从1 2S rRNA基因序列探讨8种鳄类的系统学关系

测得扬子鳄（Alligator sinensis）和暹罗鳄（Crocodylus siamensis）,的mtDNA12SrRNA基因片段的部分序列,与GenBank中的2种鳄及文献中4种鳄的12SrRNA基因相应片段,经比对后构建系统树。其结果显示,现存鳄类为单系起源,可划分为3个科,即：鳄科、食鱼鳄科和假食鱼鳄科。食鱼鳄与假食鱼鳄亲缘关系较近,支持将假食鱼鳄作为食鱼鳄科的一个属,与以形态学为基础的研究结果不同。在钝吻鳄科中,扬子鳄与凯门鳄亲缘关系较远,而与密西西比鳄的亲缘关系虽较近,但它们的确存在很多差异。两者12SrRNA基因序列差异达12．12％,碱基的颠换数为9。在基于碱基转换和颠换的NJ系统树及仅基于碱基颠换的NJ系统树中,前者支持扬子鳄与密河鳄间的亲缘关系较近,而后者支持扬子鳄与凯门鳄间的亲缘关系较近,说明扬子鳄与密河鳄间亲缘关系是值得研究的问题。因本文仅根据12SrRNA基因部分序列来进行分析的,尚需进一步研究。     

利用线粒体Cyt b基因全序列探讨部分鸥类的系统发育关系

利用线粒体细胞色素b(Cyt b)基因全序列,对采自陕西红碱淖湿地繁殖的遗鸥Larus relictus、棕头鸥Larus brunnicephalus、普通燕鸥Sterna hirundo和鸥嘴噪鸥Gelochlidon nilotica的序列特征进行了分析.联合已知该基因全序列的其它32种鸟类,构建了36种鸟类之间的系统发育关系,并确定了4种鸥在系统发育中的地位.结果表明:4种鸥Cytb基因全长均为1 143 bp;MP、ML和Bayes树拓扑结构大致相同,支持遗鸥、渔鸥Larus ichthyaetus和地中海鸥Larus audouinii、Larus melancephalus划归为黑头鸥族;棕头鸥划归为面具族;遗鸥与地中海鸥亲缘关系较近,与渔鸥次之,与棕头鸥亲缘关系较远;普通燕鸥和鸥嘴噪鸥均划归为黑帽族;燕鸥属和凤头燕鸥属亲缘关系较近,噪鸥属较为古老,是较早分化出的一支;鞘嘴鸥科作为单型科,受不同选择压力导致和鸥类亲缘关系甚远;建议将灰头鸥Larus cirrocephalus移人巾头鸥族;鸥科、燕鸥科和剪嘴鸥科的拓扑结构未能准确解析,需要进一步分析研究.     

基于BDNF和NT-3基因部分序列探讨爬行动物系统发生中的若干问题及扬子鳄分类地位

通过两个核基因NT-3基因(约740 bp)和BDNF基因部分序列(约720 bp)的分析,对爬行动物的系统发生关系中鳄类与鸟类和哺乳类系统发生关系、龟类在爬行动物系统发生中的位置以及扬子鳄属的划分等问题进行探讨.结果表明,在NT-3基因序列中,有307个位点存在变异(约为总位点数的47.3%),BDNF基因序列有256个变异位点(约为38.79%);构建的分子系统树显示,NT-3和BDNF基因以及两序列合并数据后所得系统树的拓扑结构均支持鳄类和鸟类聚为一支构成姐妹群,鳄类与蜥蜴类尽管在形态上非常相似,但它们的亲缘关系仍然较远;同时支持把龟鳖类作为鳄类和鸟类支系的姐妹群,支持把蜥蜴类(有鳞类)放在爬行类系统发生树的基部,而不是龟鳖类作为现代爬行类中最基部的1支.对扬子鳄分类地位的研究结果支持在现存的鳄类中扬子鳄与密西西比鳄的亲缘关系较近的结论.     

基于CHD基因序列的隼形目12种鸟系统发育关系

对12个隼形目物种CHD基因的一段内含子序列进行比较和分析。CHD-W和CHD-Z基因的多态性存在差异,CHD-W基因不适合系统发生学的研究。通过对CHD-Z基因扩增序列构建的NJ和MP树,结果显示隼科鸟类与鹰科和鹳科鸟类关系较远,与传统形态分类和和鸟类新的分类系统不一致。在白腹鹞的分类地位上与传统形态学分类不一致,将白腹鹞归入鹰属一支。NJ树显示鸢属(黑鸢)与鵟属(毛脚鵟)亲缘关系较近,MP树显示鵟鹰属(灰脸鵟鹰)与鵟属(毛脚鵟)亲缘关系较近。NJ和MP树都显示雕属(金雕)和鹰雕属(鹰雕)与其他鹰科各属亲缘关系较远。     

基于线粒体COⅠ和Cytb基因序列研究粉蝶科七属间的系统发生关系

【目的】为了探讨粉蝶科Pieridae 7属的系统进化关系。【方法】基于线粒体COⅠ(609 bp)和Cytb(393 bp)基因部分序列,以眼蝶科的2个物种为外类群,运用UPGMA和ME法重建分子系统树。【结果】联合基因构建的分子系统树显示:外群牧女珍眼蝶Coenonympha amaryllis(Cramer)和阿芬眼蝶Aphantopus hyperantu(Linnaeus)构成一独立支系,可以作为外群;云粉蝶属和粉蝶属姊妹关系构成一分支,亲缘关系较近;襟粉蝶属与钩粉蝶属形成姐妹关系,亲缘关系较近。【结论】成功重建了粉蝶科7属的系统进化关系。     

利用CoI基因序列对雀科鸟类的分子系统发育关系初探

基于线粒体DNA(mtDNA)中Col基因的部分序列(1300bp)对雀形目雀科(Fringillidae)36种鸟类进行系统发育分析.对数据集构建NJ树、Baycs树和ML树.对建树结果进行分析,发现铁爪鸦(Calcarius lapponicus)与鸦属(Emberiza)鸟类的亲缘关系比其他雀科的鸟类更近;支持蓝鹀(Latoucheornis siemsseni)隶属于鹀属的观点:证实了黄颈拟蜡嘴雀(Mycerobas affinis)与黑尾蜡嘴雀(Eophona migratorius)之间紧密的亲缘关系;发现长尾雀(Uragus sibiricus)和朱鸦(Urocynchramus pylzowi)之间亲缘关系很远,而与朱雀属(Carpodacus)有较近的亲缘关系:结果支持雀类与鸦类的亚科级分类水平.     

长白山自然保护区猫科动物种群数量变化及现状

1985～2009年,在长白山自然保护区及其周边地区采用野外样线调查和社会访问调查的方法,对猫科动物种群数量变化及影响因素进行了研究.结果表明,长白山自然保护区记载的东北虎(Pantheratigris)、远东豹(P.pardus)、猞猁(Felis lynx)和豹猫(F.bengalensis)4种猫科动物中,野外调...     

基于线粒体COI基因探讨鹟亚科部分属和种的分类地位

采用PCR扩增、测序的方法,对鹟亚科(Muscicapinae)6属16种鸟类的线粒体COI基因序列1176bp进行测定,并以荒漠伯劳和发冠卷尾作为外群构建Bayes、ML、MP3棵系统发育树。结果支持:寿带属(Terpsiphone)、扇尾鹟属(Rhipidura)、方尾鹟属(Culicicapa)3属与鹟亚科其他鸟类亲缘关系较远,扇尾鹟属与方尾鹟属亲缘关系较近;鹟属(Muscicapa)为单系发生,本研究结果未能确定它与仙鹟属、姬鹟属的进化关系;铜蓝鹟(Muscicapa thalassina)从鹟属中移出,归入仙鹟属。上述结论解决了鹟亚科部分属间的进化关系,为鹟亚科分类系统的研究提供了分子水平证据。     

叶绿体DNA片段的RFLP分析在黄精族系统学研究中的应用

对广义百合科黄精族6属23种及铃兰族1属1种的叶绿体基因组trnK和rpl16两个基因片段进 行了PCR-RFLP分析,结果表明：trnK基因的PCR产物在各类群间几乎不存在长度变异,均约2600bp,而rpl16基因则在各属之间及黄精属内表现出长度变异,变异范围在1140~1320bp之间;限制性酶切位点的同源性分析显示,黄精属、竹根七属、鹿药属和舞鹤草属构成的狭义黄精族与铃兰族中的铃兰属有较近的亲缘关系,并支持将扭柄花属和万寿竹属从广义百合科黄精族中分出的观点;在狭义黄精族内,黄精属与竹根七属聚成一支,鹿药属与舞鹤草属聚成另一支,为探讨族内属间的系统演化关系提供了分子生物学方面的证据。另外,本研究结果支持将金佛山黄精从鹿药属转隶至黄精属的观点。     

缘蝽亚科和巨缘蝽亚科部分种类细胞色素b基因序列及系统进化研究的探讨(半翅目:缘蝽科)

以线粒体细胞色素b(Cytb)基因作为分子标记,首次对缘蝽亚科和巨缘蝽亚科9种昆虫进行序列测定,获得Cytb基因412bp序列片段,该片段中碱基T、C、A、G的平均含量分别为34.0%、11.6%、34.5%和19.9%,A T平均含量为68.5%,明显高于G C含量(31.5%)。密码子第3位点的A T含量高达79.8%,属种间序列变异大,有188个核苷酸位点发生变异,碱基替换多发生于第3位点。以筛豆龟蝽为外群构建系统发育树,表明黑缘蝽属与缘蝽亚科其它属关系较远,同缘蝽属与巨缘蝽亚科关系较近,结合形态特征与序列变异情况,建议将黑缘蝽属和同缘蝽属从缘蝽亚科划出,同缘蝽归属于巨缘蝽亚科,并将黑缘蝽属提升为亚科。     

Late Pleistocene and Holocene development of the felid fauna (Felidae) of Europe: a review

In the fossil deposits of the Late Pleistocene ( c . 115 000–11 500 years ago), five felid species are recorded in Europe: the wildcat Felis silvestris , Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx , Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus , leopard Panthera pardus and cave lion Panthera leo spelaea . In the Holocene, Europe was colonized by F. silvestris , L. lynx and L. pardinus as well as the lion Panthera leo . The status of P. pardus in post-glacial Europe is unknown. So far, only sparse records indicate that P. pardus survived into the early Holocene. During the Late Glacial, both L. lynx and L. pardinus occurred on the Iberian Peninsula. However, from the Holocene, only the Iberian lynx is recorded in this region. There are subfossil records that indicate that L. pardinus also occurred in central and western France until c . 3000 years ago. Surprisingly, with reservations on the determination of the bones (by J. Altuna), both lions and cave lions seem to be recorded in the Iberian Peninsula in the Late Glacial. There are published records of the lion P. leo in the northern Iberian Peninsula from the early Holocene. However, its presence in Europe on the basis of subfossil records was proven initially from the Atlantic period. In Ponto-Mediterranean regions of Europe, the lion is recorded from the Atlantic to the younger sub-Atlantic.     

六种灵猫科动物的分子系统关系研究

对六种灵猫科物种线粒体12 S rRNA基因及其中四种的Cytb基因部分序列进行了测定,并从Gen-Bank获得斑林狸(Prionodon pardicolor)、熊狸(Arctictis binturong)的Cytb基因同源序列。两基因整合序列比对后长755 bp,12 S rRNA基因序列中有70个变异位点,31个简约信息位点,在Cytb基因序列中,共有120个位点呈现变异,60个简约信息位点,Cytb基因的碱基变异百分比高于12 S rRNA基因的碱基变异百分比。使用邻接法(NJ)、最大似然法(ML)重建的分子系统树显示:斑林狸从灵猫亚科中分离出来,支持灵猫亚科的多系起源,而且斑林狸可能是中国起源最早且最特化的灵猫科动物。另外,同属于灵猫亚科的大灵猫(Viverra zibe-tha)、小灵猫(Viverricula indica)聚为一支,同属于棕榈狸亚科的果子狸(Viverricula indica)、熊狸聚为姐妹群,这些与传统形态学分类观点一致。     

Phylogenetic relationships of leaf monkeys (Presbytis; Colobinae) based on cytochrome b and 12S rRNA genes

Little is known about the classification and phylogenetic relationships of the leaf monkeys (Presbytis). We analyzed mitochondrial DNA sequences of cytochrome b (Cyt b) and 12S rRNA to determine the phylogenetic relationships of the genus Presbytis. Gene fragments of 388 and 371 bp of Cyt b and 12S rRNA, respectively, were sequenced from samples of Presbytis melalophos (subspecies femoralis, siamensis, robinsoni, and chrysomelas), P. rubicunda and P. hosei. The genus Trachypithecus (Cercopithecidae) was used as an outgroup. The Cyt b NJ and MP phylogeny trees showed P. m. chrysomelas to be the most primitive, followed by P. hosei, whereas 12S rRNA tree topology only indicated that these two species have close relationships with the other members of the genus. In our analysis, chrysomelas, previously classified as a subspecies of P. melalophos, was not included in either the P. m. femoralis clade or the P. m. siamensis clade. Whether or not there should be a separation at the species level remains to be clarified. The tree topologies also showed that P. m. siamensis is paraphyletic with P. m. robinsoni, and P. m. femoralis with P. rubicunda, in two different clades. Cyt b and 12S rRNA are good gene candidates for the study of phylogenetic relationships at the species level. However, the systematic relationships of some subspecies in this genus remain unclear.     

基于16S rRNA和Cyt b基因序列的鰶亚科系统发育研究

对鰶亚科4属5种鱼类的线粒体基因组16S rRNA和Cyt b基因片段序列进行序列比较和系统发育关系分析。结果显示:5种鰶亚科鱼类的16S rRNA和Cy tb基因片段同源序列长度分别为525 bp和402 bp,序列联合后的序列总长度为927 bp,其中多态位点178个,简约信息位点123个。选取太平洋鲱Clupea pallasii和大西洋鲱C.harengus为外类群,采用邻接法(NJ)、最大简约法(MP)、最大似然法(ML)和贝叶斯法(BI)分别对2个基因片段序列进行了聚类分析,并联合2个基因片段利用邻接法、最大简约法和贝叶斯法进行分析。系统发育分析显示:斑鰶Konosirus punctatus与花鰶Clupanodon thriss亲缘关系最近,分布于美洲大陆的真鰶属Dorosoma鱼类与印度洋、太平洋分布的斑鰶属、花鰶属和海鰶属Nematalosa鱼类亲缘关系较远。     

Species diversity and community structure in neotropical fruit-feeding butterflies

Chemical secretions that are explicitly tied to species recognition may potentially be informative for phylogenetic reconstruction, especially when traditional morphological or molecular characters lack resolution. Anal sac secretions from 16 species within the family Felidae (order Carnivora) were chemically analysed and their utility as phylogenetic characters was assessed. Results were generally consistent across the different chemical data types (e.g. glycolipids, neutral lipids, or phospholipids). Two major clades were indicated, falling out according to body size: one for species greater than 30 kg (Panthera, Uncia, and Puma) and another for those less than 12 kg (remaining species). The primary solutions agreed with respect to the species pairs Prionailurus + Leptailurus, Caracal + Lynx, Oncifelis+Leopardus, Otocolobus+Felis, Panthera leo + P pardus, and P. tigris + Uncia. The only area of disagreement between chemical types was the positioning of the mountain lion (Puma concolor); however, this species appears to cluster with the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) in the Tjig cat clade. Although our solutions differ from six previously proposed hypotheses of felid phylogeny (morphological and molecular), the previous estimates all differ strongly amongst themselves reflecting the historical uncertainty regarding felid systematics. Phytogenies derived from the lipid data were very robust and decisive. Few equally most parsimonious trees were obtained, consistency indices were much higher than their expected values, and bootstrap and Bremer support values were also high. Thus, our findings illustrate the species-specific nature of chemical signals and their usefulness as phylogenetic characters.     

Comparative immobilization of wild felids in Thailand

We immobilized individuals of four free-ranging felid species, leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis), clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), Asiatic golden cat (Catopuma temminckii), and marbled cat (Pardofelis marmorata) with ketamine hydrochloride and xylazine hydrochloride (KH-XH) and with tiletamine hydrochloride and zolazepam hydrochloride (TH-ZH) between March 1998 and July 2002. Mean (+/-SD) dose of KH and XH was 26.51+/-5.71 mg/kg and 1.89+/-0.43 mg/kg, respectively (n=25), and mean dose of TH-ZH was 11.61+/-3.39 mg/kg (n=28). Dose was significantly correlated with induction time (P<0.001) and duration of anesthesia (P<0.05), but not with recovery time. There were significant differences between the drug combinations in time to induction (P<0.03) and time to anesthesia (P<0.01); recovery times were not significantly different. We conclude that immobilization of these felids with TH-ZH and KH-XH is effective and safe, but TH-ZH is preferred because of the smaller volume of drug necessary for sedation, faster time to induction, and absence of prolonged muscle rigidity during anesthesia.     

Scaling relationships within the maxillary tooth row of the Felidae, and the absence of the second upper premolar in Lynx

Suggestions that short-faced members of the Felidae tend to lack the second upper premolar (P2) imply a possible shift in scaling associated with the palate and maxillary tooth row in Lynx , which lacks P2, as compared to felids that retain it. This hypothesis is tested using a scaling model that relates the lengths of the palate, and the upper tooth row and its components, to post-palatal skull length in the small to moderately large felids Felis catus (domestic cat), L. canadensis (Canada lynx), F. pardalis (ocelot), and F. concolor (cougar). Scaling relationships of both palate and tooth row length to post-palatal skull length do not differ significantly from isometry in all four species. However, ocelots have a significantly shorter palate and tooth row than lynxes over their overlapping ranges of post-palatal skull length, suggesting that the absence of P2 is not correlated with the length of the face in these species. CI, P3 and P4 tend to be relatively longer in larger felids; none the less, ocelots have a relatively small P3 and lynxes have a proportionately large P4. Because both lynxes and ocelots have a relatively small gap between CI and P3, the absence of P2 is not correlated with available space within the tooth row in adults. However, lynxes also appear to have a relatively long dP3 that almost obliterates the diastema within the deciduous tooth row. The absence of P2 in Lynx may be an engineering artefact that is associated with a shift in proportions within the deciduous toothrow, resulting in inhibition of the development of P2 and dP2 early in ontogeny. Despite the variable occurrence and polymorphism associated with P2 in the Felidae, this character has systematic value within this clade and is a synapomorphy for Lynx.     

鲤鱼野生群体线粒体部分基因片段序列比较

通过对线粒体16S rRNA基因、D-loop区和Cyt b基因部分片段测定,探讨我国鲤鱼C.carpio野生群体和云南大头鲤C.pellegrini的遗传变异和亲缘关系.数据和并后用于分析的序列共1 492 bp,变异位点221个,含简约信息位点217个,其中新疆群体用于分析的序列长度为1 478 bp.以云南大头鲤为外群,推测鲤鱼群体问的系统发育关系和分化时间,MP法和NJ法得到相似的系统树,新疆群体与其他群体的差异较大,遗传距离较远,单独聚为一支,其他群体间相似性较高聚在一起,新疆群体与其他群体间的分化时间约为2.42×106～2.45×106年前.     

用12S rRNA基因序列研究斑腿蝗科二属六种的进化关系

采用DNA测序技术测定了中国斑腿蝗科昆虫6种和斑翅蝗科的红胫小车蝗线粒体12S rRNA基因长约345 bp片段的序列。在获得的345 bp的序列中,A+T约占71.8%,其中135个核苷酸位点存在变异 (约占39.1%)。PAUP4.0b数据分析软件构建该6种蝗虫的MP和NJ分子系统树显示,稻蝗属和蔗蝗属各为独立的一支。在稻蝗属一支中,中华稻蝗与山稻蝗关系很近,而与小稻蝗关系较远,这与形态学结果相吻合;在蔗蝗属一支中,异歧蔗蝗与斑角蔗蝗亲缘关系较近,而与等歧蔗蝗关系较远,这与形态学研究结果并不吻合,有待进一步的研究。