乳杆菌（Lactobacillus oris）6.3%、鼠李糖乳杆菌（Lactobacillus rhamnosus）6.3%和瑞士乳杆菌（Lactobacillus helveticus）6.3%,其中唾液乳杆菌、Lactobacillus mocosae为健康老人肠道优势乳杆菌种群.     

儿童肠道双歧杆菌和乳杆菌种群结构分析

以21例2～5岁中国儿童的肠道菌群为研究对象,利用传统培养计数法和分子生物学技术,对此年龄段健康儿童的肠道菌群分布及其中关键益生菌的种群结构进行了定量研究。实验表明,儿童肠道厌氧菌的数量高达109CFUg(湿重),其肠道菌群的定植抗力(平均BE=2.38)较强;不同的个体之间所能检测到的关键益生菌的种类有所不同,一般能检测到其中的1～4种双歧杆菌和1～5种乳杆菌;长双歧杆菌和假小链双歧杆菌的平均数量多达107CFUg(湿重),检出率分别为90.48%和85.71%,为儿童肠道内双歧杆菌的优势菌种;L.mucosae和发酵乳杆菌的数量较多,平均为3.68log10CFUg(湿重)和3.97log10CFUg(湿重),检出率分别为71.43%和52.38%,为稳定定植于儿童肠道内的优势乳杆菌;不同种类的益生菌在不同样本之间的数量组成均存在有很大差异,双歧杆菌的样本差异为1.86～3.85,乳杆菌的为2.43～4.07。     

双歧杆菌、乳杆菌制剂在食品工业中的研究现状与展望

正常人体肠道中存在着大量微生物 ,这些菌群的平衡对人体健康发挥着重要的作用。肠道内正常菌群作为一个整体存在 ,相互依赖又相互制约。机体肠道内菌群失调则出现一系列的生理功能紊乱 ,临床表现为腹泻和感染等。而近年来 ,益生菌 (剂 ) (probiotics)作为一类对人体有益的细菌的总称 ,它对腹泻和感染等疾病的治疗和预防有特殊的功效 ,已成为微生物学的研究热点 ,并在保健食工业上得到广泛应用。双歧杆菌、乳杆菌是目前开发应用最热门的两种益生菌。双歧杆菌、乳杆菌是机体有益的与人类健康又密不可分的重要生理菌群 ,二者对人健康和营养有…     

螺旋藻及其水提物对肠道菌群体外生长的影响

体外观察螺旋藻及其水提物对肠道菌群生长的影响。结果表明 ,螺旋藻及其水提物对双歧杆菌和乳杆菌和生长具有显著的促进作用 (培养 48h,P<0 .0 0 1) ,对肠道其他菌亦有不同程度的促进作用 ,而对大肠埃希菌的促生长作用不显著 (P>0 .0 5 )。     

双歧杆菌QJ405、乳杆菌QJ405在试管内对肠道致病菌抑杀效果的初步报告

目的 观察双歧杆菌ＱＪ４０５和乳杆菌ＱＪ４０５在试管内对肠道致病的抑菌和杀菌效果。方法 抑菌实验：实验组,双歧杆菌ＱＪ４０５和乳杆菌ＱＪ４０５分别与各致病菌共同培养;对照组,实验组中的细菌各自单独培养。然后观察一定间隔时间（每２ｈ或４ｈ）细菌的数量变化,并绘制生长曲线。杀菌实验：将２种菌的培养上清液定量滴在已均匀涂布定量致病菌的平板表面,然后观察滴过上清液的区域内是否有细菌生长。结果：４种肠道致病菌和２株标准菌株（ＡＴＣＣ２５２９２２,ＡＴＣＣ２５９２３）的生长明显受到抑制。乳杆菌ＱＪ４０５的代谢产物有杀菌作用。结论 双歧杆菌ＱＪ４０５和乳杆菌ＱＪ４０５具有益生菌的性质。     

酪酸梭菌--婴儿型双歧杆菌二联活菌制剂对人体肠道菌群的调节试验

目的　观察酪酸梭菌——婴儿型双歧杆菌二联活菌制剂对受试人群肠道菌群的影响。方法　检测受试者服用前后的肠道菌群并计数。结果　肠杆菌、肠球菌、拟杆菌的数量无明显变化 ,双歧杆菌、乳杆菌的数量明显增加 ,差异有非常显著性 (P<0 .0 1) ,结论　酪酸梭菌——婴儿型双歧杆菌二联活菌制剂具有一定的调节人体肠道菌群、增殖双歧杆菌和乳杆菌的作用。     

酷酸梭菌——婴儿型双歧杆菌二联活菌制剂对人体肠道菌群的调节试验

目的 观察酷酸梭菌－－婴儿型双歧杆菌二联活菌制剂对受试人群肠道菌群的影响。方法 检测受试者服用前后的肠道菌群并计数。结果 肠杆菌、肠球菌、拟杆菌的数量无明显变化,双歧杆菌、乳杆菌的数量明显增加,差异有非常显著性（Ｐ〈０．０１）,结论 酪酸梭菌－－婴儿型双歧杆菌二联活菌制剂具有一定的调节人体肠道菌群、增殖双歧杆菌和乳杆菌的作用。     

抗生素对双歧杆菌影响的观察

本文观察了双歧杆菌对临床常用抗生素的敏感性及其Ｌ型形成和抗生素对动物体内双歧杆菌的影响,发现双歧杆菌对多种抗生素耐药或易形成Ｌ型。动物口服双歧杆菌同时给抗生素,６天后其粪便中仍有大量双歧杆菌或双歧杆菌Ｌ型存在,表明双歧杆菌可通过多种机制逃避抗生素的作用,在机体肠道内长期存在。     

青春双歧杆菌对2型糖尿病模型大鼠肠道菌群和脂质代谢的影响

目的通过观察青春双歧杆菌对2型糖尿病模型大鼠肠道菌群的变化,和血清中总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL-C）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和丙二醛（MDA）的水平,探讨青春双歧杆菌对2型糖尿病模型大鼠肠道功能和脂质代谢的影响。方法采用青春双歧杆菌灌胃2型糖尿病模型大鼠,取粪便检查正常菌群,取血和脏器检测TC、TG、HDL-C、SOD和MDA含量。结果青春双歧杆菌导致肠道内双歧杆菌、乳杆菌的数量增加,而肠杆菌、肠球菌数量下降;TC、TG和MDA水平下降,而HDL-C和SOD水平升高。结论青春双歧杆菌具有改善2型糖尿病模型大鼠肠道功能和降血脂作用,与二甲双胍联合应用效果更佳。     

试管内双歧杆菌、复方双歧杆菌制剂对肠道致病菌的拮抗作用

试管内,两歧双歧杆菌(6-1)株对福氏志贺氏痢疾杆菌和侵袭性大肠杆菌都具有一定的拮抗作用。复方双歧杆菌制剂对福氏志贺氏痢疾杆菌具有很强的拮抗作用,甚至能完全抑制其生长繁殖。提示,在抑制肠道致病菌方面,复方双歧杆菌制剂要比单一的双歧杆菌具备更强的效能和更多的优越性。     

爱灵生乐（2036）螺旋藻双歧胶囊对抗生素相关性腹泻小鼠的治疗作用

目的采用盐酸林克霉素诱发小鼠相关性腹泻模型,观察螺旋藻、婴儿型双歧杆菌及其混合物爱灵生乐（2036）螺旋藻双歧胶囊（胶囊内容物,含婴儿型双歧杆菌、螺旋藻,下同）对抗生素相关性腹泻小鼠的治疗作用。方法经口投予盐酸林克霉素0.15 g/（d.鼠）,连续3 d,然后经口分别给予螺旋藻、双歧杆菌及爱灵生乐（2036）螺旋藻双歧胶囊1.66 g/（kg.b.w）,连续5 d。结果经口投予螺旋藻、婴儿型双歧杆菌及爱灵生乐（2036）螺旋藻双歧胶囊1.66 g/（kg.b.w）,连续5 d,能有效改善盐酸林克霉素诱发的小鼠相关性腹泻症状,特别是给予爱灵生乐（2036）螺旋藻双歧胶囊组,可有效治疗盐酸林克霉素诱发小鼠相关性腹泻。结论螺旋藻与双歧杆菌复合制剂对抗生素相关性腹泻有明确治疗作用。     

Spirulina ameliorates arsenic induced reproductive toxicity in male rats

Spirulina (Spirulina platensis), has numerous health benefits including antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities, works against heavy metal toxicity, and is often used as a food supplement in human, animals, birds and fishes. This study aimed to evaluate the protective ability of the dietary spirulina against the toxic effects of inorganic arsenic (iAs) on male reproductive parameters in rats. Seventy-two mature Long-Evans male rats, dividing into six groups (T0, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5) (12 rats/group) were included in this study. The T3, T4 and T5 group rats were treated with three consecutive doses (1.0 g, 1.5 g and 2.0 g/kg feed) of spirulina in feed along with 3.0 mg NaAsO₂/kg body weight (BW) in drinking water (DW) daily for 90 days. Each rat of group T1 received NaAsO₂ (3.0 mg/kg BW) in DW, and those of T2 group were fed with spirulina (2.0 g/kg feed) daily for 90 days. The rats of group T0 served as the control with normal feed and water. Total arsenic (tAs) contents, reproductive parameters (testicular weight, sperm motility and morphology), and histological changes in the testicles were evaluated in these rats. Arsenic dosing significantly (p=0.003, Kruskal-Wallis test) increased the tAs contents in the testicles, decreased testes weight, sperm morphology and motility compared to the controls. The effect of arsenic dosing was also evidenced by the histological changes like decreased germinal layers in the seminiferous tubules of the treated rats. Moreover, dietary spirulina (2.0 g/kg feed) supplementation significantly (p=0.011, Kruskal-Wallis test) lowered tAs contents in testicles and increases testes weights, sperm motility and morphology. Therefore, spirulina can be used as an effective dietary supplement to ameliorate the adverse effects of arsenic induced reproductive toxicities. However, further study is required to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of reduction of arsenic induced reproductive toxicity by spirulina.     

螺旋藻对衰老小鼠脑功能的保护作用

目的探讨螺旋藻对衰老小鼠脑功能的作用。方法使用D-半乳糖建立小鼠衰老模型,用螺旋藻灌胃进行实验性治疗。持续6周后,检测小鼠的学习记忆能力及脑组织的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力和丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果与对照组相比,模型组小鼠的学习记忆能力下降（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,SOD活力下降、MDA含量升高;当补充螺旋藻后,实验组的学习记忆能力又不同程度的得到恢复（P〈0.05）,SOD活力升高、MDA的含量下降。结论螺旋藻对衰老小鼠的脑功能具有保护作用。     

施普瑞螺旋藻对尾吊模拟失重大鼠肠道微生态失调的调整作用研究

目的：研究模拟失重条件下,施普瑞螺旋藻对大鼠肠道微生态失调的调整作用。方法：将基础饲料中加入5%的螺旋藻作为处理组饲喂大鼠,用选择性培养基分别对肠球菌、肠杆菌、类杆菌、乳杆菌以及双歧杆菌定量测定,扫描电镜观察大鼠盲肠上皮细胞的组织变化,结果：螺旋藻处理组过路菌群中肠杆菌和肠球菌数量变化并不明显;原籍菌群中双歧杆菌较对照组显著增多,类杆菌和乳杆菌的数量差异没有显著性,模拟失重条件下SD大鼠盲肠上皮有肿胀细胞出现,并且肠道上皮绒毛排列紊乱、稀疏、而螺旋藻处理组中只发现有少量的肿胀细胞,上皮绒毛致密,排列较整齐。结论：旋普瑞螺旋藻具有纠正在模拟失重条件下大鼠肠道微生态平衡失调的作用。     

Effects of spirulina, a blue-green alga, on bone metabolism in ovariectomized rats and hindlimb-unloaded mice

The safety and effectiveness were examined of the spirulina alga on bone metabolism in ovariectomized estrogen-deficient rats and hindlimb-unloaded mice. The dosage range was from an amount equal to that recommended in so-called health foods for humans (0.08 g/kg BW/day) to a 100-fold higher dose. The bone mineral density (BMD) of the whole femur and tibia of ovariectomized rats in the any spirulina-treated groups was not significantly different from that of the ovariectomized group, although BMD of the distal femur and proximal tibia was significantly lower in the spirulina-treated groups than in the ovariectomized group after a 6 week-experimental period. BMD of the femur and tibia was not affected by treatment with any dose of spirulina in hindlimb-unloaded mice. These results suggest that the intake of spirulina decreased BMD in the trabecular bone of rodents under estrogen-deficient conditions.     

A Spirulina-Enhanced Diet Provides Neuroprotection in an α-Synuclein Model of Parkinson's Disease

Inflammation in the brain plays a major role in neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, microglial cell activation is believed to be associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). An increase in microglia activation has been shown in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of PD models when there has been a decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive cells. This may be a sign of neurotoxicity due to prolonged activation of microglia in both early and late stages of disease progression. Natural products, such as spirulina, derived from blue green algae, are believed to help reverse this effect due to its anti-inflammatory/anti-oxidant properties. An adeno-associated virus vector (AAV9) for α-synuclein was injected in the substantia nigra of rats to model Parkinson''s disease and to study the effects of spirulina on the inflammatory response. One month prior to surgeries, rats were fed either a diet enhanced with spirulina or a control diet. Immunohistochemistry was analyzed with unbiased stereological methods to quantify lesion size and microglial activation. As hypothesized, spirulina was neuroprotective in this α-synuclein model of PD as more TH+ and NeuN+ cells were observed; spirulina concomitantly decreased the numbers of activated microglial cells as determined by MHCII expression. This decrease in microglia activation may have been due, in part, to the effect of spirulina to increase expression of the fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) on microglia. With this study we hypothesize that α-synuclein neurotoxicity is mediated, at least in part, via an interaction with microglia. We observed a decrease in activated microglia in the rats that received a spirulina- enhanced diet concomitant to neuroprotection. The increase in CX3CR1 in the groups that received spirulina, suggests a potential mechanism of action.     

螺旋藻对运动疲劳大鼠海马损伤的保护作用及机制研究

目的：研究BDNF/TrkB神经营养信号在运动疲劳大鼠海马神经元损伤中的作用与螺旋藻改善运动致脑海马损伤的作用及其可能的机制。方法：60只雄性SD大鼠随机分为：正常对照组（NC组）、正常+螺旋藻灌胃组（NS组）、运动模型组（EM组）、运动+螺旋藻灌胃组（ES组）、阳性对照组（PC组）,每组12只。EM组、ES组和PC组采用3周的递增式跑台训练建立运动疲劳模型。NC组不施加任何干预,用作对照。NS组和ES组按每天300 mg/kg体重灌胃螺旋藻,PC组以同等体积的人参提取物（1.92 g/kg）灌胃,连续灌胃3周。实验末,用免疫组化和免疫印迹法检测各组大鼠海马BDNF、TrkB、p-TrkB蛋白表达水平,并用尼氏染色法观察海马CA1区形态结构的变化,同时观察大鼠体重等一般情况。结果：与NC组比较,EM组大鼠的体重降低,海马CA1区神经元细胞形态异常且排列紊乱,部分细胞固缩呈不规则变化,部分神经元消失不见,海马BDNF、TrkB和p-TrkB蛋白表达均明显升高（P<0.01）;与EM组比较,ES组大鼠的体重增加,海马神经元损伤得到明显改善,神经元数目和尼氏小体数量增加,神经元排列渐趋规则,形态较完整,ES组海马BDNF、TrkB和p-TrkB蛋白表达均明显升高（P<0.05或P< 0.01）,且与PC组相比,已无明显差别（P>0.05）。结论：BDNF/TrkB神经营养信号可能参与运动致疲劳大鼠海马神经元损伤的修复过程;螺旋藻补充能改善运动疲劳大鼠海马神经元损伤,其原因可能与其上调BDNF和其受体（TrkB）及其受体磷酸化（p-TrkB）蛋白表达而发挥神经保护作用有关。     

Effect of iodine and cobalt salts on content of biologically active substances in spirulina biomass

Production technology of iodinized spirulina biomass at vertical panel airlifted photobioreactor has been developed. The influence of different concentrations of iodine ions at certain combinations with cobalt ions on iodine-accumulative properties of spirulina has been studied. It has been shown that it is possible to obtain spirulina biomass containing certain amount of organically bound iodine by varying cobalt and iodine ions combinations and by staged addition of ions to incubation medium. This technique of staged addition of iodine and cobalt salt allowed to adopt spirulina to their high amount in the incubation medium, to increase spirulina productivity during growth, and to produce biomass with large iodine content.     

螺旋藻对腹泻模型小鼠肠道菌群的影响

为评价螺旋藻对肠道菌群的影响, 采用注射氨苄青霉素的方法, 制造小鼠腹泻模型, 造模成功后灌服不同剂量螺旋藻进行治疗, 取不同治疗时间的粪便样品, 检测双歧杆菌、乳杆菌、大肠杆菌、肠球菌、拟杆菌、产气荚膜梭菌菌群的数量,并在螺旋藻灌胃8 d后, 测定小鼠不同肠段各指标菌群的数量。结果表明, 中高剂量组螺旋藻对腹泻模型小鼠肠道菌群有明显调整作用, 有效缩短了肠道菌群由失调到平衡的时间;粪便样品同各肠段内容物所反映的菌群的变化趋势相同, 即治疗恢复组的双歧杆菌、乳杆菌数量总体上高于生理盐水组, 肠杆菌、肠球菌、拟杆菌、产气荚膜梭菌数量均低于生理盐水组, 但取样位置不同, 各指标菌群的数量明显存在差异。     

基于蛋白质组学对螺旋藻砷胁迫响应机制的研究

通过研究螺旋藻(Spirulina sp.)在砷离子胁迫下的蛋白质组变化,从蛋白质表达水平解释螺旋藻对砷离子胁迫的响应机理。螺旋藻经过不同浓度砷离子胁迫7 d后,提取蛋白质进行凝胶电泳,并对差异蛋白进行质谱分析。结果表明螺旋藻在2.0 ppm砷酸盐中暴露10 min光合放氧速率降低27.3%,培养24 h后细胞内的金属硫蛋白、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素及藻胆蛋白相对含量均明显降低。蛋白组学共鉴定出75个差异蛋白,其中26个显著上调,49个呈现下调。这些差异蛋白表明砷离子主要通过破坏螺旋藻光合色素蛋白,干扰电子传递过程,导致能量合成受损,使得依赖光合作用产生能量进行的跨膜运动、蛋白质合成等相关过程受到影响;同时,活性氧清除与防御相关蛋白呈现上调,螺旋藻细胞内抗氧化系统被激活。