杭州石荠苎生态学特性的研究

杭州石荠苎的种子完全靠风传播,但由于种子大,传播距离不远,种子在冬季休眠,春天（２月末３月初）萌发,种子萌发率很低,尤其是水选上层种子,主要原因是质量差,杭州石荠苎的营养期从３月初到８月上旬,株高在８月中旬以前基本为匀速增加,早期生长极为缓慢,形态和生殖力的环境可塑性极强,自然生长的植株冠幅变动在４￣５６１６ｃｍ＾２之间。杭州石荠苎在自然生境中有时形成单优群落,通常与其它植物伴生。由于早期生长慢,     

杭州石荠苧生态学特性研究

 杭州石荠苧(Mosla hangchowensis)的种子完全靠风传播,但由于种子大,传播距离不远;种子在冬季休眠,春天(2月末3月初)萌发,种子萌发率很低,尤其是水选上层种子,主要原因是质量差。杭州石荠苧的营养期从3月初到8月上旬,株高在8月中旬以前基本为匀速增加,早期生长极为缓慢。形态和生殖力的环境可塑性极强,自然生长的植株冠幅变动在4～5616cm2之间。杭州石荠苧在自然生境中有时形成单优群落,通常与其它植物伴生。由于早期生长慢,限制了其在群落中的竞争能力,在土壤条件好的地方绝大部分被排挤掉,只是由于其极强的耐旱能力才在高温、干旱、土少的生境中得以存活。 将同属不濒危的华荠苧与之比较,其种子小于杭州石荠苧,但萌发率却高于杭州石荠苧。华荠苧的植株较矮,花色不如杭州石荠苧鲜艳,同在路边生长,不像杭州石荠苧那样容易被人采摘;华荠苧的根较杭州石荠苧的根深,抗雨水冲刷能力较强。华荠苧在自然生境中植株投入生殖的比例大于杭州石荠苧。     

杭州石荠种子萌发的生理生态学研究

本文研究了我国特有的、分布区极狭窄的１年生草本植物——杭州石荠（Ｍｏｓｌａｈａｎｇｃｈｏｗｅｎ－ｓｉｓ）种子萌发的生理生态学特性。结果表明：杭州石荠种子冬天休眠,早春开始萌发;萌发的温度范围是１０～３５℃,２０℃时萌发率最高,因此其萌发的季节仅限于春季;变温处理的萌发率不高于恒温处理;全日照和黑暗条件使萌发率比最适条件的萌发率降低３６％;水选上层种子的萌发率仅为７％,水选下层种子萌发率可达６０％,但水选下层种子在全部种子中仅占３２．６％,说明种子质量差可能是其萌发率低的重要原因。萌发率与千粒重、气介容重及电导率有显著相关;与母株生境也有一定关系,４０％日照下母株所产种子的平均萌发率为２４．６％,４０％日照以下母株所产种子的萌发率降低;不同地区种群种子萌发率均低于３５％。种子萌发率低是杭州石荠各个种群存在的共同问题。     

杭州石荠苧(唇形科)小坚果的散布生物学研究

报道了杭州石荠（ＭｏｓｌａｈａｎｇｃｈｏｕｅｎｓｉｓＭａｔｓｕｄａ）的种子散布机制和特点,结合其它方面的研究结果,为迁地保护提供理论依据。杭州石荠小坚果的散布机制是被动弹力散布,植株、花萼和小坚果三者联合参与,风、雨、动物触动是能量来源。初级散布距离在实验条件下,在３０～３５ｃｍ的区域小坚果最多,此后,随面积的增加而减少,密度峰值出现在１０～１５ｃｍ的区间。杭州石荠的小坚果表面具旋涡状凹陷,凹陷中有细密的突起,这种结构有一定的拒水性,下沉速率小,适于以水为载体的次级散布,也具有较强的保水抗旱能力,能够确保杭州石荠在干旱的生境中世代延续。作者认为,杭州石荠的分布特性和比较特殊的生物学和生态学特点限制了居群的扩展是其濒危的重要原因。     

杭州石荠苧的光合特性及其对土壤水分的响应

本文通过控制土壤水分条件杭州石荠（Ｍｏｓｌａｈａｎｇｃｈｏｗｅｎｓｉｓ）光合的生理生态研究,解释了１９９３～１９９５年野外种群生态和生理生态研究中发现的问题,并分析了该种的濒危机制。结果表明：（１）杭州石荠的光饱和点较低,在土壤水分充足时仅３０ｋＬｕｘ左右。当土壤含水率从５％增加至２１％时,光饱和点、最大净光合速率和初始Ｐ／Ｌ值随之增加,而光补偿点则随之降低,但当土壤湿度超过２１％时,各参数的变化呈现出相反趋势。（２）在诸环境因子中,土壤含水率对光合速率的影响最显著,土壤从湿到干,光合土壤含水率回归直线的斜率增大,土壤湿度为６％时的斜率达１２．２２０８,是８％～１０％时的２～４倍和２４％～２５％时的６～９倍。（３）极端干旱时的水分利用效率最低,中等偏干时最高,湿润时又降低。（４）从光合特征值、解剖结构和叶绿素含量等判断,该种应属于Ｃ３光合类型、需光量介于阳性植物和阴性植物之间的耐阴植物。杭州石荠的上述光合生理生态特点及其它一些生物学特性,以及其分布地的环境之间的诸多矛盾可能是造成其濒危的主要原因之一。     

杭州石荠Ning（唇形科）小坚果的散布生物学研究

报道了杭州石荠Ｎｉｎｇ（ＭｏｓｌａｈａｎｇｃｈｏｕｅｎｓｉｓＭａｔｓｕｄａ）的种子散布机制和特点,结合其它方面的研究结果,为迁地保护提供理论依据,杭州石荠Ｎｉｎｇ小坚果的散布机制是被动弹力散布,植株,花萼和小坚果三者联合参与,风,雨,动物触动是能量来源,初级散布距离在实验条件下,在３０～３５ｃｍ的区域小坚果最多,此后,随面积的增加而减少,密度峰值出现在１０～１５ｃｍ的区间,杭州石荠Ｎｉｎｇ的小坚果     

杭州石荠苧Mosla hangchowensis)蒸腾的生理生态学研究

根据连续３年的野外种群生态和生理生态学研究中发现的问题,研究了控制条件下杭州石荠蒸腾的生理生态特征。结果表明：１）杭州石荠的蒸腾日进程曲线峰高随土壤含水量（θ）的降低而降低;２）蒸腾速率（Ｔｒ）与空气相对湿度在饱和与中湿土壤上为负相关,而在干旱土壤上为正相关,体现了该种在土壤干旱时的自我保护机制;３）薄云、多水汽和中午多云的晴天,日蒸腾量均较低,分别为２．６和２．８ｍｏｌｇ－１ｄ－１,典型晴天的日蒸腾量较高,为３．４ｍｏｌｇ－１ｄ－１;４）在遮荫（４０％全光照）条件下,Ｔｒ平均降低７６％,且Ｔｒ对气温、湿度的响应程度小于全光照条件,对光强的响应则大于全光照条件;５）当气温为１５～１８℃时,在诸环境因子中Ｔｒ只与θ有关。该种的水分生理生态特性十分特别,具有从中生到旱生植物的某些生理生态特性。上述结果解释了杭州石荠种群占据现有生态位——向阳开阔地薄土生境的生理生态机制,分析了其不能向厚土生境扩展分布地的原因。     

南亚热带常绿阔叶林几个树种的种子萌发和幼苗发育

南亚热带常绿阔叶林树种光叶红豆（Ｏｒｍ ｏｓｉａ ｇｌａｂｅｒｒｉｍ ａ Ｗｕ）、扁斗青冈（Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓ ｈｕｉＣｈｕｎ）、罗浮柿（Ｄｉｏｓｐｙｒｏｓ ｍｏｒｒｉｓｉａｎａ Ｈａｎｃｅ）和阳性速生树种木蝴蝶（Ｏｒｏｘｙｌｕｍ ｉｎｄｉｃｕｍ （Ｌ．）Ｖｅｎｔ．）、香椿（Ｔｏｏｎａ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ （Ａ． Ｔｕｓｓ．） Ｒｏｅｍ ．）和泡桐（Ｐａｕｌｏｗ ｎｉａ ｆｏｒｔｕｎｅｉ（Ｓｅｅｍ ．） Ｈｅｍ －ｓｌ．）的种子中,除光叶红豆外都为迅速萌发,处理２—３ ｄ 便开始萌发,２—４周萌发完全。光叶红豆因种皮特性而延迟萌发,切破种皮即能迅速萌发。速生树种的萌发较快。森林树种和阳性速生树种木蝴蝶、香椿在光、暗下均能萌发,种子微小的速生树种泡桐则几乎只在光下萌发。种子萌发过程中吸水显示出３个阶段,不同种有所不同。幼苗的形态可能和耐阴性和生长速度有关。在暗中,光叶红豆能形成正常的叶,植株不徒长,其它种不能形成正常的幼苗,植株徒长,不形成叶子（或仅有黄色的子叶）。森林树种的幼苗生长较慢。     

长喙毛茛泽泻的生活史特征及濒危机制

长喙毛茛泽泻(Ranalisma rostratum)是1种水生濒危植物,目前我国仅在湖南茶陵的湖里沼泽中生存有1个种群。在自然生境中,它在水深5～10 cm条件下生长良好,植株挺水。该植物以无性和有性两种方式生殖,无性繁殖体对种群的补充是保持自然种群大小的重要途径。虽然种子产量不是限制因素,但无性繁殖体和种子传播受限制、种子生活力及萌发率低、幼苗生长慢、在自然群落中竞争能力差、生境破坏很可能是导致这种植物濒危的重要原因。     

盐浓度对3种单子叶盐生植物渗透调节剂及其在渗透调节中贡献的影响

单子叶盐生植物星星草（Ｐｕｃｃｉｎｅｌｌｉａｔｅｎｕｉｆｌｏｒａ（Ｇｒｉｓｅｂ）．Ｓｃｒｉｂｎ．ｅｔ．Ｍｅｒｒ．）碱草（Ａｎｅｕｒｏｌｅｐｉｄｉｕｍｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ（Ｔｒｉｎｓ．）Ｋｉｔａｇ）和獐茅（Ａｅｌｕｒｏｐｕｓｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｄｅｂｅａｕｘ）Ｔｚｖｅｌ）的种子萌发后长至３ｃｍ高,用０,５０,１００,２００和４００ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＣｌ处理２周后,测定３种植物幼苗的生长,无机和有机渗透调节剂,     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).