不同品种、不同花期的依兰花精油成分研究

为探讨依兰花精油的香气质量,我们对云南省西双版纳产依兰花精油以及引种栽培于西双版纳的泰国种、老挝种的依兰花精油的化学成分在Finnigan-4510 GC/MS/DS上用毛细管柱进行了定性和定量分析,鉴定了44个化学成分。分析结果表明,依兰油的香气与品种及精油中的酯类、醇类和酚醚的含量有关。倍半萜烯类和倍半萜醇类的含量越高,其香气质量越差。就西双版纳产依兰油的香气而言,依兰花由青转黄时得到的精油远较绿花和花蕾油为好。     

不同品种、不同花期的依兰花精油成分研究

为探讨依兰花精油的香气质量,我们对云南省西双版纳产依兰花精油以及引种栽培于西双版纳的泰国种、老挝种的依兰花精油的化学成分在Finnigan-4510 GC/MS/DS上用毛细管柱进行了定性和定量分析,鉴定了44个化学成分。分析结果表明,依兰油的香气与品种及精油中的酯类、醇类和酚醚的含量有关。倍半萜烯类和倍半萜醇类的含量越高,其香气质量越差。就西双版纳产依兰油的香气而言,依兰花由青转黄时得到的精油远较绿花和花蕾油为好。     

湖南油樟的化学类型

对湖南省的油樟（Cinnamomum longepaniculatum (Gamble)N.Cho ex H.W.Li）资源作了调查。用色谱、色谱/质谱联用方法鉴定了油樟叶精油的43个化学成分,依主含成分不同可将其划分为6个不同的化学类型。其中,主含甲基丁香酚、龙脑、樟脑、芳樟醇和倍半萜烯的5个化学类型为首次在油樟中发现。     

毛华菊干花净油化学成分的研究

毛华菊的干花净油是一个有发展前景的香料。本文首次报告了对毛华菊净油化学成分的分析结果。我们利用气相色谱/质谱/计算机联用技术,气相色谱保留指数法,色谱标准品对照叠加等方法分析鉴定了毛华菊净油中47个已知化学成分。其中大多属于含氧的单萜、倍半萜及脂肪酸酯类化合物。含量较高的成分有1.8-桉叶油素、丁香烯、长叶烷、十四酸丁酯、十六酸乙酯、9-十八烯酸乙酯、9-十六烯酸、樟脑、癸酸乙酯、橙花醇、黑椒酚、芳樟醇、乙酸萜品酯、龙脑乙酸酯等。     

黄樟化学型的研究

根据黄樟(Cinnamomum parthenoxylen (Jack) Nees)种内叶精油主成分不同,在黄樟的一个野生种群中发现7个不同的化学型:其中主含单萜、倍半萜和芳香族化合物的3个化学型为首次在黄樟中发现,而主含倍半萜的化学型的3个单株样品之间也存在明显的差异;另外4个化学型均主含单萜化合物。并运用萜类生源学对黄樟化学多样性以及各化学型之间的联系,进行了探讨。     

马蹄香精油的化学成分研究

马蹄香(Valeriana jatamansi Jones.)系败酱科缬草属植物,又名蜘蛛香、土细辛、鬼见愁等。多年生草本。生于土壤潮湿、富含有机质的地方,常见于海拔1800—2800米疏林或灌木林下,或溪沟、田埂边,云南全省均有分布,也产于四川、贵州、湖北、河南、陕西等省。其根具特有的香气,是常用于消食健胃、理气止痛、祛风解毒的中药。尽管马蹄香在我国早已广泛应用,但其精油的化学成份一直未见报道,为此我们对其根精油进行了分析。气相色谱示一共含有17个成分(见图1),主要成份约有10种,我们鉴定了8种成分(见表1),另外含量约为10.9％和18.7％的二个倍半萜类和20.3％的一个酯类化合物尚未鉴定。     

基于不同提取方法的汉麻茎叶精油全组分鉴定及比较研究

以汉麻茎叶为原料,分别采用水蒸馏提取法、亚临界萃取法以及超临界萃取法来获得汉麻精油,比较不同提取方法下获得的精油全组分的差异性、特征性。采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)对精油全组分进行鉴定分析,并通过NIST质谱库和人工解析对所提取成分进行鉴别分析和相似度的检索,最后根据峰面积归一化法得出这三种提取方式下汉麻精油各组分的相对含量。三种提取方法下所得精油组分差异性明显,共计鉴定出154个成分,且含有13个共有成分,相似度均在80%以上。其中水蒸馏提取法共鉴定出89种,含量最高组分是大麻二酚(19.69%);亚临界萃取法鉴定出62种,含量最高组分是邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯(17.56%);超临界萃取法鉴定出59种,含量最高组分是油酸(22.50%)。三种方法所得精油组分种类和含量均有不同程度的差异：水蒸馏法获得的精油组分种类最多,多为烷烃、烯烃、醇类、醛类、倍半萜类等小分子化合物,而亚临界法和超临界法在一定程度上具有相似性,二者共有40个共有成分,多为酸类,醇类,酯类,酚类等高沸点化合物或大分子化合物,但含量差异明显。     

不同产地的千只眼精油化学成分的比较研究

云南省易门、通海和建水产的千只眼(Murraya tetramera Huang)枝叶分别经水蒸汽蒸馏得到精油,以气相色谱-质谱-计算机联用方法进行了定性、定量分析,共鉴定了27个化学成分。从易门产的千只眼精油中分离鉴定了21个化合物,为精油含量的99.69％;从通海产的千只眼精油中分离鉴定了18个化合物,为精油含量的99.44％;从建水产的千只眼精油中鉴定了20个化合物,为精油含量的99.72％。这些成分除石竹烯为倍半萜外,其余化合物都属于单萜或其含氧衍生物。三个产地的千只眼精油中都含主成分柠檬烯和紫苏醛。     

一种新的柑桔属植物精油资源

用毛细管气相色谱和色谱-质谱联用技术分析了蟹橙(Citrus junos(Sieb)Tan.cv.Xiecheng Hort.)叶精油的化学成分,共鉴定出37个成分,其中N-甲基邻氨基苯甲酸甲酯占精油总量的56.11～64.14％,它是经柱层析分离,IR.HNMR和~(13)CNMR鉴定的。像这种含有大量含氮化合物的植物精油在自然界中是不多见的,在我国尚属首次发现。由于这种化合物在香料工业上具有多种用途,所以该精油很可能是一种新的有价值的精油资源。     

芫荽茎叶精油的消除DPPH自由基作用

用GC-MS对超声波法提取的芫荽茎叶精油成分进行了分析,检测出154个成分,解析出70种物质,占精油93．643％,含量最多的是酯类化合物47．569％,其次为饱和与非饱和烃类化合物19．897％,醛类化合物和醇类化合物含量分别为13．406％,12．595％。探讨了精油对DPPH的清除作用,结果显示,用超声波萃取法获得的精油对DPPH自由基（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl）具有一定的消除作用,最高消除率62．9％,水蒸汽蒸馏法获得的芫荽茎叶精油的DPPH自由基清除率最大为84．2％。     

Genetic divergence and analysis of the relationships between species of Mosla (Labiatae)

Seven species were recognized in Mosla in China. M. pauciflora (C. Y. Wu) C. Y. Wu et H. W. Li is an allotetraploid (2n=36 ), while the other six species are diploids (2n=18). Cluster analysis based on allozyme data from 28 loci of 15 enzyme systems reveals that the six diploid species formed three species pairs. M. cavaleriei Lévl.is closely related to M. dianthera (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb. ) Maxim., M. chinensis and M. hangchouensis Matsuda are sibling species, and M. scabra (Thunb.) C. Y. Wu et H. W. Li is allied to M. soochouensis. Although M. cavaleriei and M. dianthera are close relatives, considerable genetic divergence has been detected between them. One third of alleles are unique to either of them, and 28.6 % of their loci have different alleles fixed. The average genetic identity ( 1 ) between populations of these two species is 0.770, and the average genetic distance (D) is 0.261. M. scabra and M. soochouensis are the least divergent species pair (I =0.979, D＝0.025). No completely divergent locus was detected, and the percentages of unique alleles are 11.1% to M. scabra and 16.7 % to M. soochouensis. This finding indicates that a high level of genetic differentiation is unnecessarily a prerequisite of speciation. A moderate divergence is detected between M. chinensis and M. hangchouensis (I＝0.899, D=0.107, and 7.1% of completely diverged loci) yet the latter harbors four times as many unique alleles (45.1% ) as the former does(11.8 % ). Compared to the genetic divergence between M. scabra and M. soochouensis, M. dianthera and M. hangchouensis and may well been undergoing active speciation have the high genetic distance betweenpopulations (0.034 and 0.026 respectively).     

杭州石荠苧生态学特性研究

 杭州石荠苧(Mosla hangchowensis)的种子完全靠风传播,但由于种子大,传播距离不远;种子在冬季休眠,春天(2月末3月初)萌发,种子萌发率很低,尤其是水选上层种子,主要原因是质量差。杭州石荠苧的营养期从3月初到8月上旬,株高在8月中旬以前基本为匀速增加,早期生长极为缓慢。形态和生殖力的环境可塑性极强,自然生长的植株冠幅变动在4～5616cm2之间。杭州石荠苧在自然生境中有时形成单优群落,通常与其它植物伴生。由于早期生长慢,限制了其在群落中的竞争能力,在土壤条件好的地方绝大部分被排挤掉,只是由于其极强的耐旱能力才在高温、干旱、土少的生境中得以存活。 将同属不濒危的华荠苧与之比较,其种子小于杭州石荠苧,但萌发率却高于杭州石荠苧。华荠苧的植株较矮,花色不如杭州石荠苧鲜艳,同在路边生长,不像杭州石荠苧那样容易被人采摘;华荠苧的根较杭州石荠苧的根深,抗雨水冲刷能力较强。华荠苧在自然生境中植株投入生殖的比例大于杭州石荠苧。     

Photosynthetic Parameters of Mosla hangchowensis and M. dianthera as Affected by Soil Moisture

We compared the photosynthetic traits in response to soil water availability in an endangered plant species Mosla hangchowensis Matsuda and in a weed Mosla dianthera (Buch.-Ham.) Maxim. The highest diurnal mean net photosynthetic rate (P _Nmean), stomatal conductance (g _s), and water use efficiency (WUE) of both species occurred at 60 % soil water holding capacity (WHC), while the lowest values occurred at 20 % WHC. The P _Nmean, g _s, and chlorophyll (Chl) a and b contents of M. hangchowensis were lower than those of M. dianthera, while the physiological plasticity indices were higher than those of M. dianthera. M. hangchowensis had strong adaptability to the changing soil water status but weak extending population ability in its habitats because of the low P _Nmean, which may be one of the causes of its endangerment.     

小鱼仙草化学成分及资源开发利用研究

对不同产地的小鱼仙草全草精油主要化学成分 :香荆芥酚、百里香酚、β 石竹烯、侧柏酮、异胡薄荷酮、1 ,8 桉叶油素的含量进行对比分析。研究结果表明 :不同地域间植物精油的化学成分存在一定的遗传相似性及差异性 ;不同产地精油含量在不同生育期有一定变化规律。此外 ,种子含丰富的氨基酸 (1 3 .96% )和种类齐全的矿质元素 ;种子油含大量人体必需的亚麻酸 (67.3 6% )和亚油酸 (1 5 .1 2 % )等不饱和脂肪酸 ;全草总黄酮含量为 1 .76%～ 4.1 5 %。为此 ,小鱼仙草的种子和种子油具有较高的营养价值和药用功效 ,其植物资源在食品、香精香料和医药领域具有潜在开发利用的前景。     

One- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel analysis of the heat shock proteins of the virilis group of Drosophila

The heat shock proteins of the virilis group of Drosophila are analyzed by one- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel analysis. This group consists of the two closely related but distinct virilis and montana phylads. The analysis reveals that some of the heat shock proteins are highly conserved among the two phylads while others are not. The 83-, 72-, and 69-kdalton proteins comigrate in all species examined. There is, however, a noticable trend toward greater molecular weight variability in the smaller heat shock proteins. In general, the heat shock protein patterns within each phylad follow the proposed phylogenetic relationships with some exceptions. D. ezoana and D. littoralis, both members of the montana phylad, exhibit heat shock protein patterns more similar to those of the virilis phylad. The data also demonstrate that the montana phylad has almost two times the heat shock allele members that the virilis phylad has. It is also shown that F₁ and F₂ hybrid flies of crosses between Drosophila species having different patterns of heat shock proteins show Mendelian segregation of alleles. After several generations of inbred growth, however, the pattern of heat shock protein synthesis in reciprocal hybrids each resembles that of the paternal parent. The implications of these findings are discussed.This research was supported in part by Damon Runyon-Walter Winchell Grant DRG-233F to R.M.S. and NIH Grant GM 27611 to R.V.S. R.V.S. is the recipient of an NIH Research Career Development Award.     

DNA barcode discovers two cryptic species and two geographical radiations in the invasive drosophilid Zaprionus indianus

Comparing introduced to ancestral populations within a phylogeographical context is crucial in any study aiming to understand the ecological genetics of an invasive species. Zaprionus indianus is a cosmopolitan drosophilid that has recently succeeded to expand its geographical range upon three continents (Africa, Asia and the Americas). We studied the distribution of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes for two genes (CO‐I and CO‐II) among 23 geographical populations. mtDNA revealed the presence of two well‐supported phylogenetic lineages (phylads), with bootstrap value of 100%. Phylad I included three African populations, reinforcing the African‐origin hypothesis of the species. Within phylad II, a distinct phylogeographical pattern was discovered: Atlantic populations (from the Americas and Madeira) were closer to the ancestral African populations than to Eastern ones (from Madagascar, Middle East and India). This means that during its passage from endemism to cosmopolitanism, Z. indianus exhibited two independent radiations, the older (the Eastern) to the East, and the younger (the Atlantic) to the West. Discriminant function analysis using 13 morphometrical characters was also able to discriminate between the two molecular phylads (93.34 ± 1.67%), although detailed morphological analysis of male genitalia using scanning electron microscopy showed no significant differences. Finally, crossing experiments revealed the presence of reproductive barrier between populations from the two phylads, and further between populations within phylad I. Hence, a bona species status was assigned to two new, cryptic species: Zaprionus africanus and Zaprionus gabonicus, and both were encompassed along with Z. indianus and Zaprionus megalorchis into the indianus complex. The ecology of these two species reveals that they are forest dwellers, which explains their restricted endemic distribution, in contrast to their relative cosmopolitan Z. indianus, known to be a human‐commensal. Our results reconfirm the great utility of mtDNA at both inter‐ and intraspecific analyses within the frame of an integrated taxonomical project.     

THE GENETIC BASIS OF EVOLUTION OF THE MALE COURTSHIP SOUNDS IN THE DROSOPHILA VIRILIS GROUP

When courting, males of the Drosophila virilis group vibrate their wings and emit species-specific courtship sounds consisting of trains of polycyclic sound pulses. To analyze the genetic basis of evolutionary changes in the sounds we made an F₁ diallel set of reciprocal crosses between the members of the virilis phylad of the group (two stocks of D. virilis and one of D. americana americana, D. a. texana, D. novamexicana, and D. lummei). We also crossed the D. virilis stocks with the members of the montana phylad of the same group (D. kanekoi, D. littoralis, D. borealis, D. flavomontana, D. lacicola, and D. montana) and made a backcross (D. virilis x D. littoralis) x D. virilis using a D. virilis marker stock (b; sv t tb gp; cd; pe). The sounds of the hybrids were analyzed using the following parameters: the length of a pulse train (PTL), the number of pulses in a train (PN), the interpulse interval (IPI), the length of a pulse (PL), the number of cycles in a pulse (CN), and the length of a cycle (CL). In the virilis phylad, the differences between species appeared to be determined mainly by autosomal genes in each sound trait. The heritabilities (narrow-/broad-sense) obtained from the diallel tables were the following: PTL 0.662/0.817, PN 0.651/0.841, IPI 0.193/0.546, PL 0.408/0.552, CN 0.425/0.719, and CL 0.361/0.764. The direction of dominance is for longer PTL, higher PN and CN, and shorter IPI and CL. PL shows ambidirectional dominance. In the sounds of the virilis phylad species, PTL and PL seem to be phenotypically the most important parameters, since their components (PN and IPI for PTL, CN and CL for PL) are negatively correlated. In crosses between D. virilis and D. littoralis or D. flavomontana reciprocal hybrids differed from each other in PTL, IPI, PL, and CN indicating X-chromosomal or cytoplasmic inheritance. In the backcrosses between D. virilis and D. littoralis the role of the X chromosome was ascertained to be decisive. We conclude that an X-chromosomal major change allowing variation in IPI has occurred during the separation of the two D. virilis group phylads, the long IPI allowing variation also in PL (and CN). The evolution of the sounds in the virilis phylad has probably gone towards longer and denser pulse trains, while in the montana phylad the sounds have evolved in different directions.     

Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny and the reconstruction of the population history of a species: the case of the European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus)

Analysis of mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism in European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) revealed a large number of mitotypes that form two distinct clusters (phylads). Phylad A consists of one common mitotype and many rare secondary mitotypes that are one mutational step removed from the main type. Nucleotide diversity and number of homoplasious changes are low. Phylad B has a complex pattern of mitotype connectedness, high nucleotide diversity, and a large number of homoplasious changes. It is suggested that the two phylads evolved in isolation from each other and that present coexistence is the result of a secondary contact. Moreover, phylad A has a "star" phylogeny, which suggests that it has evolved in a population that experienced a drastic bottleneck followed by an explosion of size. Phylad A is practically the only phylad present in the Black Sea, with its frequency dropping to 85% in the northern Aegean, and to 40% in the rest of Mediterranean and the Bay of Biscay. The Black Sea is, therefore, the most likely place of origin of phylad A. Molecular data are consistent with a population bottleneck in the Black Sea during the last glaciation event and a subsequent exit of phylad A with the outflow into the Aegean following the ice melting. Phylogenetic analysis of anchovy mtDNA provides a reconstruction of population history in the Mediterranean, which is consistent with the geological information.      

福建产小鱼仙草挥发油的含量及其化学成分的研究

应用气相色谱－质谱－计算机联用系统对小鱼仙草（Mosla dianthera Maxim),挥发油的化学成分进行研究,以SE－54石英毛细管柱分离出43个峰,用GC／MS鉴定出39个成分,其主要成分为百里香酚（37．15％）,香荆芥酚（14．85％）,丁香烯（5．75％）,芳樟醇（5．40％）,檀香烯（4．12％）,律草烯（3．61％）,香桧醇（2．87％）等,占总挥发油的98．40％,又应用气相色谱归一化法计算了各化学成分含量。     

Character space restrictions and boundary conditions in the evolution of quantitative multistate characters

The effects of restrictions of available character space on the mean morphological distance between living members of evolutionary phylads are examined by Monte Carlo simulation. The approach involves specifying the degree to which ancestor-descendant species may differ and limiting the range of attainable character states within a phylad. Morphological evolution is modeled as a Markovian process involving quantitative multistate characters. States for a given character are allowed to evolve at time-dependent or speciation-dependent rates.The final distributions of morphological distance for a given trait among members of a phylad depend on the number of species in the phylad, the rate and pattern of evolution of new character states, and the existence of boundary conditions indicating possible selective constraints on the trait. When morphological change is proportional to time, increasing restrictions on character evolution tend to (a) lower mean distance between species and (b) leave the ratio of mean distances ($\text{D}{}_{\mathrm{R}}\text{D}{}_{\mathrm{p}}$) in species-rich vs. species-poor phylads of comparable evolutionary age near one. When change is proportional to rate of speciation, similar restrictions tend to (a) limit mean distance only in phylads in which the number of speciations exceeds the range of attainable character states and (b) permit $\text{D}{}_{\mathrm{R}}\text{D}{}_{\mathrm{p}}$ to be considerably greater than one, except in extreme cases. Implications of these results for the current phyletic gradualism-rectangular evolution controversy are considered.