中国甘肃省狭义丝盖伞属二新种

依据形态学和分子系统学研究结果,描述了产自中国甘肃省的狭义丝盖伞属2个新种,即拟黄囊丝盖伞Inocybe muricellatoides和甘肃丝盖伞I. gansuensis。对新种的ITS、LSU和rpb2片段进行了测序和分析,并提供了详细描述、线条图、生态照片及与相似种的区别。拟黄囊丝盖伞以菌盖翘起的鳞片、菌柄纤维状、孢子光滑和厚壁的侧生囊状体为主要识别特征。甘肃丝盖伞具有粗壮的子实体、较大的孢子和厚壁侧生囊状体。基于LSU和rpb2联合数据的分子系统发育分析显示这两个新种隶属于狭义丝盖伞属且分别占据独特的分支。     

基于多基因分析对我国红曲霉属Monascus真菌的系统发育研究

红曲霉属Monascus具有重要的经济和生态价值,但对该属的物种识别和系统发育学研究有限。本研究首先对红曲霉属红色组内物种开展ITS和LSU序列的测定并综合分析,结合GenBank中相关物种序列及菌株的形态学特征,探讨红曲霉属的系统发育关系,鉴定出红色组3个种,弗罗里达组7个种。其次采用红曲霉色素表型控制基因簇部分基因pksKS序列进行分析,以期解决ITS和LSU等基因序列分析无法有效区分红色红曲与紫色红曲不同形态种的问题。通过分子克隆测序与直接测序结果的比较,以及对3个血红红曲菌株单核苷酸多态性的分析,解析了血红红曲种内遗传差异,首次在红曲霉属真菌中发现疑似红色红曲血红自然杂交种。最后综合ITS、LSU、pksKS序列和形态学分析的结果,统一了红曲霉属内物种的系统发育关系,确认红色组包括3个种：红色红曲M. ruber、紫色红曲M. purpureus、血红红曲M. sanguineus;发现3个变种：红色红曲发白变种M. ruber var. albidulus、紫色红曲橙色变种M. purpureus var. aurantiacus及紫色红曲火红色变种M. purpureus var. rutilus;弗罗里达组包括7个种：弗罗里达红曲M. floridanus、苍白红曲M. pallens、新月红曲M. lunisporas、阿根廷红曲M. argentinensis、累西腓红曲M. recifensis、黄色红曲M. flavipigmentosum、蜂蜜红曲M. mellicola。另外,发现1个疑似杂交种：红色红曲血红杂种M. ruber × sanguineus。结果表明,红曲霉属具有丰富的物种多样性,而且通过多基因和形态学分析可以将相近种区分开来。     

舌鳎亚科鱼类单系起源和同种异名的线粒体DNA证据

舌鳎亚科鱼类因形态特征的特殊性, 其分类及系统发育关系一直存在争议。本研究测定了中国沿海14种舌鳎亚科鱼类线粒体DNA的16S rRNA和Cyt b基因的部分片段。两个基因构建的舌鳎亚科系统发育树结果显示, 中国沿海舌鳎亚科鱼类为明显的单系群, 但舌鳎亚科鱼类内部的系统发育关系与形态分类划分的亚属并不完全一致, 日本须鳎(Paraplagusis japonica)与其他舌鳎属(Cynoglossus)种类并未形成不同的分支。虽然舌鳎属内的舌鳎亚属(Cynoglossus)、拟舌鳎亚属(Cynoglossoides)和三线舌鳎亚属(Areliscus)均可以聚为独立分支, 但长吻红舌鳎(C. lighti)与短吻红舌鳎(C. joyneri)、短吻三线舌鳎(C. abbreviatus)与紫斑舌鳎(C. purpureomaculatus)、半滑舌鳎(C. semilaevis)与窄体舌鳎(C. gracilis)及褐斑三线舌鳎(C. trigrammus)这三组物种可能存在同种异名现象。这一结果提示, 基于形态学对舌鳎亚科的种属分类鉴定尚存在不足, 线粒体DNA的系统发育关系可为其分类的修订提供有意义的参考和佐证。     

梵净山山顶苔藓矮林AM真菌多样性

为探析和比较梵净山国家自然保护区矮林生态系统中丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM）真菌群落特征,对6种山顶苔藓矮林群落（山樱-山矾Prunus-Symplocos、杜鹃-槭树Rhododendron-Acer、花楸-杜鹃Sorbus-Rhododendron、槭树Acer、黔稠Cyclobalanopsis stewardiana、杜鹃Rhododendron）土壤进行AM真菌分离、鉴定和分析。结果表明：梵净山山顶苔藓矮林群落共有13属32种AM真菌,包括无梗囊霉属Acaulospora 13种、球囊霉属Glomus 5种、近明球囊霉属Claroideoglomus 2种、多样孢囊霉属Diversispora 2种、隔球囊霉属Septoglomus 2种、原囊霉属Archaeospora 1种、双型囊霉属Ambispora 1种、内养囊霉属Entrophospora 1种、和平囊霉属Pacispora 1种、硬囊霉属Sclerocystis 1种、西维丁囊霉属Sieverdingia 1种、盾巨孢囊霉属Scutellospora 1种和巨孢囊霉属Gigaspora 1种,其中无梗囊霉属的分离频率、相对多度和重要值最高,分别是100%、65.90%和82.95%,为矮林区域的优势属,柯氏无梗囊霉为该区域的优势种;不同矮林间AM真菌群落结构组成差异显著,槭树矮林的孢子密度、菌根侵染率和Shannon-Wiener指数显著高于其他5种植物群落,黔稠矮林的孢子密度和物种丰富度最低,杜鹃矮林的AM真菌Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数均为所有植物群落中最低,表明不同矮林类型对AM真菌群落结构具有重要影响。     

采自内蒙古大兴安岭的蜡蘑属3个新记录种

本文报道采自内蒙古大兴安岭的中国蜡蘑属3个新记录种,即长柄蜡蘑Laccaria longipes,椭孢紫蜡蘑L. amethysteo-occidentalis,兴安蜡蘑L. trichodermophora,并提供了3个种详尽的形态描述和线条图.研究标本存放于吉林农业大学菌物标本馆(HMJAU).     

中国盔孢伞属的分类

根据采自全国20个省、自治区的盔孢伞属Galerina真菌标本整理、鉴定,确认出36种,其中包含28个已知种和8个中国新记录种。对中国新记录种褐柄盔孢伞G. badipes、帆孢盔孢伞G. calyptrata、迦佩盔孢伞G. jaapii、假拟提灯藓盔孢伞G. pseudomniophila、沼泽盔孢伞G. paludosa、泡孢盔孢伞G. physospora、萨列里盔孢伞G. sahleri和胫囊盔孢伞G. tibiicystis进行了详尽的形态学描述,提供了原生态照片和显微特征线条图以及分亚属、分种检索表。通过相关研究材料进行DNA提取,所得21条ITS序列与73条下载序列利用贝叶斯法及最大似然法构建系统发育树,验证鉴定结果的准确性。     

篮状菌属分类概述及三个中国新记录种

篮状菌属真菌在空气、土壤中分布广泛,有些种类是重要的工业酶及色素生产菌,有些则可以引起食品的污染变质,还有些种是引起浅层或散播性感染的条件致病菌,如马尔尼菲篮状菌。篮状菌属在传统分类学上是一个有性型属,随着多相分类以及“一种真菌一个名称”概念的广泛普及,该属的概念已经发生了较大的变化,目前全世界已报道177个种。本文基于国内外最新研究结果,对篮状菌属的分类现状、种的范围和形态学区分等进行了概述,同时基于多基因系统发育树以及形态学观察描述了3个中国新记录种Talaromyces amazonensis N. Yilmaz, López-Quint., Vasco-Pal.、T. chloroloma Visagie & K. Jacobs和T. minnesotensis Guevara-Suarez, Cano & Dania García,并详细比较了它们与模式菌株的形态学差别。     

土赤壳属三个中国新记录种

通过形态特征观察、rDNA-ITS和histone H3序列测定分析,报道分离自西藏药用植物一把伞南星Arisaema erubescens和工布乌头Aconitum kongboense的土赤壳属3个中国新记录种：埃什特雷莫什土赤壳Ilyonectria estremocensis、假毁土赤壳Ilyonectria pseudodestructans和强壮土赤壳Ilyonectria robusta,并对其进行了形态学描述和系统发育分析。研究菌株保存于北京协和医学院药用植物研究所生物技术中心菌种库。     

蕨类植物孢子囊形态 I. 鳞始蕨科

孢子囊是蕨类植物的繁殖器官, 其形态在蕨类植物的分类和系统发育研究上具有重要意义。用次氯酸钠溶液处理新鲜成熟的孢子囊, 在光学显微镜下获得清晰的孢子囊图像, 系统研究了中国鳞始蕨科4属13种孢子囊的形态特征。结果表明, 鳞始蕨科孢子囊呈椭球形, 孢子囊柄由3列细胞构成, 环带类型为垂直环带。通过分析孢子囊形态数据探讨了中国鳞始蕨科属内及属间差异。结果表明, 乌蕨属(Odontosoria)、香鳞始蕨属(Osmolindsaea)、达边蕨属(Tapeinidium)和鳞始蕨属(Lindsaea)的孢子囊环带细胞数依次减少, 囊蒴体积、唇细胞数和囊壁细胞数的变化由大(多)到小(少)依次为乌蕨属、达边蕨属、香鳞始蕨属和鳞始蕨属。孢子囊属内差异最大的是阔片乌蕨(Odontosoria biflora)与乌蕨(O. chinensis)以及香鳞始蕨(Osmolindsaea odorata)与日本鳞始蕨(O. japonica); 而达边蕨属和鳞始蕨属的属内差异则很小。研究结果为揭示鳞始蕨科系统发育关系提供了形态基础, 特别是提出阔片乌蕨和乌蕨以及香鳞始蕨和日本鳞始蕨在孢子囊形态上的差异值得进一步研究。     

卵孢小奥德蘑覆土真菌群落特征及其影响因素

卵孢小奥德蘑Oudemansiella raphanipes是一类依赖覆土栽培的食用菌。本文采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术结合生态学及统计学分析方法研究卵孢小奥德蘑覆土真菌群落特征和影响因素。结果表明,与原始覆土内真菌群落相比,种植卵孢小奥德蘑后的覆土内真菌群落多样性显著下降;在组成方面,虽然优势菌门仍为子囊菌门Ascomycota,但其中的Cladosporium、Acremonium、Gibberella和Emericellopsis等属的相对丰度有所降低,而隶属于被孢霉门Mortierellomycota的Stilbella、Neocosmospora、Pseudogymnoascus和Preussia等属的相对丰度呈增加趋势。卵孢小奥德蘑覆土真菌以腐生营养型为主,与原始覆土相比,种植卵孢小奥德蘑后的粪生营养型真菌和木腐菌呈增加的趋势;进一步研究发现pH、速效钾、速效磷和总氮等覆土土壤理化性质显著影响真菌群落的多样性和结构,pH和速效钾含量与真菌群落的丰富度和多样性呈显著负相关关系。研究结果为深入解析卵孢小奥德蘑覆土微生态机制奠定基础。     

Phylogeny of the millipede genus Sphaeriodesmus Peters, 1864 (Polydesmida: Sphaeriodesmidae) based on morphological characters

In order to understand the evolutionary relationships among the species encompassed within the genus Sphaeriodesmus Peters, 1864, a cladistic analysis including 63 species was conducted. Ninety-five morphological characters were used for the phylogenetic reconstruction. The results suggested that the current composition of the genus Sphaeriodesmus does not circumscribe a monophyletic group; instead, the genera Eusphaeriodesmus, Colobodesmus, and Proeilodesmus are here synonymized under Sphaeriodesmus. Although raw morphological data had suggested the genus Lophocyclus as the sister taxon of Sphaeriodesmus, the phylogenetic analysis under implied weight identified the genus Cyphodesmus as the taxon most closely related to Sphaeriodesmus. Sphaeriodesmus isolatus Chamberlin, 1940 is a subjective synonym of Sphaeriodesmus conformans Chamberlin, 1925. The putative subdivisions previously proposed within Sphaeriodesmus do not hold as monophyletic either. Low stability was observed concerning the higher-level phylogenetic relationships of Sphaeriodesmus. Sphaeriodesmus crucis (Loomis, 1974), S. mecistonyx (Hoffman, 1990), and S. triramus (Kraus, 1954) are new combinations.     

中国丝膜菌属分类研究1. 黏盖亚属

丝膜菌属Cortinarius是真菌界中最大的属,囊括了重要的外生菌根真菌。黏盖亚属Phlegmacium是丝膜菌属中较大的亚属,该亚属的真菌在湿润条件下菌盖表面具有黏性。本研究运用形态分类与分子系统发育分析相结合的方法,对中国丝膜菌属黏盖亚属的馆藏标本开展分类学研究,共发现24个种,其中中国新记录种12个。本研究系统总结了各个物种的相关信息,对中国新记录种进行了详细描述。     

Phylogenetic relationships among North American Toads, genus Bufo

Relationships among 14 species of North American Bufo were studied using the quantitative immunological technique of micro-complement fixation. Separate antisera to serum albumins of five North American Bufo and one Central American Bufo were used as probes of phylogenetic relationships. A cladogram for these species constructed with the albumin data was compatible with phylogenetic interpretations based on morphological analyses and hybridization studies. Using albumin as a molecular dating device radiations within the B. americanus, B. cognatus and B. boreas species groups were each estimated to be Pleistocene events. Separation of North and Central American lineages is estimated to have occurred as early as the upper Oligocene.     

Revisiting of Carex sect. Confertiflorae s.l. (Cyperaceae): New data from molecular and morphological evidence and first insights on Carex biogeography in East Asia

Carex sect. Confertiflorae s.l. is a medium-sized species group (ca. 40 species) with its center of diversity in E Asia (China and Japan). According to morphological traits, the section has been proposed to split into two sections (sects. Confertiflorae sensu Ohwi and Molliculae Ohwi) up to five different ones (sects. Confertiflorae s.s., Molliculae, Dispalatae Ohwi, Ischnostachyae Ohwi, and Alliiformes Akiyama). Recent phylogenetic reconstructions showed Confertiflorae s.l. not to be monophyletic, as species traditionally considered part of it were found to belong to other clades, whereas species traditionally ascribed to other sections were nested within it. In this study, we investigated the phylogenetic structure, morphological affinities, and biogeographic history of sect. Confertiflorae s.l. We employed a taxon-based approach to explore the morphological affinities of the species considered in sect. Confertiflorae and compared the micromorphology of the nutlets of almost all the taxa using SEM. We included 40 samples representing 31 species/subspecies of sect. Confertiflorae s.l. and used two nuclear (ETS and ITS) and three plastid (trnL-F, matK, and rpl32-trnL ^UAG) molecular markers to reconstruct the phylogeny of the group. The phylogenetic analyses confirmed the polyphyly of sect. Confertiflorae s.l., whose representatives were found within five distinct clades. From these, two clades, sect. Confertiflorae and sect. Molliculae, were found to be closely related and contained the majority of the species. The composition of the two clades agreed with the morphological structure of the group, and we confirmed an exclusive combination of features (namely color of basal sheaths, presence of bract sheath, peduncle of lowest spike, inflorescence sex distribution, shape of pistillate glume apex, and color and veins of utricle, among others) characterizing each of the two clades. The origin of the two clades was found to be in the early Pliocene; however, the majority of the diversification events within each clade took place during the Pleistocene. This illustrates that although Asia has been regarded as having little potential ecological space for Carex to diversify due to its climate stability, groups of sedges sub-endemic from that area may have a fairly recent origin related to glaciations. We proposed the rearrangement of sect. Confertiflorae as previously conceived as three independent sections: the monotypic Alliiformes, sect. Molliculae, and sect. Paludosae.     

中国双缘衣属(双缘衣科)地衣一新种

现分类系统中,双缘衣属隶属于子囊菌门,茶渍纲,厚顶盘亚纲,文字衣目,双缘衣科。全世界有48种,被确认为单系类群的小属。利用形态学、解剖学、生物化学以及分子生物学方法,对采自天山西部的双缘衣属地衣标本进行分类学研究,发现了双缘衣属地衣1个新种：绿盘双缘衣Diploschistes viridis (属于双缘衣亚属)。基于最大似然分析(ML)和贝叶斯分析(BI)构建了基于ITS位点系统发育树,详细描述该种的形态特征、分布及栖息地等情况,并提供了地衣体的彩色图片。     

Integrative taxonomy and phylogeny of leafless Vanilla orchids from the South-West Indian Ocean region reveal two new Malagasy species

The leafless Vanilla species complex from the South-West Indian Ocean (SWIO) region has long been a taxonomic challenge, due to limited patterns of morphological differentiation and an absence of variation within chloroplast sequences. This complex includes seven known morphospecies: V. madagascariensis, V. bosseri, V. decaryana, and V. perrieri endemic to Madagascar, V. humblotii presumed as endemic to the Comoros Archipelago, but also present in Madagascar, V. roscheri from the East African coast, and V. phalaenopsis endemic to Seychelles. A previous population genetic study using microsatellite markers allowed us to distinguish, in addition to the five recognized Malagasy taxa, two other genetic clusters present in the East of the island. An integrative taxonomy approach was therefore conducted by combining microsatellite and morphological data used in the previous study with new data sets, and by adding ITS sequencing data, to validate the taxonomic level of these Malagasy genetic clusters and unravel phylogenetic relationships between SWIO species. As a result, based on phylogenetic, genotypic and morphological evidence, nine species were discriminated in the SWIO region, including seven in Madagascar, with two new eastern species. The leafless Vanilla group originated and diversified in Madagascar, from an ancestor of African descent, with three subsequent independent colonization events from Madagascar to the other territories of SWIO within the two main lineages (white versus yellow flower species). The new Malagasy species, V. allorgeae Andriamihaja & Pailler sp. nov., and V. atsinananensis Andriamihaja & Pailler sp. nov., are described and a new identification key is proposed.     

我国主栽食用菌茶薪菇的物种概念

茶薪菇是我国广泛栽培的一种食药用菌,由于其形态特征与柱状环伞十分相似,分类地位至今尚不明确。本研究采用形态学和多基因分子系统发育分析相结合的方法,研究茶薪菇和柱状环伞的分类问题,结果表明：茶薪菇和柱状环伞是两个不同但亲缘关系密切的物种;在形态上,茶薪菇菌盖颜色浅褐色至深褐色,油茶味浓,菌环较薄易脱落,褶缘囊状体柱状、烧瓶状或纺锤状,易与柱状环伞相区别。因此,提出了该种新组合——茶薪菇Cyclocybe chaxingu,并指定了茶薪菇的新模式（凭证标本为HFJAU1332,保存于江西农业大学真菌标本馆）。     

云南省两种兽类新纪录——藏鼩鼱(Sorex thibetanus Kast-schenko,1905)和甘肃鼩鼱(Sorex cansulus Thomas,1912)

目前对藏鼩鼱(Sorex thibetanus)和甘肃鼩鼱(Sorex catnsulus)的分布范围和生物学资料了解较少.2017年,在云南省西北部的高山区域采集了 48号鼩鼱属(Sorex)动物标本.用形态学和基于Cyt b基因的分子系统学对采集标本进行了物种鉴定.结果显示来自4个地点的27号标本形态上与藏鼩鼱相符...