电磁脉冲（EMP）辐照对雄性子代大鼠下丘脑GABA_A受体表达的影响

目的：观察电磁脉冲（EMP）辐照亲代大鼠后其雄性子代下丘脑GABAA受体表达的变化。方法：应用免疫组织化学及图像分析观察亲代大鼠接受EMP辐照后其雄性子代下丘脑GABAA受体表达的变化。结果：与对照组相比,100次脉冲组其雄性子代下丘脑室旁核GABAA受体阳性神经元增加,400次脉冲组光密度值显著增强;100次和400次脉冲组弓状核GABAA受体阳性神经元增加,光密度值增强。结论：电磁脉冲可以影响雄性子代下丘脑GABAA受体的表达,这可能与电磁脉冲辐射产生的远期遗传毒性有关。     

异氟烷预处理对电磁脉冲辐射所致脑损伤的保护作用研究

目的:探讨异氟烷预处理对电磁脉冲辐射所致脑损伤的保护作用。方法:选取成年雄性SD大鼠48只,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为4组(n=12),分别为:假辐照组(CON组)、电磁辐照组(EMP组)、异氟烷预处理组(IP组)和异氟烷预处理+电磁辐照组(IP+EMP组)。EMP组场强为400 KV/m,脉冲为200次,连续辐照3天;IP组吸入2.0%异氟醚2h;IP+EMP组吸入2.0%异氟醚2 h,24 h后制备EMP损伤模型。于辐照后24 h处死大鼠,每组随机抽取3只大鼠,取脑组织,采用ELISA法检测大鼠海马IL-6和TNF-α的表达变化;尼氏染色法观察大鼠海马区神经元的凋亡;采用Western blot法检测大鼠海马区BDNF蛋白的表达情况;采用免疫荧光法检测大鼠海马区BDNF细胞水平的表达。结果:与CON组比较,EMP组、IP组、IP+EMP组的IL-6和TNF-α的表达增高,尼氏小体减少,BDNF蛋白及细胞水平的表达均下调(P0.05);与EMP组比较,IP组和IP+EMP组IL-6和TNF-α的表达降低,尼氏小体增多,BDNF蛋白及细胞水平的表达上调(P0.05)。结论:异氟烷预处理可减轻电磁脉冲辐射所致脑损伤,其机制可能与减轻大鼠炎症反应有关。     

电磁脉冲诱导大鼠心肌闰盘Cx43连接蛋白的上调

目的:探讨电磁脉冲(EMP)对SD大鼠心肌闰盘及主要连接蛋白Cx43的影响.方法:将雄性SD大鼠35只,随机分为对照组和EMP辐照组,EMP辐照组又分为照后即刻、1h、3h、6h、12h、24h组,每组5只大鼠.应用EMP模拟发生器对EMP辐照组大鼠进行辐照,场强为200 kV/m、前沿15 ns、脉宽7-8 ns、脉冲次数200次,脉冲间隔为7s,麻醉后取大鼠左心室,采用硝酸镧示踪法和透射电子显微镜观察大鼠心肌闰盘(ID)结构的变化,用Real-Time PCR方法和Western blot方法检测EMP辐照后,大鼠连接蛋白Cx43在转录水平和蛋白水平表达量的变化情况.结果:电镜下正常对照组大鼠心肌ID处未见硝酸镧颗粒沉积;EMP组大鼠ID处可见硝酸镧颗粒,且随时间的延长,硝酸镧颗粒沉积量逐渐增多,以照后6h组硝酸镧颗粒沉积量达最大,然后硝酸镧颗粒沉积量随时间延长逐渐减少,24h组恢复正常.心肌细胞Cx43的mRNA表达水平在EMP照后lh和6h明显增高,分别是对照组的1.95、3.10倍(P＜0.05);照后即刻、3h、12h、24h表达水平与对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).Western blot结果为照后即刻、1h、3h和6h组大鼠心肌细胞Cx43蛋白表达量与对照组比较显著增加,12h、24h与对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:EMP可使心肌闰盘结构发生改变,上调Cx43蛋白的mRNA水平和蛋白表达量.     

眼镜蛇毒对大鼠下丘脑视上核NOS表达的影响

目的观察眼镜蛇毒对大鼠视上核NOS表达的影响。方法将SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、生理盐水组和眼镜蛇毒组,采用免疫组织化学染色法,观察并比较NOS阳性神经元在各组大鼠下丘脑视上核的分布情况。结果眼镜蛇毒组大鼠视上核NOS阳性神经元比生理盐水组、正常对照组表达明显增强(P0.01)。结论眼镜蛇毒对大鼠下丘脑视上核NOS的表达有上调作用。     

大鼠下丘脑视前区神经元内雌激素受体α的表达--免疫组织化学研究

了解雌激素受体α(estrogen receptor alpha, ERα)在大鼠脑的分布及大鼠下丘脑视前区雌激素受体样阳性神经元的生后发育规律.用免疫组织化学反应方法结合图像分析仪检测雌性大鼠下丘脑视前区雌激素受体样阳性神经元的数量和灰度值.ERα分布于Calleja岛、梨形核、外侧隔核、基底前脑胆碱能神经元各群、终纹床核、下丘脑内侧视前区、室周核、腹内侧核、弓状核和结节乳头核、再连合和前内侧丘脑核、杏仁核复合体、梨形皮质和穹窿下器官.相比之下,皮质和海马内仅见几个分散的 ERα样阳性神经元.而纹状体内未见ERα样阳性神经元.ERα免疫反应产物主要位于细胞核内,蓝黑色.在成年雌性大鼠下丘脑内侧视前区(medial preoptic area, MPA)神经元的胞浆和突起内可见较弱的ERα免疫反应产物.在MPA内,生后1天可见ERα表达,随着大鼠的生后发育,成年时达到高峰.与成年大鼠比较,老年雌性大鼠雌激素受体样阳性神经元数量减少10.05%,P＞0.05,差异无显著性;平均灰度减少41.57%,P＜0.05,差异有显著性.老年雌性大鼠下丘脑MPA内ERα表达下调,可能与卵巢功能减退而导致情感、记忆变化有关.     

电磁脉冲对清醒大鼠尾动脉血压的影响

目的:观察电磁脉冲(electromagnetic pulses,EMP)对清醒大鼠动脉血压和心率的影响。方法:适应性血压测量1周后的14只健康成年雄性SD大鼠按体重随机分为假辐照组和辐照组,每组7只,在锥形平板GTEM小室内接受EMP辐照,EMP辐照参数为:场强200 kV/m,脉冲前沿3.5 ns,脉宽14 ns,重复频率1 Hz,辐照后用无创性尾套式血压测量仪测量2 hr至1 wk内大鼠动脉血压和心率变化规律。结果:照后3 d大鼠动脉血压(收缩压、舒张压和平均动脉压)与假辐照组相比下降显著(P0.05),12 h有下降趋势,其他时间未见显著性差异(P0.05);辐照对大鼠心率也无明显影响(P0.05)。结论:EMP辐照可以引起大鼠血压一过性降低;对大鼠心率无明显影响。     

大鼠延髓背侧迷走复合体注射ghrelin激活弓状核神经肽Y/刺鼠色蛋白相关蛋白神经元而诱发多食(英文)

Ghrelin是生长素促分泌受体的内源性配体,刺激摄食并增加体重。已有研究证实ghrelin刺激摄食的作用靶点主要是下丘脑弓状核(hypothalamic arcuate nucleus,ARC)内的神经肽Y(neuropeptide Y,NPY)/刺鼠色蛋白相关蛋白(agouti-related peptide,AgRP)神经元。除下丘脑外,脑干尾部迷走复合体具有ghrelin受体,是ghrelin调控摄食活动的另一靶点。本实验旨在验证ghrelin作用于脑干尾部所诱发的摄食增加是否需要下丘脑NPY/AgRP神经元参与。在大鼠延髓背侧迷走复合体(dorsal vagalcomplex,DVC)微量注射20pmol的ghrelin,用摄食自动分析仪测量大鼠的摄食反应,用荧光定量PCR技术测定ARC的NPY/AgRP mRNA的表达水平,同时利用免疫组化技术测定ARC的NPY阳性神经元数量及光密度。结果显示,与对照组(DVC微量注射生理盐水)相比,ghrelin微注射组大鼠摄食量增加,其累积摄食量在注射后2h达最高峰;ARC处NPY/AgRP mRNA的表达水平、NPY免疫阳性神经元的数量及光密度也明显增加,且均在ghrelin注射后2h增高达到高峰。以上结果提示,大鼠DVC注射ghrelin可能通过上行纤维激活弓状核NPY/AgRP神经元,介导大鼠的多食反应。     

电磁脉冲辐照对培养的大鼠下丘脑神经细胞内外 LDH、AST、CHE、K+ 和Na+ 的影响

为探讨电磁脉冲对下丘脑神经细胞损伤的机制,测定了电磁脉冲辐照培养下丘脑神经细胞前后细胞内LDH和培养上清中LDH、AST、CHE、K+、Na+浓度及与时间的关系。对新生的Wistar乳鼠下丘脑神经细胞在6孔板中进行原代培养,在培养14天时,用高场强EMP模拟源(场强为6×104V/m,脉冲上升时间为20ns,脉宽为30滋s,主要频率成分为0—100MHz),以脉冲重复频率为2.5次/min,辐照2min。并于辐照后0h(即刻)、1h、6h、12h和24h应用生化检测试剂盒测定细胞内和培养上清中LDH及培养上清中AST、CHE、K+、Na+浓度。结果表明,电磁脉冲辐照后即刻就可引起培养上清LDH、AST明显升高;辐照后1h细胞内LDH明显降低,而培养上清中LDH、AST、CHE、和K+明显升高;辐照后6h细胞内LDH明显降低,而培养上清中LDH、AST、CHE、K+和Na+明显升高;辐照后12h细胞内LDH明显降低,培养上清中CHE、K+和Na+明显升高;辐照后24h上述所有指标基本恢复。由此可以认为,电磁脉冲辐照后可引起下丘脑神经元细胞膜的损伤。     

大鼠运动病敏感性性别差异与相关脑区AVP及其V1b受体表达的关系

目的：检测不同性别大鼠旋转刺激后脑内相关区域精氨酸加压素（AVP）含量及V1b受体表达的变化,探讨AVP及受体参与运动病的可能机制。方法：给予SD大鼠30 min绕水平轴的旋转刺激,然后采用放免法检测相关脑区AVP含量,并通过荧光免疫组化方法测定相应脑区V1b受体的表达情况。结果：①在雌性大鼠,旋转刺激组各脑区AVP含量无显著性改变;对于雄性大鼠,对照组各检测脑区AVP含量高于雌性,旋转刺激组小脑、延髓内AVP含量的变化无显著性意义,但前脑、间脑、脑桥内AVP含量较对照组明显降低（P〈0.05）。②雌性大鼠视上核AVP的V1b受体表达阳性神经元数量旋转刺激组显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）,而前庭核、最后区V1b受体表达阳性神经元数量明显多于对照组（P〈0.05）;在雄性大鼠,旋转刺激组视上核与前庭核V1b受体表达阳性神经元数量无显著性改变,而最后区V1b受体表达阳性神经元数量有所增加（P〈0.05）,但增加幅度没有雌性大鼠明显。结论：前脑、间脑、脑桥内AVP含量与前庭核和最后区V1b受体表达及对旋转刺激反应的差异可能与运动病敏感性性别差异有关,并且前庭核、最后区可能是AVP-V1受体拮抗剂抗运动病作用的靶点。     

眼镜蛇毒对大鼠脑桥网状核c-fos表达的影响

目的 探讨眼镜蛇毒对大鼠脑桥网状核c-fos阳性神经元表达的影响.方法 采用免疫组织化学方法,观察并比较c-fos阳性神经元在眼镜蛇毒组、生理盐水组、正常对照组大鼠脑桥网状核的表达.结果 眼镜蛇毒组大鼠脑桥网状核c-fos阳性神经元比生理盐水组、正常对照组表达明显增强(P<0.05).结论眼镜蛇毒对大鼠脑桥网状核c-f...     

电磁脉冲对大鼠学习和脑内神经递质的影响

探讨电磁脉冲（ＥＭＰ）对大鼠神经系统的效应。实验采用Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠,ＥＭＰ辐照后不同时间用Ｙ－型迷宫测其学习能力,高效液相色谱法检测脑不同部位的神经递质含量。与假照射组（对照组）相比,照后三天内各测定组大鼠学习能力降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）,其中照射后第１天组的海马内５－羟色胺（５－ＨＴ）和多巴酸（ＤＯＰＡＣ）含量升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）,下丘脑多巴胺（Ｄｏｐａｍｉｎｅ）含量升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）,肾上腺素（Ａｄｒ）含量降低;照后２天组海马Ａｄｒ含量降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）,海马５－ＨＴ含量升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）;照后３天组海马内Ａｄｒ含量降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＥＭＰ能够改变大鼠不同脑区神经递质的含量,降低大鼠学习能力     

Hormone-dependent regulation of GABAA receptor gamma subunit mRNAs in sexually dimorphic regions of the rat brain.

Transmission mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors expressed within the medial preoptic area (mPOA) and the ventromedial nucleus (VMN) of the hypothalamus is known to play critical, but contrasting, roles in regulating steroid-dependent sexual behaviours in rats. Previous studies have demonstrated a striking dichotomy in receptor composition between the two regions with regard to gamma, but not alpha or beta, subunit expression. To test if gonadal steroids regulate the expression of the gamma subunit genes within the mPOA and the VMN, in situ hybridization analysis for messenger RNAs encoding the gamma 1, gamma 2Short (gamma 2S) and gamma 2Long (gamma 2L) subunits was done in gonadectomized male and female rats and in gonadally intact females over the oestrous cycle. No significant differences in the expression of the gamma subunit mRNAs were observed in gonadectomized male versus female rats. Significant effects of gonadal state in female rats were observed for gamma 1 mRNA levels in the mPOA and gamma 2L levels in the VMN. These data demonstrate that gonadal hormones exert activational control of expression of GABAA receptor gamma subunit mRNAs and suggest that differences in receptor structure may contribute to the functional modulation of female sexual behaviours mediated by GABAergic transmission in these regions.     

Altered stress responsiveness and hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis function in male rat offspring of socially isolated parents

Social isolation in male rats at weaning results in reduced basal levels of the neuroactive steroid 3α,5α‐tetrahydroprogesterone (3α,5α‐TH PROG) in the brain and plasma as well as increased anxiety‐like behavior. We now show that socially isolated female rats also manifest a reduced basal cerebrocortical concentration of 3α,5α‐TH PROG as well as an anxiety‐like profile in the elevated plus‐maze and Vogel conflict tests compared with group‐housed controls. In contrast, despite the fact that they were raised under normal conditions, adult male offspring of male and female rats subjected to social isolation before mating exhibited an increased basal cerebrocortical level of 3α,5α‐TH PROG but no difference in emotional reactivity compared with the offspring of group‐housed parents. These animals also showed an increased basal activity of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis as well as reduced abundance of corticotropin‐releasing factor in the hypothalamus and of corticotropin‐releasing factor receptor type 1 in the pituitary. Moreover, negative feedback regulation of hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis activity by glucocorticoid was enhanced in association with up‐regulation of glucocorticoid receptor expression in the hippocampus. There was also attenuation of corticosterone release induced by foot‐shock stress in the offspring of socially isolated parents. The increase in the brain concentration of 3α,5α‐TH PROG induced by acute stress was also blunted in these animals. Our results thus show that a stressful experience before mating can influence neuroendocrine signaling in the next generation.     

Influence of prenatal stress on the rat hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity: the role of the brain glycocorticoid receptors

The effects of prenatal stress on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity and brain glycocorticoid receptors were studied in neonatal male and female offspring, as well as the influence of neonatal glycocorticoid receptors blockade on hormonal stress reactivity of adult rats. The results showed that there were sexual differences in plasma corticosterone level and corticosteroid binding in the cortex and hypothalamus of 5-day old control rats. Prenatal stress increased basal level of corticosterone in female rats, decreased corticosterone binding in hypothalamus and hippocampus of male and female rats, and increased corticosteroid receptor level in the male cortex. Neonatal administration of glycocorticoid receptor antagonist did not change plasma corticosterone level in 5-day old rats, but prolonged hormonal stress response of the HPA axis in adult male rats and increased hormonal stress response in female ones. The character of the IIPA axis activity of male and female rats with neonatal blockade of glycocorticoid receptors correspond to hormonal stress response of prenatal stressed rats. These data suggest that change of brain glycocorticoid receptors function in neonatal period of development might be one of the mechanisms of prenatal stress influence on the HPA axis activity in the adulthood.     

Gonadal steroids modulated hypocretin/orexin type-1 receptor expression in a brain region, sex and daytime specific manner

Orexins A and B (hypocretins A and B) are regulatory peptides that control a variety of neuroendocrine and autonomic functions including feeding and sleep-wakefulness. Previously, we described a clear relationship between the hormonal milieu of the estrous cycle and the mRNA expression of the components of the orexinergic system, in the hypothalamus, pituitary and ovary. Here, we investigate whether steroid hormones are involved in the modulation of the hypocretin/orexin type-1 receptor expression at the protein level, and its time of the day dependence, in hypothalamus and pituitary of castrated male and female rats and castrated receiving hormone replacement.Orchidectomy decreased the hypocretin/orexin type-1 receptor expression in anterior hypothalamus, but not in mediobasal hypothalamus or cortex; in pituitary this treatment resulted in an increase. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were able to restore receptor expression and gonadotropins.In females, pituitary and ovarian hormones increased during proestrous afternoon. Hypocretin/orexin type-1 receptor expression was higher at 19:00 of proestrus in hypothalamus and pituitary. Ovariectomized treated with estradiol or oil and sacrificed at 11:00 h showed the receptor expression similar to 11:00 h of proestrus in hypothalamus and pituitary. At 19:00 h, low expression persisted in these areas in oil-treated ovariectomized rats; in contrast, estradiol replacement increased the expression to high levels of normal cycling rats at 19:00 h.Sexual steroids modulate the orexinergic system and the anatomical regions, hormones and times of the day all have to be considered when the roles of orexins, and probably other peptides, are under consideration.     

The difference in mRNA expressions of hypothalamic CCK and CCK-A and -B receptors between responder and non-responder rats to high frequency electroacupuncture analgesia

The present study was performed to determine whether the expression levels of the hypothalamic cholecystokinin (CCK) and its receptors are associated with the responsiveness to high frequency electroacupuncture (EA) analgesia in rats. EA stimulation (100 Hz, 0.5 ms pulse width, 0.2-0.3 mA) was delivered to the Zusanli (ST36) acupoint of male Sprague-Dawley rats for 20 min without anesthetics or holder restraint. The analgesic effect of EA was quantified using a tail flick latency test, and subsequently animals were allocated to responder or non-responder groups. The hypothalamus of rats in each group was dissected and RNA was purified. The mRNA expressions of CCK, and CCK-A and -B receptor were determined by real-time RT-PCR. CCK mRNA levels were not significantly different in the two groups, whereas both CCK-A and -B receptors were significantly more expressed in non-responders. These results suggest that the level of CCK receptor mRNA expression in the hypothalamus, rather than CCK mRNA, has an important relationship with the individual variations to high frequency EA analgesia in rats.     

Effects of electromagnetic pulse exposure on gelatinase of blood–brain barrier in vitro

The biological effects of electromagnetic pulse (EMP) on the brain have been focused on for years. It was reported that gelatinase played an important role in maintaining brain function through regulating permeability in the blood–brain barrier (BBB). To investigate the effects of EMP on gelatinase of BBB, an in vitro BBB model was established using primary cultured rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVEC), astrocytes and half-contact culture of these cells in a transwell chamber. Cultured supernatant and cells were collected at different time points after exposure to EMP (peak intensity 400 kV/m, rise time 10 ns, pulse width 350 ns, 0.5 pps and 200 pulses). Protein levels of cellular gelatinase MMP-2 and MMP-9, and endogenous inhibitor TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were detected by Western blot. The activity of gelatinase in culture supernatant was detected by gelatin zymography. It was found that compared with the sham-exposed group, the protein level of MMP-2 was significantly increased at 6 h (p < 0.05), and the protein level of its endogenous inhibitor TIMP-2 did not change after EMP exposure. In addition, the protein levels of MMP-9 and its endogenous inhibitor TIMP-1 did not change after EMP exposure. Gelatin zymography results showed that the activity of MMP-2 in the inner pool and the outer pool of the transwell chamber was significantly increased at 6 h after EMP exposure compared with that of the sham group. These results suggested that EMP exposure could affect the expression and activity of MMP-2 in the BBB model.     

产前应激对子代大鼠脑缺血/再灌注后星形胶质细胞的影响

目的：探讨产前应激对雄性子代大鼠大脑中动脉缺血/再灌注后星形胶质细胞的影响。方法：SD孕鼠随机分为有产前应激处理（妊娠第15到21天每日3次限制活动）和无产前应激处理,并对其雄性子代大鼠采用线栓法制备大脑中动脉闭塞（MCAO）模型,共分为产前应激+假手术组、MCAO模型组、产前应激+MCAO组（n=10）,于再灌注后第5天检测脑梗死体积,免疫荧光双标染色检测缺血灶边缘区星形胶质细胞形态及促红细胞生成素肝细胞受体A4（EphA4）和胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）的共表达情况,并采用Western blot检测EphA4、GFAP和神经蛋白聚糖（Neurocan）蛋白表达。结果：产前应激+MCAO组子代大鼠脑梗死体积百分比、EphA4、GFAP和Neurocan蛋白表达均较MCAO组显著增加（P均<0.05）,且GFAP阳性细胞形态学改变及EphA4/GFAP共表达也较MCAO组明显。结论：产前应激可能改变子代大鼠脑缺血/再灌注后星形胶质细胞上EphA4受体的表达,促进星形胶质细胞活化,产生神经蛋白聚糖。