AFP基因细胞专一性的表达依赖于某些核蛋白

Southern blotting分析没有发现成年大鼠肝、胚肝及肝癌细胞AFP基因5′端及上游有任何不同。以AFP基因转录起始点到5′端上游255 bp DNA片段为探针进行Southwestern blotting分析,发现表达AFP基因的细胞核蛋白中存在与其结合的核蛋白,这些在成年大鼠肝、肺、脾、心和肾细胞核蛋白中不存在。含有结合蛋白的肝癌核蛋白部分能使作为RNA聚合酶Ⅱ来源的成年大鼠肝细胞核蛋白部分具备较高的体外转录活性,表明基因细胞专一的表达确与某些结合蛋白有关。     

肝癌细胞AFP基因高水平的转录是受核蛋白成分的促进

利用大鼠甲胎蛋白(AFP)基因片段作为模板,分析大鼠肝癌细胞核蛋白成分对体外转录活性的影响,发现大鼠肝癌含有促进AFP基因体外转录的核蛋白。作为对照．没有发现任何成年大鼠肝核蛋白可以促进AFP基因的体外转录。为了确定促进AFP基因体外转录的核蛋白作用部位,对AFP基因模板5＇端上游序列进行了不同程度的删除,进一步分析核蛋白对删掉5’端上游序列后的模板体外转录的影响,结果表明,AFP基因转录的起始点到255bp这段DNA序列是大鼠肝癌核蛋白促进AFP基因转录必不可少的。以SV40DNA经Pst I酶酶切所得的DNA片段(1216bp和4027bp)代替AFP基因片段作为模板,不存在核蛋白促进体外转录的现象。用AFP基因转录的起始点到 255bp这段的DNA为探针,进行Southwestm印迹分析,结果发现了8种与探针结合的核蛋白。     

利用序列比较寻找胰岛素基因表达启动区与DNA结合蛋白的结合位点

NDFl、IPFl和HNF4是与胰岛素基因表达有关的DNA结合蛋白,通过比较SWISSPROT蛋白质数据库中人类、小鼠、大鼠这三种核蛋白氨基酸一级序列、模体和结构域,发现其结构十分相似,根据蛋白质结构和功能的关系,推测这些DNA结合蛋白与胰岛素基因结合的核苷酸序列相似;从GenBanl(核酸数据库中获得人类、小鼠、大鼠胰岛素DNA序列,用ClustalW比较三者Promoter区的核苷酸序列,显示有一段核苷酸序列较为相似,同时搜索TRANSFAC基因转录数据库中NDFl、IPFl和NHF4蛋白核苷酸结合位点,发现核酸比对保守的部分序列与TRANSFAC数据库中这三个转录因子的DNA结合位点一致,另外一些核酸保守序列可能为其他未知DNA结合蛋白的结合位点。这种核酸序列比对设计为分子生物学实验寻找和验证胰岛素DNA结合蛋白与核苷酸的结合位点提供了简单而实用的方法。     

β珠蛋白基因5′远端新沉默子的结构和功能

通过凝胶滞留分析和荧光素酶报告基因检测系统,鉴定出人类β珠蛋白基因5′旁侧远端帽位上游－2132－－1822bp间存在一个活性沉默子片段（310bp）。通过DNA足迹分析,对其DNA序列与从Hela细胞核中提取的DNA结合蛋白（核蛋白）的相互作用进行了研究,结果显示该DNA片段中存在两个相邻的核蛋白结合位点,分别为帽位上游－2017－2011bp间序列“CTTCCCGC”和－2006－－1997bp间序列“CACTTTATTT”。采用人工设计的突变引物,分别将上述两段序列定点诱变为“CTTAAGC”和CACTTAAGTT”,从而形成两种突变型310bp片段,经竞争性凝胶滞留分析,显示这两种突变型片段以及它们分别经限制酶BspTI消化产生的4个小片段均丧失了与野生型310bp片段探针竞争核蛋白的能力;而采用人工合成包含正常“CTTCCGC”和“CACTTTATTT”序列的双链寡核苷酸片段进行性凝胶滞留分析,结果显示它具有与野生型310bp片段探针竞争DNA结合蛋白的能力,从而验证了这两段序列是存在着相互作用的核蛋白结合位点。与此同时,采用DNA结合蛋白纯化试剂盒,对Hela细胞核蛋白提取物中的特异性DNA结合蛋白进行亲和素磁性分离纯化,经蛋白质SDS－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳结合银染鉴定,结果显示确实存在两种DNA结合蛋白分别与此沉默子的活性片段,它们的分子量分别为37kD和81kD,而它们的特性和作用机理用待进一步深入研究。     

一个能与水稻未成熟种子核蛋白特异结合的31bp的DNA片段

水稻蜡质基因5'上游序列中有5个能与水稻胚乳核蛋白结合的片段,其中HinfId和RsaIe片段有部分重叠,而重叠部分含AACGT顺序。按重叠区上下游顺序合成了其中含有3次重复的AACGT顺序的31bp寡核苷酸,并以此为探针进行凝胶滞后实验,表明它不仅能与未成熟水稻种子的胚乳核蛋白特异结合,而且也与HinfId和RsaIe片段有强烈的竞争作用。因此31bp顺序中含有与水稻胚乳核蛋白专一结合位点,从而有可能应用此31bp的寡核苷酸作探针来分离编码蜡质基因的调控蛋白基因。     

AFP基因细胞专一性的表达依赖于某些核蛋白

Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔｔｉｎｇ分析没有发现成年大鼠肝、胚肝及肝癌细胞ＡＦＰ基因５＇端及上游有任何不同。以ＡＦＰ基因转录起始点到５＇端上游２５５ｂｐＤＮＡ片段为探针进行Ｓｏｕｔｈｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔｔｉｎｇ分析,发现表达ＡＦＰ基因的细胞核蛋白中存在与其结合的核蛋白,这些在成年大鼠肝、肺、脾、心和肾细胞核蛋白中不存在。含有结合蛋白的肝癌核蛋白部分能使作为ＲＮＡ聚合酶Ⅱ来源的成年大鼠肝细胞核蛋白部     

木质素降解条件下黄孢原毛平革菌lip基因转录调控序列的筛选与鉴定

用DNA-蛋白质体外结合实验和凝胶迁移率变动分析技术筛选黄孢原毛平革菌（Phanerochaete chrysosporium）木质素过氧化物酶基因lipA、lipC、lipF的5′-端调控区内能与该菌在木质素降解条件下形成的蛋白特异结合的顺式作用元件。结果表明,来自lipC、lipF基因的5′-端片段LG2P3(396 bp)和 LG6S1-2（738 bp）能特异结合培养于Kirk低氮培养基中的菌丝体蛋白;而来自于lipF基因的5′-端的LG6S2 (226 bp) DNA片段能特异结合培养于天然冷杉木片中的菌丝体蛋白。对这些片段的DNA序列分析表明,它们均存在各种顺式作用元件,由此推测它们可能是被一些木质素过氧化物酶基因转录调控相关的蛋白质所结合的序列。     

人皮肤成纤维细胞中α1(Ⅰ)前胶原基因转录调控研究

为寻找纤维化形成中调控人Ⅰ型前胶原基因高水平转录的启动序列及其DNA结合蛋白 ,以人皮肤成纤维细胞α1(Ⅰ )前胶原基因转录起始点上游 - 2 5kb至 + 4 2bp的片段为靶序列 ,采用PCR、基因重组、报告基因测活、细胞基因转染技术比较不同长短启动子活性 .凝胶滞留实验 (EM SA)研究高启动活性片段相应的DNA结合蛋白 .基因转染高活性转录因子识别序列至靶细胞 ,探讨前胶原基因激活阻断的新手段 .结果表明 ,- 2 4 83～ + 4 2bp、 - 2 6 8～ + 4 2bp序列具有强启动调控活性 ,而 - 10 5～ + 4 2bp片段启动活性最低 .EMSA对高启动活性小片段DNA结合蛋白的分析提示 ,- 2 6 8～ + 4 2bp序列中存在转录因子Ap 1、Sp 1、NF 1的特异结合位点 .转染高活性转录因子识别序列Ap 1、Sp 1至靶细胞可竞争性阻断胶原基因启动转录激活 .研究提示 ,人α1(Ⅰ )前胶原基因 - 2 4 83～ + 4 2bp、 - 2 6 8～ + 4 2bp片段有高启动活性 .转录因子Ap 1、Sp 1、NF 1与 - 2 6 8～ + 4 2bp序列中相应识别序列的结合与其基础高转录活性有关 .转染高活性转录因子识别序列Ap 1、Sp 1可从转录水平阻断胶原基因的激活     

水稻蜡质基因第一内含子中g片段上核蛋白因子结合位点的确定

水稻蜡质基因 5’非翻译区中的第一内含子具有增强基因表达的作用 ,本实验室曾检测到该内含子中的一段 171bp长的g片段与水稻未成熟种子核蛋白存在特异性结合。本文进一步用凝胶滞后实验和足印实验确定了该核蛋白在g片段上的结合位点位于蜡质基因转录起始点下游 783～ 818bp处 ,该结合位点富含AT碱基 ;Southwesternblot实验测出该蛋白的分子量约为 2 0kD。用硫酸铵分步沉淀和肝素 Sepharose柱层析的方法对这一蛋白进行了初步纯化。还初步检测了此蛋白DNA结合活性对温度的耐受性。以上特征提示它可能属于HMG类DNA结合蛋白     

肺癌细胞中调控ezrin基因基本转录活性的顺式作用元件及转录因子的鉴定

研究发现,质膜-细胞骨架连接蛋白Ezrin在多种肿瘤细胞中异常表达,而且Ezrin的表达上调与肿瘤细胞的移动侵袭相关,但是调控ezrin基因转录的分子机制却不清楚.为了探明ezrin基因的转录调控机制,以肺癌细胞A549为材料,首先采用双荧光素酶报告基因分析系统检测ezrin基因5′侧翼嵌套缺失序列和位点突变序列的转录活性,鉴定肺癌细胞中ezrin基因的基本启动子区以及关键的顺式作用元件Sp1结合位点(-75/-69)和AP-1结合位点(-64/-58).其次,利用凝胶电泳迁移率变动分析证明,肺癌细胞核蛋白提取物能够与ezrin基因含有关键顺式作用元件的DNA序列结合,形成DNA-核蛋白复合物,而且Sp1结合位点和AP-1结合位点与重组蛋白rhSp1和rhAP-1的结合具有位点特异性.最后,利用瞬时转染实验证实,转录因子Sp1和AP-1(由c-Jun和c-Fos组成的异源二聚体)分别通过Sp1结合位点和AP-1结合位点,增强ezrin基因基本转录活性,而且,过表达转录因子Sp1、c-Jun或c-Fos上调了Ezrin蛋白表达.研究确定,肺癌细胞中调控ezrin基因基本转录活性的关键顺式作用元件是Sp1结合位点(-75/-69)和AP-1结合位点(-64/-58),与之作用的转录因子Sp1和AP-1对于ezrin基因的转录激活作用至关重要.     

利用SPR原理研究mGAT—1基因5‘区域和组织核蛋白的相互作用

The DNA fragment (named F182) corresponding the position of -1775(-)-1594 in the mouse GABA transporter 1 (mGAT-1) 5' proximal region was amplified by PCR. Then the DNA was immobilized to the surface of sensor chip SA5 via biotin-streptavidin linkage. The interaction between the F182 on SA5 and nuclear proteins from mouse liver and kidney was studied by the method of SPR with Biosensor of BIAcore-1000 respectively. The Binding between F182 and two nuclear proteins was definitely and specifically and both with the apparent dissociation rate of about 1.4E-5/s. Competitive experiment revealed that a conserved sequence within F182 had the main contribution to the binding event.     

THE INCORPORATION OF TRITIUM FROM THYMIDINE INTO PROTEINS OF THE MOUSE

Tritium from methyl-H³-thymidine was found to be incorporated into proteins in mice. This incorporation in the mouse as a whole represented between 1 and 10% of the injected tritium. Tritiated water was not an intermediate. Transmethylation reactions are proposed as a means whereby certain amino acids might have acquired the tritium from thymidine at some stage of its catabolism. The initial (2 hr) ratios of DNA to protein tritium activities per milligram of wet tissue ranged from 5 in two tissues of low DNA synthetic activity (pancreas, liver) to 35 to 40 in two tissues of high DNA synthetic activity (spleen, small intestine). Labeled nuclear protein was coincident with labeled DNA in nuclei, where it constituted less than 2.5% of the total tritium. The significance of the findings is discussed.     

新生小鼠兴奋性氨基酸转运蛋白家族成员cDNA的克隆和分析

兴奋性氨基酸转运蛋白家族包含几种结构相似的膜蛋白,它们在终止谷氨酸的突触传递作用,维持神经系统正常的递质水平起重要作用.为了在同一物种中研究这些蛋白和基因的功能,本工作对新生小鼠脑的兴奋性氨基酸转运蛋白家族成员进行了克隆,获得了3个谷氨酸转运蛋白亚型(mGLAST-1,mGLT-1,mEAAC1)和一个中性氨基酸转运蛋白(mASCT1)的cDNA,其中在小鼠中mASCT1序列为首次发表.序列分析表明,mASCT1cDNA的长度为3787bp,编码一个532个氨基酸箴基的蛋白,和人的ASCT1蛋白序列有89.3%的同源性,用非洲爪蟾卵母细胞表达系统证实了它具有转运丝氨酸的活性.同时,我们的研究表明,兴奋性氨基酸转运蛋白mRNA的5'UTR和3'UTR普遍存在组成和长度的不均一性,这种现象可能提示该家族成员的基因表达具有转录后调控机制.     

Formation of highly stable complexes between 5-azacytosine-substituted DNA and specific non-histone nuclear proteins. Implications for 5-azacytidine-mediated effects on DNA methylation and gene expression

Incubation of 5-azacytosine-substituted DNA ([5-aza-C]DNA) with nuclear proteins leads to the formation of highly stable DNA . protein complexes which remain intact in the presence of 1 M NaCl and/or 0.6% Sarkosyl. The proteins involved in binding double-stranded [5-aza-C]DNA in these stable complexes comprise a specific subset of non-histone nuclear proteins that includes DNA methyltransferase. Complex formation does not require S-adenosylmethionine and does not involve covalent linkage of protein to DNA or modification of 5-azacytosine residues. Non-histone nuclear proteins do not form complexes with double-stranded unsubstituted DNA that are resistant to dissociation with NaCl and Sarkosyl but are capable of forming such complexes with single-stranded DNA regardless of whether it contains 5-azacytosine residues or not. However, it can be demonstrated 1) that single-stranded regions do not account for stable binding of proteins to native [5-aza-C]DNA and 2) that many nuclear proteins which form stable complexes with single-stranded DNA are incapable of forming such complexes with double-stranded [5-aza-C]DNA. Synthesis of [5-aza-C]DNA by cells growing in the presence of either 5-azacytidine or 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine leads to rapid loss of extractable DNA methyltransferase (Creusot, F., Acs, G., and Christman, J.K. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 2041-2048). Analogous depletion of non-histone nuclear proteins capable of forming stable complexes with [5-aza-C]DNA in vitro is observed, suggesting that the same proteins can form highly stable complexes with [5-aza-C]DNA in vitro and in vivo. Formation of stable complexes between non-histone nuclear proteins and [5-aza-C]DNA could potentially affect not only the activity of DNA methyltransferase but the action of other regulatory proteins or enzymes that interact with DNA. Such interactions could explain effects of 5-azacytidine on gene expression that cannot be directly linked to loss of methyl groups from DNA.     

Identification of DNA elements cooperatively activating proopiomelanocortin gene expression in the pituitary glands of transgenic mice.

The proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene is highly expressed in adult mouse pituitary anterior lobe corticotrophs and intermediate lobe melanotrophs. To identify the DNA elements important for this tissue-specific expression, we analyzed a series of POMC reporter genes in transgenic mice. A DNA fragment containing rat POMC 5'-flanking sequences from -323 to -34 recapitulated both basal pituitary cell-specific and hormonally stimulated expression in adult mice when fused to a heterologous thymidine kinase promoter. Developmental onset of the reporter gene expression lagged by 1 day but otherwise closely paralleled the normal ontogeny of murine POMC gene expression, including corticotroph activation at embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5) followed by melanotroph activation at E15.5 to E16.5. AtT20 corticotroph nuclear protein extracts interacted with three specific regions of the functional POMC promoter in DNase I protection assays. The positions of these protected sites were -107 to -160 (site 1), -182 to -218 (site 2), and -249 to -281 (site 3). Individual deletions of these footprinted sites did not alter transgene expression; however, the simultaneous deletion of sites 2 and 3 prevented transgene expression in both corticotrophs and melanotrophs. Electrophoretic mobility shift and Southwestern (DNA-protein) assays demonstrated that multiple AtT20 nuclear proteins bound to these footprinted sites. We conclude that the sequences between -323 and -34 of the rat POMC gene promoter are both necessary and sufficient for correct spatial, temporal, and hormonally regulated expression in the pituitary gland. Our data suggest that the three footprinted sites within the promoter are functionally interchangeable and act in combination with promoter elements between -114 and -34. The inability of any reporter gene construction to dissociate basal and hormonally stimulated expression suggests that these DNA elements are involved in both of these two characteristics of POMC gene expression in vivo.     

正常小鼠肝和腹水型肝癌细胞核内酸溶性蛋白质磷酸化的比较研究

染色质的组成成分,组蛋白和非组蛋白在特异的蛋白激酶作用下可以发生磷酸化修饰,组蛋白和非组蛋白的磷酸化和脱磷酸化可能在染色质的结构,基因表达以及DNA复制中起着重要的作用。本文比较是小鼠腹水型肝癌细胞核和正常小鼠肝细胞核内酸溶性蛋白质及其磷酸化的差异。正常小鼠肝细胞核酸溶性蛋白质的电泳染色图谱有一条明显可见的组蛋白H_1~0蛋白带,而对小鼠腹水型肝癌来说,此带极浅,但在腹水型肝癌细胞核酸溶性蛋白质的电泳染色图谱上可见到表观分子量约为68K的一条蛋白带,而正常小鼠肝未见此带。此外,从电泳胶片~(32)P放射自显影图谱可见腹水型肝癌组蛋白H_1,H_2A和非组蛋白带Ⅱ(MW43K),带Ⅲ(MW.67K)带Ⅳ(M.w.97K)磷酸化程度明显高于正常小鼠肝。     

Identification of a tankyrase-binding motif shared by IRAP,TAB182, and human TRF1 but not mouse TRF1. NuMA contains this RXXPDG motif and is a novel tankyrase partner

Tankyrase-1 and -2 are closely related poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases that use an ankyrin-repeat domain to bind diverse proteins, including TRF (telomere-repeat binding factor)-1, IRAP (insulin-responsive aminopeptidase), and TAB182 (182-kDa tankyrase-binding protein). TRF1 binding allows tankyrase to regulate telomere dynamics in human cells, whereas IRAP binding presumably allows tankyrase to regulate the targeting of IRAP. The mechanism by which tankyrase binds to diverse proteins has not been investigated. Herein we describe a novel RXXPDG motif shared by IRAP, TAB182, and human TRF1 that mediates their binding to tankyrases. Interestingly, mouse TRF1 lacks this motif and thus does not bind either tankyrase-1 or -2. Using the ankyrin domain of tankyrase as a bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen, we also found the RXXPDG motif in six candidate tankyrase partners, including the nuclear/mitotic apparatus protein (NuMA). We verified NuMA as an RXXPDG-mediated partner of tankyrase and suggest that this interaction contributes to the known colocalization of tankyrase and NuMA at mitotic spindle poles.