茶氨酸提取纯化工艺研究

系统研究了从茶多酚工业废液中提取纯化茶氨酸的工艺。采用絮凝、吸附、阳离子树脂交换、重结晶工艺来分离纯化茶氨酸。结果表明,絮凝能有效的去除茶多酚工业废液中的蛋白质等杂质,杂质的去除率为50％;吸附能进一步去除色素、多酚类物质及大分子有机物;阳离子交换树脂能较专-吸附氨基酸。茶多酚工业废液经絮凝→吸附→阳离子树脂交换工艺可得纯度50%的茶氨酸,得率为1．8％;通过重结晶可得到纯度90％的茶氨酸,得率为0．8%。     

右旋糖酐发酵液酶解制备右旋糖酐40中氮的控制

右旋糖酐发酵液经过吸附除杂和陶瓷膜过滤后处理,在右旋糖酐酶的作用下降解制备右旋糖酐40,对氮进行过程控制,达到右旋糖酐40国家标准。首先以蛋白质作为检测目标,对右旋糖酐发酵液进行吸附条件研究,利用最佳吸附条件进行右旋糖酐发酵液的吸附除杂,氮的去除率达到57%以上,氮含量降至0.09%以下;然后通过陶瓷膜过滤将右旋糖酐与果糖等杂糖分离,并进一步去除氮,氮的去除率达到45%以上,氮含量降至0.040%以下;最后利用右旋糖酐酶对右旋糖酐发酵液处理液进行酶解,右旋糖酐酶解液经过乙醇分级沉淀分离制备右旋糖酐40,氮的去除率达到89%以上,氮含量降至0.003%以下,达到≤0.007%的国家标准。右旋糖酐发酵液酶解制备右旋糖酐40工艺过程氮的控制可以使氮去除率达到98%以上,产品氮含量达到国家标准(≤0.007%),分子量分布有所改善,重均分子量35 000以上,10%小分子＞7 000。     

用硫酸亚铁溶液吸收处理氮氧化物的效果

实验分析探讨了FeSO4溶液对氮氧化物(NOx)的吸收去除机理,并考察了Fe2+初始质量分数、混合气中O2体积分数、NOx初始质量浓度和气液接触时间对NOx去除率的影响.结果表明,FeSO4吸收液在吸收初期对NOx表现出了较好的吸收去除效果.Fe2+初始质量分数越高、O2体积分数越大、NOx初始质量浓度越低、气液接触时间越长,NOx的去除率就越高.在吸收剂中Fe2+质量分数为4%、模拟废气中O2体积分数为34.9%的条件下,FeSO4吸收液对NOx初始质量浓度为2700 mg·m-3的废气进行吸收去除时,在吸收反应初期阶段,NOx的去除率可以达到80%以上.     

絮凝-膜法制备皂荚皂苷工艺研究

对皂荚种皮皂苷进行水法提取,采用阳离子瓜尔胶对提取液进行絮凝,再通过超滤、纳滤进行分离,制备获得的皂苷纯度为87.3%.研究认为,提取液中的皂苷与多糖、蛋白等杂质结合紧密,而阳离子瓜儿胶对杂质具有良好的选择性,因而絮凝处理是保证膜法分离过程的关键,其二者联用显示出良好的应用前景.     

茶叶中茶氨酸及其它游离氨基酸的定量测定

本文报道了在日立835—50型氨基酸分析仪上,采用2.6×250mm 分离柱和标准分析用Na~+盐缓中液,自设120分钟分析程序,一次完成茶叶中茶氨酸及其它游离氨基酸的测定。该方法重现性好,分辨率高,茶氨酸(约占60%)并相邻氨基酸的分辨率均在95%以上,取得令人满意的分析结果。茶叶中游离氨基酸的构成和含量是决定茶叶品质优劣的重要因素之一,其中茶氨酸又是影响较大的重要非蛋白氨基酸。随着氨基酸分析仪的广泛使用,有关分析方法也在不断改进和发展。一般来说,植物中的游离氨基酸需采用生体液分析法进行测定,但生体分析时间长达240分钟,Li~+盐缓冲液价格昂贵,操作条件也较复杂,且不易与标准分析法简便地转换,使应用受到一定限制。若采用2.6×150mm 分离柱来分析,则由于茶氨酸的保留时间与较难分离的酸性氨基酸的保留时间十分接近,含量又高。对其出峰附近的其它氨基酸峰复盖严重。分离困难,不易达到理想的分离效果。为了既便分析操作,降低费用,又能满足定量分析的要求,我们对本文所述的方法进行了初步研究。现扼要介绍如下。     

用紫外分光光度法测定速溶茶内咖啡碱的研究

本文介绍了使用紫外分光光度计测定速溶茶内咖啡碱含量的方法。茶样经碱式醋酸铅除去茶多酚、色素等杂质后,再用硫酸除去多余的铅离子,即可测定。与同类方法相比,本法具有准确、简便、快速的特点。当咖啡碱浓度为每毫升含1微克时,在272毫微米处光密度值为0.052。使用本法测茶内咖啡碱回收率达93±2%。     

白酒丢糟的多酶复配降解制备可发酵性糖

为有效利用纤维质原料制备可发酵性糖生产燃料酒精,通过NaOH-过氧乙酸预处理白酒丢糟,经质量分数2%NaOH和体积分数6%过氧乙酸处理后,白酒丢糟中木质素去除率达66.13%~77.02%,总纤维素回收率78.04%~90.73%。对处理后的白酒丢糟进行多酶复配糖化降解,通过均匀设计实验确定白酒丢糟酶降解的数学模型,得出总糖降解率与各酶添加量之间的回归关系,在最优条件下白酒丢糟降解率为(0.432 8±0.013 5)g/g。     

絮凝酵母吸附Cr(VI)的机理

絮凝酵母SPSC01为酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae和粟酒裂殖酵母Schizosaccharomyces pombe的融合菌株,用其吸附水溶液中的重金属Cr(VI),可以大大降低生物吸附的固液分离成本。为了探讨SPSC01菌体絮凝蛋白对Cr(VI)还原吸附的影响,对SPSC01与其亲本菌株的吸附行为进行了比较。结果表明,SPSC01和其具有絮凝性状的亲本S.pombe的Cr(VI)去除速率基本同步,远优于无絮凝性状的亲本S.cerevisiae;达到吸附平衡时,S.pombe、SPSC01和S.cerevisiae对总Cr去除率分别达68.8%、48.6%和37.5%;从而证明了絮凝有利于Cr(VI)的还原、吸附,絮凝蛋白在Cr(VI)的还原吸附过程中起促进作用。通过化学屏蔽方法和傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析,对SPSC01菌体表面吸附Cr(VI)的机理进行了研究,结果表明SPSC01菌体表面吸附Cr(VI)起主要作用的基团是氨基、羧基和酰胺基。     

纸层析－分光光度法检测茶氨酸

为了满足普通实验室对茶中茶氨酸测定的需要,研究了茶氨酸的纸层析-分光光度检测方法。结果表明,用茚三酮．乙醇水溶液做展层剂,对茶苗根、芽叶和茶叶的水浸提液进行纸层析,能够有效地将茶氨酸与其它氨基酸分离,紫色色斑清晰而均匀。用乙醇溶液洗脱色斑后用分光光度计在570nm比色,在20～70此茶氨酸溶液点样量范围内其含量与吸光度呈线性关系。本方法检出限为0．0057mg·mL-1,测定下限为0．0191mg·mL-1,平均回收率90．28％～115．38％,平均相对标准差1．51％,具有安全、药品种类少和操作步骤简单等特点。     

乌龙茶水提物的膜分离制备及其体外抗氧化活性评价

为探究乌龙茶水提液的不同膜分离工艺对产品品质、生化成分及体外抗氧化活性的影响,采用陶瓷膜(500 nm)和超滤膜(20、10、5、3.5 kD)对乌龙茶水提液进行分离,经喷雾干燥制得茶粉。通过感官品质、物理性质等方面评价不同膜分离工艺所制备的茶粉品质,并对茶粉的主要生化成分进行分析比较。同时,通过DPPH自由基清除力、FRAP氧化还原力、羟基自由基清除力、抗超氧阴离子活力方法评价茶粉的体外抗氧化活性。陶瓷膜透过液的感官品质综合得分最高,体外抗氧化活性亦最高。500 nm陶瓷膜可有效分离与富集茶多酚 (TPs)、游离氨基酸 (FAAs)、咖啡碱(CAF)、可溶性糖 (SPS)等物质,还可达到除杂效果,经陶瓷膜分离后的乌龙茶水提液再经超滤膜分离,对TPs、CAF、SPS、儿茶素组分无分离与富集效果。截留分子量小于10 kDa的超滤膜可有效分离与富集游离氨基酸。500 nm陶瓷膜截留液的SPS含量最高,但综合感官品质最差,抗氧化活性最低。基于品质、功效、节能这3大要素考虑,500 nm陶瓷膜透过液制备的茶粉综合品质最优。     

茶氨酸和没食子酸在普洱茶中的含量变化

建立高效液相色谱分析茶氨酸和没食子酸的方法,对由云南大叶茶（Camellia sinensis var．assamica）生产的晒青毛茶及其加工的普洱茶中二者的含量进行分析。结果表明,普洱茶中没食子酸的含量显著增高,而茶氨酸的含量则明显降低。茶氨酸和没食子酸的含量与原料的来源和质量,以及普洱茶的后发酵生产过程均有关系。对二者含量变化的机制进行了初步的讨论。     

Preservation of crab or shrimp waste as silage for cattle

Five experiments were conducted to either ferment fresh shrimp or crab waste with molasses, molasses and bacterial inoculant, or to preserve it with salt. Experiment 1 was a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement. Crab waste was combined with 0, 5, 10, or 15% liquid molasses, and stored in mini-silos (15 l) with or without lids for 14 days. The addition of molasses slightly decreased pH and offensive odors; mini-silo temperatures without lids were higher than those with lids. Experiment 2 was a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement designed to enhance fermentation. Fresh shrimp waste was combined with 0, 10, 15, 20, or 25% dry molasses and 0 or 1.0 × 10⁸ colony forming bacteria/g inoculant and ensiled for six days. As the level of molasses increased, dry matter and lactic acid increased but, the pH, crude protein, ammonia acetic, butyric, and propionic acid concentrations decreased. Significant molasses by inoculant interactions occurred which were highly variable for each acid. Evidence of fermentation was supported by production of lactic acid at all levels of molasses. The pH decreased from 7.7 in the untreated waste to an average of 7.4 for the 10, 15 and 20% molasses treated wastes to 6.8 in the 25% molasses treated waste. The high pH was an indication that the waste may be unstable with longer storage (> 6 days). Therefore, in Experiment 3, designed as a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, shrimp waste treated with 15 and 20% molasses, with or without inoculant was ensiled for 21 days to test stability. By day 21, shrimp waste had deteriorated as indicated by a mean pH of 7.5, low lactic acid, and high butyric acid concentration, an unacceptable odor, and the presence of mold on the surface of the samples.In Experiments 4 and 5, shrimp or crab waste was combined with salt at 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, and 12.5%. Increasing levels of salt decreased crude protein percent, ammonia concentration, and lactic and volatile fatty acids while increasing the pH and improving the acceptability of the odors in both the shrimp and crab wastes. Treatment of crustacean waste with 7.5% or greater salt was more effective at preserving crude protein and minimizing odor than either dry or liquid molasses.     

Biotechnological Potential of Bacillus salmalaya 139SI: A Novel Strain for Remediating Water Polluted with Crude Oil Waste

Environmental contamination by petroleum hydrocarbons, mainly crude oil waste from refineries, is becoming prevalent worldwide. This study investigates the bioremediation of water contaminated with crude oil waste. Bacillus salamalaya 139SI, a bacterium isolated from a private farm soil in the Kuala Selangor in Malaysia, was found to be a potential degrader of crude oil waste. When a microbial population of 10⁸ CFU ml^-1 was used, the 139SI strain degraded 79% and 88% of the total petroleum hydrocarbons after 42 days of incubation in mineral salt media containing 2% and 1% of crude oil waste, respectively, under optimum conditions. In the uninoculated medium containing 1% crude oil waste, 6% was degraded. Relative to the control, the degradation was significantly greater when a bacteria count of 99 × 10⁸ CFU ml^-1 was added to the treatments polluted with 1% oil. Thus, this isolated strain is useful for enhancing the biotreatment of oil in wastewater.     

Nonaqueous fractionation and overexpression of fluorescent‐tagged enzymes reveals the subcellular sites of L‐theanine biosynthesis in tea

l ‐Theanine is a specialized metabolite in the tea (Camellia sinensis) plant which can constitute over 50% of the total amino acids. This makes an important contribution to tea functionality and quality, but the subcellular location and mechanism of biosynthesis of l ‐theanine are unclear. Here, we identified five distinct genes potentially capable of synthesizing l ‐theanine in tea. Using a nonaqueous fractionation method, we determined the subcellular distribution of l ‐theanine in tea shoots and roots and used transient expression in Nicotiana or Arabidopsis to investigate in vivo functions of l ‐theanine synthetase and also to determine the subcellular localization of fluorescent‐tagged proteins by confocal laser scanning microscopy. In tea root tissue, the cytosol was the main site of l ‐theanine biosynthesis, and cytosol‐located CsTSI was the key l ‐theanine synthase. In tea shoot tissue, l ‐theanine biosynthesis occurred mainly in the cytosol and chloroplasts and CsGS1.1 and CsGS2 were most likely the key l ‐theanine synthases. In addition, l ‐theanine content and distribution were affected by light in leaf tissue. These results enhance our knowledge of biochemistry and molecular biology of the biosynthesis of functional tea compounds.     

Effects of dietary powdered green tea and theanine on tumor growth and endogenous hyperlipidemia in hepatoma-bearing rats

The effects of dietary powdered green tea (PGT) and theanine on in vivo hepatoma growth and cancerous hyperlipidemia were investigated in rats that had been implanted with a rat ascites hepatoma cell line of AH109A cells. The hepatoma-bearing rats were fed with a 20% casein diet (20C), 20C containing 2% PGT, or 20C containing 0.1% theanine for 14 days. Dietary PGT significantly and time-dependently reduced the solid tumor volume and weight as did dietary theanine. The hepatoma-induced endogenous hyperlipidemia, which was characterized by rises in the serum cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia) and triglyceride (hypertriglyceridemia) levels, was significantly suppressed by PGT and theanine supplementation. Bile acid excretion into the feces was significantly higher in the PGT- and theanine-fed rats than in the control rats. This inhibition of hypercholesterolemia may have resulted from tumor growth suppression as well as increased excretion of steroids from the body. These results suggest that PGT had both anti-proliferative activity toward hepatoma cells and hypolipidemic activity in the hepatoma bearing rats. They also suggest that theanine was, at least in part, responsible for the PGT actions.     

Facilitated Neurogenesis in the Developing Hippocampus After Intake of Theanine,an Amino Acid in Tea Leaves,and Object Recognition Memory

Theanine, γ-glutamylethylamide, is one of the major amino acid components in green tea. In this study, cognitive function and the related mechanism were examined in theanine-administered young rats. Newborn rats were fed theanine through dams, which were fed water containing 0.3% theanine, and then fed water containing 0.3% theanine after weaning. Theanine level in the brain was under the detectable limit 6 weeks after the start of theanine administration. Theanine administration did not influence locomotor activity in the open-field test. However, rearing behavior was significantly increased in theanine-administered rats, suggesting that exploratory activity is increased by theanine intake. Furthermore, object recognition memory was enhanced in theanine-administered rats. The increase in exploratory activity in the open-field test seems to be associated with the enhanced object recognition memory after theanine administration. On the other hand, long-term potentiation (LTP) induction at the perforant path-granule cell synapse was not changed by theanine administration. To check hippocampal neurogenesis, BrdU was injected into rats 3 weeks after the start of theanine administration, and brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) level was significantly increased at this time. Theanine intake significantly increased the number of BrdU-, Ki67-, and DCX-labeled cells in the granule cell layer 6 weeks after the start of theanine administration. This study indicates that 0.3% theanine administration facilitates neurogenesis in the developing hippocampus followed by enhanced recognition memory. Theanine intake may be of benefit to the postnatal development of hippocampal function.     

Theanine,gamma-glutamylethylamide,is metabolized by renal phosphate-independent glutaminase

The distribution of theanine-degrading activity in Wistar rats was examined and this activity was detected only in the kidney. Judging from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, theanine-degrading enzyme from rat kidney was purified almost to homogeneity. Theanine-degrading activity was co-purified with glutaminase activity, and the relative activity for theanine was about 85% of that for L-glutamine throughout purification. Substrate specificity of purified enzyme preparation coincided well with the data of phosphate-independent glutaminase [EC 3.5.1.2], which had been previously reported. It was very curious that gamma-glutamyl methyl and ethyl esters were more effectively hydrolyzed than theanine and L-glutamine, in view of relative activity and K(m) value. It was suggested that gamma-glutamyl moiety in theanine molecule was transferred to form gamma-glutamylglycylglycine with relative ease in the presence of glycylglycine. On the other hand, purified phosphate-dependent glutaminase did not show theanine-degrading activity at all. Thus, it was concluded that theanine was hydrolyzed by phosphate-independent glutaminase in kidney and suggested that, as for the metabolic fate of theanine, its glutamyl moiety might be transferred by means of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase reaction to other peptides in vivo.