杭州石荠苧生态学特性的研究

杭州石荠（Ｍｏｓｌａｈａｎｇｃｈｏｗｅｎｓｉｓ）的种子完全靠风传播,但由于种子大,传播距离不远;种子在冬季休眠,春天（２月末３月初）萌发,种子萌发率很低,尤其是水选上层种子,主要原因是质量差。杭州石荠的营养期从３月初到８月上旬,株高在８月中旬以前基本为匀速增加,早期生长极为缓慢。形态和生殖力的环境可塑性极强,自然生长的植株冠幅变动在４～５６１６ｃｍ２之间。杭州石荠在自然生境中有时形成单优群落,通常与其它植物伴生。由于早期生长慢,限制了其在群落中的竞争能力,在土壤条件好的地方绝大部分被排挤掉,只是由于其极强的耐旱能力才在高温、干旱、土少的生境中得以存活。将同属不濒危的华荠与之比较,其种子小于杭州石荠,但萌发率却高于杭州石荠。华荠的植株较矮,花色不如杭州石荠鲜艳,同在路边生长,不像杭州石荠那样容易被人采摘;华荠的根较杭州石荠的根深,抗雨水冲刷能力较强。华荠在自然生境中植株投入生殖的比例大于杭州石荠。     

杭州石荠苎生态学特性的研究

杭州石荠苎的种子完全靠风传播,但由于种子大,传播距离不远,种子在冬季休眠,春天（２月末３月初）萌发,种子萌发率很低,尤其是水选上层种子,主要原因是质量差,杭州石荠苎的营养期从３月初到８月上旬,株高在８月中旬以前基本为匀速增加,早期生长极为缓慢,形态和生殖力的环境可塑性极强,自然生长的植株冠幅变动在４￣５６１６ｃｍ＾２之间。杭州石荠苎在自然生境中有时形成单优群落,通常与其它植物伴生。由于早期生长慢,     

长喙毛茛泽泻的生活史特征及濒危机制

长喙毛茛泽泻(Ranalisma rostratum)是1种水生濒危植物,目前我国仅在湖南茶陵的湖里沼泽中生存有1个种群。在自然生境中,它在水深5～10 cm条件下生长良好,植株挺水。该植物以无性和有性两种方式生殖,无性繁殖体对种群的补充是保持自然种群大小的重要途径。虽然种子产量不是限制因素,但无性繁殖体和种子传播受限制、种子生活力及萌发率低、幼苗生长慢、在自然群落中竞争能力差、生境破坏很可能是导致这种植物濒危的重要原因。     

杭州石荠种子萌发的生理生态学研究

本文研究了我国特有的、分布区极狭窄的１年生草本植物——杭州石荠（Ｍｏｓｌａｈａｎｇｃｈｏｗｅｎ－ｓｉｓ）种子萌发的生理生态学特性。结果表明：杭州石荠种子冬天休眠,早春开始萌发;萌发的温度范围是１０～３５℃,２０℃时萌发率最高,因此其萌发的季节仅限于春季;变温处理的萌发率不高于恒温处理;全日照和黑暗条件使萌发率比最适条件的萌发率降低３６％;水选上层种子的萌发率仅为７％,水选下层种子萌发率可达６０％,但水选下层种子在全部种子中仅占３２．６％,说明种子质量差可能是其萌发率低的重要原因。萌发率与千粒重、气介容重及电导率有显著相关;与母株生境也有一定关系,４０％日照下母株所产种子的平均萌发率为２４．６％,４０％日照以下母株所产种子的萌发率降低;不同地区种群种子萌发率均低于３５％。种子萌发率低是杭州石荠各个种群存在的共同问题。     

新疆短命植物小拟南芥(Arabidopsis pumila)种子萌发特性及其生态适应性

通过显微结构及不同处理条件下种子萌发率的观察,对早春短命植物小拟南芥(Arabidopsis pumila)种子萌发特性及影响因素进行了研究,并对其生态适应性进行了讨论。结果表明:(1)温度和光照变化对自然生境和温室收获种子的萌发率影响均不显著,说明此种群在前期萌发阶段对光、温不敏感;(2)自然生境中采收的小拟南芥种子萌发率显著低于温室收获种子,说明环境条件的变化对短命植物种子的发育具有重要作用,可显著改变种子的萌发行为;(3)赤霉素使自然生境收获种子胚活性增强从而对萌发有较大促进作用,可使萌发率增加50%以上;(4)对种皮进行各种机械损伤处理使得种皮松弛或透气,可以显著提高自然生境种子的萌发率(超过70%);(5)盐和干旱胁迫对种子萌发均具有明显的抑制作用,但复水后部分被抑制种子可重新萌发,显示盐和干旱胁迫可导致种子产生浅度休眠。结合小拟南芥自然生存环境及本研究的结果,显示其种子萌发特性与生境具有高度适应性。     

杭州石荠苧不同地方种群分化及空间利用策略研究

从杭州石荠苧(Mosla hangchowensis)5个不同地方种群采集种子,在实验室萌发,幼苗移植到实验地。在营养生长末期时,研究了株高、冠幅、主茎长、最大分枝长、基茎粗、叶面积、一级分枝数、平均二级分枝数、主茎叶对数、根长和根幅等11个空间结构参数,分析不同种群的空间利用策略和分化程度。结果发现：基本无基因交流的各地方种群产生了不同的适应方式,并在表型上有可见的差异。其中惠安种群以扩大冠幅占领较大的横向空间,种群分化程度最大;杭州种群以增加高度占领较大的纵向空间,分化程度次之;临海、天台和普陀种群分化程度较小。临海和天台种群水选下层种子萌发生长的植株个体比水选上层种子形成植株个体大,但个体对空间的利用策略仍一致。     

杭州石荠苎种子萌发的生理生态学研究

本文研究了我国特有的、分布区极狭窄的１年生草本植物－杭州石荠苎种子萌发的生理生态学特性。结果表明：杭州石荠苎种子冬天休眠,早春开始萌发;萌发的温度范围是１０￣３５℃,２０℃时萌发率最高,因此其萌发的季节仅限于春季;变温处理的萌发率不高于恒温处理;全日照和黑暗条件使萌发率比最适条件的萌发率降低３６％;水选上层种子的萌发率仅为７％,水选下层种子萌发率可达６０％,但水选下层种子在全部种子中仅占３２．６％     

山茶科濒危植物猪血木的生态与繁殖特性

在广东省阳春市八甲镇地区发现濒危和特有植物猪血木（Euryodendron excelsum)80余株个体及其自然居群,通过其生境条件,分布格局,群落组成,物候,种子散布和种子萌发实验等研究。结果显示该植物生长繁殖正常;其种子散布以黄臀鹎（Pycnonotus xanthorrhous)等鸟类散布为主,但鸟类消化处理不是其种子萌发的必要条件,湿度保持是其种子保持活力的重要条件;其种子无休眠期,同时探讨了该植物的濒危状况的原因。提出了相应的保护建议和方案。     

沙芥和斧形沙芥种子萌发对土壤含水量的适应性

以中国特有种沙芥[Pugionium cornutum(L.)Gaertn.]和濒危种斧形沙芥(Pugionium dolabratum Max-im.)的种子为研究材料,利用自然生境的沙土在室内进行种子萌发人工模拟试验,研究沙芥和斧形沙芥种子萌发、幼苗出土和幼苗生长对土壤含水量的适应性。结果表明:沙芥和斧形沙芥果实适宜萌发的土壤含水量范围均为6%～12%,适宜出苗的土壤含水量范围均为6%～16%。当土壤含水量低于2%时,果实不能萌发;当土壤含水量低于3%时,幼苗不能出土定居;当土壤含水量为6%～12%时,最有利于幼苗的生长。当土壤含水量分别为3%～8%和4%～8%时,沙芥和斧形沙芥植株根冠比最大。因此,沙芥和斧形沙芥种子萌发机制对沙生环境有着极强的适应性;植株将更多的同化物用于根系生长,以吸收更深层次的水分,从而适应含水量低的土壤。     

青藏高原东缘61种常见木本植物种子萌发特性及其与生活史的关联

为了评价亚高山地带木本植物种子萌发对策及其与生活史关联, 该文对青藏高原东缘61种常见木本植物的种子萌发特征以及种子萌发与种子大小、扩散方式、海拔及生境的关系进行了调查分析。结果表明: 1) 61种植物的种子萌发率呈现偏斜、双峰分布。6种植物(9.8%)的种子萌发率大于80%, 13种(21.3%)的萌发率在60%~80%之间, 9种(14.8%)的萌发率在40%~60%之间, 8种(13.1%)的萌发率在20%~40%之间, 25种(41%)的萌发率小于20%, 其中8种植物的种子萌发率为零, 显示了该生境中木本植物的种子以休眠、低萌发率或连续稳定的萌发对策占优势, 以避免不利的环境因素。2)种子扩散方式是决定61种木本植物种间萌发率变异(R² = 24.1%, p < 0.001) 和萌发开始时间变异(R ²= 21.3%, p < 0.01) 的主要因素; 种子大小、母体植株的海拔和生境对种子萌发率和萌发开始时间几乎没有影响(p > 0.05); 风扩散的种子比脊椎动物扩散和无助扩散的种子有更高的萌发率(F = 9.219, p < 0.001) 和较早的萌发开始时间(F = 6.772, p < 0.01)。说明植物生活史特征如种子萌发与扩散方式之间存在固有而紧密的联系, 扩散能力强的种子(如风扩散)由于能散布到较远而空旷的生境, 可能避免了各种有害因素或个体竞争, 因而种子以较强的萌发能力进行拓殖; 扩散能力弱的种子(如无助扩散)由于其散布距离较近, 种子以休眠或降低萌发的方式来避免个体或同胞竞争以及各种有害因素, 以获得最大的生态利益并确保物种延续。     

长江三角洲石荠苧属植物的精油成分及其与系统发育的关系

本文运用色谱/质谱/计算机联用方法,对长江三角洲地区石荠苧属Mosla 5种植物进行分析比较,发现这5个种在精油成分的组成上基本可分为两个类型:一个类型含有大量的香荆芥酚和其他单萜类化合物,倍半萜成分很少,酚酯类化合物几乎没有;另一个类型则在精油中含有大量的倍半萜和酚酯类化合物。笔者在化学分子水平上探讨了它们的种间亲缘关系和可能的演化途径。     

GERMINATION ECOPHYSIOLOGY OF ARENARIA GLABRA,A WINTER ANNUAL OF SANDSTONE AND GRANITE OUTCROPS OF SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES

The germination ecophysiology of Arenaria glabra Michx., a characteristic winter annual plant species of granite and sandstone outcrops of southeastern United States, was investigated. Seeds germinate in early autumn, plants overwinter in the rosette stage and then flower, set seeds, and die in late spring; seeds are dispersed soon after maturity. Eighty-five to 90% of freshly-matured seeds were innately dormant, and the other 10–15% germinated only at temperatures lower than those that occur in the habitat at the time of seed dispersal in June. During the summer after-ripening period, seeds stored dry under ambient laboratory conditions exhibited progressive increases in rates and total percentages of germination, a widening of the temperature range for germination, and a loss of the light requirement. At a 14-hr daily photoperiod, seeds kept on continuously moist soil germinated to 83% at simulated July and August temperatures during July and August, and the remainder germinated at September temperatures in September. On the other hand, seeds subjected to alternate wetting and drying during July and August germinated to only 9% during those 2 months, and the remainder germinated after the soil was kept continuously moist, beginning on 1 September, at simulated habitat temperatures during September and October. Thus, the timing of germination of A. glabra in the field is controlled by an interplay of the seeds' physiological state with the dynamics of temperature and soil moisture conditions.     

The effects of time of seed production on the germination response of Spergularia marina

Germination studies were carried out with seeds of Spergularia marina L. Griseb produced over an interval of six months (June-November). The response of the seeds to light and dark, various constant and alternating temperature regimes, and salinity were determined. In addition, the effects of soil moisture status at the time of seed production on the subsequent germination response of seeds were also determined. Light was an absolute requirement for germination. While a constant temperature regime did not generally favour germination of seed of any month, alternating temperature greatly enhanced germination with an optimum at 5/15°C in all seeds. When imbibed in solutions of different salinities, seeds collected in July and October behaved like true halophyte seeds whereas those collected in June. August, September and November behaved like glycophyte seeds.
High concentration of gibberellic acid (3 000 μ M ) stimulated dark germination in the June and November seed lots, but in light, low GA3 concentration (300 μ M ) stimulated germination most. The addition of kinetin (30 μ M ) plus gibberellic acid enhanced germination in the dark in contrast to GA3 alone; kinetin alone stimulated a very low percentage germination.
The moisture status of the soil at the time seeds were produced did not affect the germination response of an early seed crop (July) but affected that of the later seeds (August).
Judging from the different germination responses, it appears that the seeds belong to at least two physiological groups, one which appears to need either a dark-wet or cold-wet pretreatmem for high germination to occur; and the other group which does not need pretreatmem. The ecological significance of these varied responses is discussed in relation to the survival of the species in its habitat.     

Anatomical Studies of After-Ripening of Coptis chinensis Seed

The seeds of Coptis chinensis Franeh took 9–10 months to germinate after they were collected and buried under ground.. This is due to the fact that the embryo of Coptis chinensis was not fully developed after shedding but remained in the stage of globular or early heart-shaped embryo, and the latter of which has to pass through a rather long period before it developed into torpedo-embryo stage. Embryo completed its growth about January of the following year. The delay in seed germination is because of the embryo not being fully developed after shedding. However, the primordium of the first foliage leaf initiated early in the apical meristem of the young embryo. Perceiving the whole process of the young embryo growth, it seems possible that, if a suitable condition is envisaged to shorten the heart-shaped embryo stage, the whole germinating process of seed might be somewhat curtailed.     

几种试剂处理对石香薷种子萌发的影响

在试验条件下,分别用几种不同的试剂单独或联合对石香薷种子进行预处理,结果表明:用质量分数1.0%的KNO3进行预处理的石香薷种子,在湿沙发芽床上萌发效果较其它不同浓度的试剂均要好,而几种试剂联合预处理对石香薷种子萌发的促进作用不明显。     

黄连木雌花芽形态分化研究

采用石蜡切片法观察了黄连木雌花芽的分化过程,以揭示黄连木雌花芽分化规律,为合理调控雌花芽分化质量和数量提供依据.结果表明:黄连木雌花芽的分化时期为当年4月中旬至10月底和翌年3月中下旬至4月上旬,历时345 d左右.具有分化时间早、分化速度快但整个花序分化持续时间长的特点.黄连木雌花芽分化包括花序分化和小花分化2个过程,可划分为未分化期、花芽分化始期、苞片分化期、花序形成期、小花原基分化期、被片分化期、雌蕊原基分化期、雌蕊分化期等8个时期.     

Effect of phylogeny, life history and habitat correlates on seed germination of 69 arid and semi-arid zone species from northwest China

We tested the effects of phylogeny, life history and habitat conditions for seedling establishment on seed germination of 69 arid/semi-arid zone species from northwest China. Final germination percentages had a bimodal distribution, whereas, days to first germination were skewed toward short periods. Stepwise multi-way ANOVAs showed that the amount of variance in final germination percentage among species for seeds incubated in light was explained by phylogeny (13.6%), dispersal mode (11.9%), seed mass (3.6%), and habitat (0.2%); in darkness by dispersal mode (17.5%), phylogeny (12.7%), seed mass (5.7%), and habitat (0%). A series of ANOVAs revealed that the variance in final germination percentages among species is largely dependent upon phylogeny and dispersal mode but that it is also influenced by seed mass and habitat. The effects of dispersal mode and seed mass on final germination percentage among species were phylogenetic group- and habitat-specific. Wind-dispersed seeds had higher germination percentages than unassisted and vertebrate-dispersed seeds. Compared to xerophytes, mesophytes tended to have smaller seed mass, higher mean germination percentages and a greater effect of seed mass on final germination fractions. Our results suggest that phylogeny and life history should be taken into account in studies on the role of natural selection in regulation of seed germination.     

Floral and reproductive biology of Drosophyllum lusitanicum (L.) Link (Droseraceae)

We studied the floral and reproductive biology of Drosophyllym lusitanicum (Droseraceae), a species endemic to the western Iberian Peninsula and northwest Morocco. Flowering lasted from March to August, peaking in April. The species is clearly homogamous, with pollen germination and stigma receptivity occurring even in preanthesis. This was reflected in the high rates of fruit set and seed set in bagged inflorescences. Fructification did not differ significantly between different pollination treatments, although we did find differences between some treatments in the numbers of viable seeds per flower and fruit. However, seed weight did not differ significantly. The importance of self-pollination over cross-pollination was also supported by the low percentages of fructification (24.67%) after emasculation and open pollination. Metameric deviations were seen in flowers, although this abnormality was not translated as any reproductive benefit or disadvantage (fructification, number or weight of seeds) in comparison with normal flowers.     

4种野生兰花种子特征及离体培养初报

对4种野生兰花--虾脊兰、羊耳蒜、石仙桃及密花石斛的果荚、种子、种胚性状进行初步研究,并对其种子进行离体培养。结果显示,4种野生兰种子为白色、淡绿或黄褐,呈纺锤体或椭球体。羊耳蒜、石仙桃及密花石斛种子具种孔,种胚浓密且清晰可见;种子萌发较快且萌发率高,其中以石仙桃及密花石斛种子萌发最快,仅需36d,萌发率高达100%。虾脊兰种子未见种孔,种胚不甚明显,种子萌发缓慢且萌发率低。4种兰科植物种子均以原球茎方式萌发,通过继代培养,获得了一批无菌苗。     

紫茎泽兰种子种群动态及萌发特性

在紫茎泽兰的入侵地四川省德昌县, 选择撂荒地、农田和马尾松林3个不同的生境, 从种子雨、种子库角度研究了紫茎泽兰种子种群动态规律,及其种子在不同光照和土壤基质条件下的萌发特性. 结果表明,3个生境下紫茎泽兰种子种群仅存在于当年3～6月,于4月底达到年高峰值. 其年降种子雨量在撂荒地中高达2.4×10⁵粒·m^-2,并均分布于2 cm土层以上, 且在撂荒地生境下紫茎泽兰种子的千粒重和活力均显著高于另外两个生境. 到7月上旬, 3个生境下土壤中均未发现有活力的种子. 在实验的光照条件下, 全光照对紫茎泽兰的种子萌发有抑制作用,而在28%光照条件下萌发率最高;砂壤土较适宜紫茎泽兰种子的萌发,生红土中其萌发速度及萌发率均最低.