新的人兽共患传染病——狐狸阴道加德纳氏菌病的研究 Ⅳ.Dot-ELISA检测狐狸阴道加德纳氏菌病血清抗体的研究

应用建立的Dot-ELISA方法检测了192份狐狸阴道加德纳氏菌人工感染狐、疫苗免疫狐和菌检阳性狐血清,结果187/192呈阳性反应,检出率为97.3%. 阻断和交叉试验证实,本方法具有特异性.敏感度为平板凝集试验(PAT)的28.1倍,为微量凝集试验(MAT)的5.5倍.重复性良好,与PAT、MAT的阳性符合率为100%.     

一种新的人兽共患传染病——狐狸阴道加德纳氏菌病的研究 Ⅲ.流行病学调查

对国内主要狐场狐狸阴道加德纳氏菌病的流行病学调查表明,银黑狐、北极狐、赤狐及彩狐均对本病易感染,主要通过交配传染,病狐在本病流行中起主要作用.各狐场感染率为0.9—21.9%,导致流产率1.5—14.7%,空怀率3.2—47.5%,揭示了本病的严重危害性.通过血清学和病原分离证实,本病可感染饲养管理人员,为人兽共患病.除狐狸外,貉、水貂及犬也可感染.实验动物中小白鼠、大白鼠、地鼠、豚鼠和家兔对本病不感染.     

一种新的人兽共患传染病——狐狸阴道加德纳氏菌病的研究 Ⅲ.流行病学调查

对国内主要狐场狐狸阴道加德纳氏菌病的流行病学调查表明,银黑狐、北极狐、赤狐及彩狐均对本病易感染,主要通过交配传染,病狐在本病流行中起主要作用.各狐场感染率为0.9—21.9%,导致流产率1.5—14.7%,空怀率3.2—47.5%,揭示了本病的严重危害性.通过血清学和病原分离证实,本病可感染饲养管理人员,为人兽共患病.除狐狸外,貉、水貂及犬也可感染.实验动物中小白鼠、大白鼠、地鼠、豚鼠和家兔对本病不感染.     

一种新的人兽共患传染病——狐狸阴道加德纳氏菌病的研究——Ⅰ.病原菌分离与人工感染试验

于国内外首次报道采用改良兔血胰(月示)琼脂培养基,从狐体及其流产胎儿脏器中,分离得到阴道加德纳氏菌共145株。其中从流产胎儿脏器分离得到26株,分离率为92.86％。从流产空怀狐阴道分泌物中分离得到118株,分离率34.01％。从阳性取皮狐鼠蹊淋巴结分离得到1株,分离率2％。血液中未分离到本菌。通过对病原菌的分离,揭示了该菌在狐体内的存在部位,优选出最佳的分离途径、时机与方法。人工感染试验结果证实了本菌的致病性。     

一种新的人兽共患传染病——狐狸阴道加德纳氏菌病的研究——Ⅰ.病原菌分离与人工感染试验

于国内外首次报道采用改良兔血胰(月示)琼脂培养基,从狐体及其流产胎儿脏器中,分离得到阴道加德纳氏菌共145株。其中从流产胎儿脏器分离得到26株,分离率为92.86％。从流产空怀狐阴道分泌物中分离得到118株,分离率34.01％。从阳性取皮狐鼠蹊淋巴结分离得到1株,分离率2％。血液中未分离到本菌。通过对病原菌的分离,揭示了该菌在狐体内的存在部位,优选出最佳的分离途径、时机与方法。人工感染试验结果证实了本菌的致病性。     

一种新的人兽共患传染病——狐阴道加德纳氏菌病的研究 V.狐阴道加德纳氏菌菌株的血清分型研究

将我国6个省(区)、13个主要狐场分离的145株狐阴道加德纳氏菌,进行抗原性、免疫原性测定,从每场分离菌中选出1～3个优良株进行血清型研究。凝集素交叉吸收试验证实,选出的26株菌可划分为3个血清型,以此3个血清型代表株制备因子血清,余下119株菌中,108株在所划分的3个血清型内,11株未能定型。在3个血清型中,Ⅰ型菌株数占定型菌数的79.1％,因而确定,Ⅰ型菌是国内狐场狐阴道加德纳氏菌主要流行型。试验还明确了从貉分离的5株、水貂分离的4株、犬分离的2株阴道加德纳氏菌也属于血清Ⅰ型。将3个血清型代表菌株制成超声抗原,经免疫琼脂扩散试验证实,各型抗原与同型或异型免疫血清均可形成一条明显的融合沉淀线,表明各型菌间有共同抗原成分。同型菌免疫琼脂扩散试验表明,各株菌形成的沉淀线完全融合,从而证实了血清分型的可靠性。     

一种新的人兽共患传染病——狐阴道加德纳氏菌病的研究 V.狐阴道加德纳氏菌菌株的血清分型研究

将我国6个省(区)、13个主要狐场分离的145株狐阴道加德纳氏菌,进行抗原性、免疫原性测定,从每场分离菌中选出1～3个优良株进行血清型研究。凝集素交叉吸收试验证实,选出的26株菌可划分为3个血清型,以此3个血清型代表株制备因子血清,余下119株菌中,108株在所划分的3个血清型内,11株未能定型。在3个血清型中,Ⅰ型菌株数占定型菌数的79.1％,因而确定,Ⅰ型菌是国内狐场狐阴道加德纳氏菌主要流行型。试验还明确了从貉分离的5株、水貂分离的4株、犬分离的2株阴道加德纳氏菌也属于血清Ⅰ型。将3个血清型代表菌株制成超声抗原,经免疫琼脂扩散试验证实,各型抗原与同型或异型免疫血清均可形成一条明显的融合沉淀线,表明各型菌间有共同抗原成分。同型菌免疫琼脂扩散试验表明,各株菌形成的沉淀线完全融合,从而证实了血清分型的可靠性。     

一种新的人兽共患传染病——狐狸阴道加德纳氏菌病的研究 Ⅵ.阴道加德纳氏菌病灭活疫苗的研制

选用免疫原性优良的我国狐狸阴道加德纳氏菌主要流行型血清Ⅰ型GVF44号菌株,先后试验研制了氢氧化铝胶、蜂胶和油佐剂灭活苗。试验结果表明,铝胶苗的安全性优,免疫剂量为40亿菌/1ml,3倍免疫剂量的铝胶灭活苗接种狐狸后无任何不良反应,免疫后21d经100个ID_(50)强毒的攻击,对Ⅰ型的保护率达92％。对Ⅱ、Ⅲ型的保护率达80％以上。免疫持续期为6个月,4～10℃条件下可保存10个月。通过田间试验应用证实该疫苗安全、有效。     

一种新的人兽共患传染病——狐狸阴道加德纳氏菌病的研究 Ⅵ.阴道加德纳氏菌病灭活疫苗的研制

选用免疫原性优良的我国狐狸阴道加德纳氏菌主要流行型血清Ⅰ型GVF44号菌株,先后试验研制了氢氧化铝胶、蜂胶和油佐剂灭活苗。试验结果表明,铝胶苗的安全性优,免疫剂量为40亿菌/1ml,3倍免疫剂量的铝胶灭活苗接种狐狸后无任何不良反应,免疫后21d经100个ID_(50)强毒的攻击,对Ⅰ型的保护率达92％。对Ⅱ、Ⅲ型的保护率达80％以上。免疫持续期为6个月,4～10℃条件下可保存10个月。通过田间试验应用证实该疫苗安全、有效。     

布氏菌病血清学筛选试验的比较

<正> 试管凝集试验(TAT)已成为布氏菌病血清学诊断的标准方法。是公认的关于布病血清学的定量试验。虽然TAT是标准方法,但因其繁琐,所以不适用于布病大量标本的初步试验。TAT对于现场或用于流行病学调查不方便。已报导了几种快速筛选试验,包括玻片凝集试验(TAT),酸性平板抗原凝集试验(CAT)和微量凝集试验(MAT)。在报告中,对SAT、MAT和CAT的敏感性和特异性、TAT真阳性和真阴性的结果界限进行了严格测定。     

中药安菌凝胶对狐狸阴道加德纳菌病的实验研究

通过对狐狸加德纳菌病（ＧＶＦ）阴道菌群分析、阴道光镜和电镜下组织学结构观察认定,ＧＶＦ与人类细菌性道病（ＢＶ）同属菌群失调所致,并以此为动物模型,采用黄芪、苦参、蛇床子、甘草四味中药以新型高分子材料卡波姆（Ｃａｒｂｏｍｅｒ）为赋形剂制成凝胶,对其进行体外抑菌实验和不同组方的疗效比较,结果显示：Ｂ组方中药制剂（安菌凝胶）治疗后的疗效最好,关在细胞水平上中药作为微生态调节剂的机制进行了初步探讨。     

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF RED FOX VULPES VULPES VOCALISATIONS

ABSTRACT

A sonagraphic analysis of the structure of fox vocalisations, based on 512 adult and 73 cub vocalisations obtained from archive recordings, was combined with field data on the vocal behaviour of an urban fox population. Calls were described quantitatively by six variables: duration, lowest and second lowest frequency bands (from sonagrams), highest and second highest peak frequencies (from power spectra) and the number of components. They were separated into 20 call types, eight of which were cub vocalisations. Call types were used singly or in combination, and some gradation between particular call types was apparent. Hypotheses regarding call function were generated based on the matching of acoustic properties with their seasonal occurrence and the socioecological pressures acting on foxes at different times of the year. Calls that were structurally suited to agonistic and contact functions were found to be significantly more common during the winter, the time of mating and dispersal, when foxes move over greater areas.     

A MORPHOLOGIC AND GENETIC STUDY OF THE ISLAND FOX,UROCYON LITTORALIS

The Island Fox, Urocyon littoralis, is a dwarf form found on six of the Channel Islands located 30–98 km off the coast of southern California. The island populations differ in two variables that affect genetic variation: effective population size and duration of isolation. We estimate that the effective population size of foxes on the islands varies from approximately 150 to 1,000 individuals. Archeological and geological evidence suggests that foxes likely arrived on the three northern islands minimally 10,400–16,000 years ago and dispersed to the three southern islands 2,200–4,300 years ago. We use morphometrics, allozyme electrophoresis, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction-site analysis, and analysis of hypervariable minisatellite DNA to measure variability within and distances among island fox populations. The amount of within-population variation is lowest for the smallest island populations and highest for the mainland population. However, the larger populations are sometimes less variable, with respect to some genetic measures, than expected. No distinct trends of variability with founding time are observed. Genetic distances among the island populations, as estimated by the four techniques, are not well correlated. The apparent lack of correspondence among techniques may reflect the effects of mutation rate and colonization history on the values of each genetic measure.     

阴道加德纳菌生物型与细菌性阴道病的关系

对１２０例细菌性阴道病患者和９０例正常对照组进行阴道加德纳菌的分离鉴定,同时采用Ｐｉｏｔ分型法对分离出的９３株Ｇｖ进行生物分型,结果显示ＢＶ患者Ｇｖ的检出率（５９．２％）明显高于正常对照组（２４．４％）,Ｐ〈０．０１。９３株Ｇｖ中,８个生物型全检测到,其中１型２３．７％,２型１８．３％,４型３２．３％,６型１０．８％,３型和５型均为５．４％,７型和８型为２．２％。ＢＶ患者主要为１、２、４型,显著高于正常对照组（８７．３％和３１．８％,Ｐ〈０．０１）。     

Home range and movements of arctic foxes Alopex lagopus in Svalbard

Summary Movements and home ranges of arctic foxes Alopex lagopus were studied in two regions of Svalbard by means of radio tracking (n= 17), ear tagging (n= 192) and visual observations. The movements of radio collared foxes were highly variable, and most foxes roamed over wide areas at least during periods of the year. Home range size was estimated for 11 foxes when more stationary and for three other less stationary foxes, and were in the range 5–120km². During non-stationary periods several foxes roamed over areas 500–1000 km² or more. These movements may more correctly be classified as nomadic, and should not be termed home ranges. Only 3 of 12 radio collarec. foxes that disappeared from an area, returned later. Seven of the 17 foxes were relocated to the same area in more than one season. Overlap of home ranges was extensive, even more so when a number of non-tagged foxes in the regions were included. The heavier juveniles and adults were more sedentary than those of weight lower than median.     

Coproantigen survey for Echinococcus multilocularis prevalence of red foxes in Hokkaido, Japan

An epidemiological survey was conducted on the seasonal variation of Echinococcus multilocularis prevalence in red foxes from 1997 to 1998, using a monoclonal antibody-based detection of the tapeworm coproantigen. Thirty-six breeding dens of reproductive fox families were identified in the endemic area of Koshimizu, eastern Hokkaido, Japan. Fecal samples from each site were examined by coproantigen detection assay and fecal egg examination. Whereas the prevalence of coproantigen positive feces showed no seasonal fluctuation (51.6-66.7%), variation was found in the prevalence of egg positive feces in which a higher prevalence was observed in the summer and winter (31.1 and 38.7%) than spring and autumn (13.3 and 13.5%). Significant differences were observed between juveniles and adult foxes in both examinations. Samples from juvenile foxes gave higher coproantigen positive results and taeniid egg intensity. Those results suggest more juveniles infected with the cestode than adults in the same period. The practical use of coproantigen assay as a survey tool and factors which affect the prevalence and host age-related difference are discussed.     

貂、狐、貉源犬瘟热病毒的分离鉴定与序列分析

采用能稳定表达犬信号淋巴细胞活性分子(SLAM)的Vero-DST细胞从发病貉、狐狸和水貂病料,分离获得5株病毒,经电镜形态观察、RT-PCR检测、理化特性测定和人工感染发病试验鉴定,均为犬瘟热病毒(CDV),分别命名为HT-P(貉源)、THDI(貉源)、HD(貂源)、LN(貂源)和HB(狐源).5个分离毒株TCID50为10-5.2-7.3/ml;除鸡、鹅红细胞呈微弱阳性外,其余均未见血凝作用;对乳鼠的LD50 分别为2×10-308～4.8/ml,对实验兔无致病性,对貉有明显致病性作用.5株CDVH和N基因序列分析结果为5个分离株之间H基因nt序列同源性均达到97.5%以上,HT-P(貉源,山东青岛)与THDI(貉源,山东潍坊)的aa同源性为100%,二者与其他分离株间aa序列同源性为87.9%～99.1%;与chn等疫苗株基因nt序列和推导aa序列同源性普遍较低,分别为90.5～91.8和89.%～91.8%.5个分离株之间N基因nt序列同源性均≥94.5%,HT-P与THD1同源性最高(99.8%),分离株之间aa序列除HT-P、THD1与HD(貂源,山东青岛)同源性较高(99.0%以上)外,其他分离株之间同源性低.与chn等疫苗株nt序列同源性较低(90.9～93.5%).此外,HD和LN(貂源,辽宁大连)发病区域相距较远,但具有较高的同源性,但与HB(狐源,河北沦州)具有相对较低的nt同源性,提示野毒株在易感动物上可能存在种属差异.分离毒株与疫苗株之间H和N蛋白基因差异.可能与CD免疫失败有关.     

应用RT-PCR技术检测动物组织中的口蹄疫病毒

通过对影响RT-PCR检出率的条件和试剂进行了筛选,确定了提取FMDVRNA的最佳方法的试剂。优选出RT-PCR反应的试剂和最佳反应条件,建立了检测口蹄疫病毒核酸的RT-PCR方法,应用所建立的方法检测送检的鲜牛奶,淋巴结,脊髓,牛备咽拭子,结果阳性率分别为41.4%(24/58),13.33%(2/15),20%(1/5),37.5%(12/32);检测4个屠宰场送检的组织样品40份,结果阳性率为10%——70%;检测送检的奶粉（1份）,水泡皮（1份）,老鼠（2份）,患儿口腔棉拭子（4份）,阳性率均为100%;而检测送检的蝉螂4份,阳性率为0。研究表明检测FMDV的RT-PCR技术能准确快速地检测肉类,奶类,分泌物,排泄物的带毒,排毒情况,可用于口蹄疫的诊断和流行病学调查。     

貂、狐、貉源犬瘟热病毒的分离鉴定与序列分析（英文）

采用能稳定表达犬信号淋巴细胞活性分子（SLAM）的Vero-DST细胞从发病貉、狐狸和水貂病料,分离获得5株病毒,经电镜形态观察、RT-PCR检测、理化特性测定和人工感染发病试验鉴定,均为犬瘟热病毒（CDV）,分别命名为HT-P（貉源）、THD1（貉源）、HD（貂源）、LN（貂源）和HB（狐源）。5个分离毒株TCID50为10-5.2～-7.3/ml;除鸡、鹅红细胞呈微弱阳性外,其余均未见血凝作用;对乳鼠的LD50分别为2×10-3.8～-4.8/ml,对实验兔无致病性,对貉有明显致病性作用。5株CDV H和N基因序列分析结果为5个分离株之间H基因nt序列同源性均达到97.5%以上,HT-P（貉源,山东青岛）与THD1（貉源,山东潍坊）的aa同源性为100%,二者与其他分离株间aa序列同源性为87.9%～99.1%;与chn等疫苗株基因nt序列和推导aa序列同源性普遍较低,分别为90.5～91.8和89.%～91.8%。5个分离株之间N基因nt序列同源性均≥94.5%,HT-P与THD1同源性最高（99.8%）,分离株之间aa序列除HT-P、THD1与HD（貂源,山东青岛）同源性较高（99.0%以上）外,其他．分离株之间同源性低。与chn等疫苗株nt序列同源性较低（90．9～93．5％）。此外,HD和LN（貂源,辽宁大连）发病区域相距较远,但具有较高的同源性,但与HB（狐源,河北沦州）具有相对较低的nt同源性,提示野毒株在易感动物上可能存在种属差异。分离毒株与疫苗株之间H和N蛋白基因差异,可能与CD免疫失败有关。