利多卡因对异氟醚麻醉后大鼠海马组织炎症及认知功能的影响

目的:研究利多卡因对异氟醚麻醉后大鼠海马区炎症因子、神经活性物质及认知功能的影响。方法:60只老龄SD大鼠随机分为3组:异氟醚组、利多卡因+异氟醚组、对照组各20只,建立大鼠吸入麻醉模型。利多卡因+异氟醚组给予静脉注射利多卡因,其他组给予生理盐水作为对照。麻醉结束后24 h Morris水迷宫实验评价大鼠认知功能,ELISA法检测大鼠海马组织炎症因子和神经活性物质。结果:与对照组相比,异氟醚组Morris水迷宫逃避潜伏期延长(P0.05),平台象限停留时间及穿越平台次数减少(P0.05),海马组织TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平升高(P0.05),NT-3、NGF、BDNF水平降低(P0.05)。利多卡因明显缩短异氟醚麻醉大鼠的逃避潜伏期并增加其平台象限停留时间及穿越平台次数(P0.05),降低海马组织炎症水平(P0.05),升高神经活性物质水平(P0.05)。结论:利多卡因可明显缓解异氟醚麻醉后大鼠海马组织的炎症反应并升高海马组织神经活性物质水平,改善认知功能障碍。     

海马Sirt1在高压氧预处理改善异氟醚诱导老龄小鼠认知功能障碍中的作用

摘要 目的：通过shRNA抑制沉默信息调节因子1（sirtuin 1,Sirt1）基因表达,研究Sirt1在高压氧预处理改善异氟醚（isoflurane,ISO）诱导小鼠认知功能障碍中的作用及其对小鼠海马BDNF、GDNF基因表达的影响。方法： 将64只C57雄性小鼠随机分为假手术组（Sham组）、高压氧组（HBO组）、异氟醚组（ISO组）、高压氧预处理+异氟醚组（HBO + ISO组）;以及对照组（NS组）、Sirt1抑制组（sh-Sirt1组）、对照+高压氧预处理组（NS + HBO组）和Sirt1抑制+高压氧预处理组（sh-Sirt1 + HBO组）,每组8只。经慢病毒转染以及ISO末次暴露24小时后进行认知功能测试（Morris水迷宫测试）,随后处死小鼠,利用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应（RT-qPCR）检测海马BDNF和GDNF的mRNA表达情况。结果：（1）异氟醚可以导致明显的认知功能障碍,与Sham组相比,ISO组靶象限探索时间百分比显著减低（P<0.01）,ISO组小鼠海马BDNF和GDNF mRNA表达水平显著下降（P<0.01）。（2）高压氧预处理可以改善POCD小鼠的认知功能障碍,ISO + HBO组靶象限探索时间百分比显著高于ISO组（P<0.05）,ISO + HBO组小鼠海马BDNF（P<0.05）和GDNF（P<0.01）mRNA表达水平显著升高。（3）高压氧预处理可以显著增加POCD小鼠海马BDNF（P<0.01）和GDNF（P<0.05）mRNA表达水平,慢病毒介导shRNA靶向下调Sirt1可以逆转高压氧预处理对POCD小鼠海马BDNF（P<0.05）和GDNF（P<0.01）mRNA表达水平的改变。结论：高压氧预处理是治疗POCD的有效方法,Sirt1可能是POCD治疗的潜在分子靶点。     

七氟醚预处理对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的改善机制

目的:探究七氟醚预处理对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的影响,以及转化生长因子-β2(TGF-β2)/Smad3信号通路的活化情况。方法:将50只SD大鼠随机分为5组(n=10):假手术组、模型组、七氟醚预处理组、吡非尼酮组和七氟醚预处理+吡非尼酮组。通过右颈内动脉(ICA)缝线结扎方法制备脑缺血再灌注(I/R)损伤模型。建模前1h,七氟醚组大鼠吸入2.0%七氟醚1h,吡非尼酮组大鼠腹膜内注射200 mg/kg的TGF-β2抑制剂吡非尼酮,七氟醚+吡非尼酮组大鼠同时应用两种药物处理。再灌注24 h后,通过Zea-Longa五级评分法评价大鼠神经功能缺损评分,处死大鼠并测量梗死体积。通过苏木精-伊红(HE)染色和Nissl染色评价脑组织损伤程度。TdT介导的dUTP缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)分析细胞凋亡。免疫荧光染色和Western blot检测TGF-β2、Smad3、血管内皮生长因子-A(VEGF-A)和CD34的表达情况。结果:七氟醚预处理明显降低了大鼠的脑梗塞面积和神经功能缺损评分。七氟醚预处理抑制了大鼠大脑皮质和海马CA1区的神经元凋亡。七氟醚预处理上调了TGF-β2、VEGF-A和CD34的表达,以及Smad3的磷酸化水平。TGF-β2抑制剂吡非尼酮处理均可减弱七氟醚的脑保护作用并抑制TGF-β2、VEGF-A和CD34的表达和Smad3的磷酸化。结论:七氟醚预处理通过激活TGF-β2/Smad3信号通路来减轻I/R损伤大鼠的脑损伤。     

迷走神经在缺血后处理减轻大鼠复苏后脑损伤中的作用探究

目的:探讨迷走神经在远隔缺血后处理减轻大鼠心肺复苏后脑损伤中的作用。方法:雄性SD大鼠70只,随机分5组:假手术组(sham组,n=10);模型组(CA组,n=15),远隔缺血后处理组(RIPost组,n=15),远隔缺血后处理+迷走神经切断组(RIPost+VAG组,n=15),迷走神经切断组(VAG组,n=15)。ELISA法检测ROSC 24 h神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、乙酰胆碱(Ach)、IL-1β和TNF-α浓度;ROSC 24h NSE免疫荧光染色;ROSC 1d及3d神经功能缺损评分(NDS);ROSC 5d Nissl染色计算海马CA1区神经元数目。结果:与sham组相比,各组海马CA1区NSE、IL-1β和TNF-α含量升高,而Ach浓度降低,NDS评分和海马CA1区存活神经元数目降低(P0.05);与CA组相比,RIPost组海马CA1区NSE、IL-1β和TNF-α含量降低,Ach浓度升高,NDS评分和海马CA1区存活神经元数目升高(P0.05),而RIPost+VAG组及VAG组各项指标与其差异无统计学意义(P0.05);与RIPost组相比,RIPost+VAG组海马CA1区NSE、IL-1β和TNF-α含量升高,Ach浓度降低,NDS评分和海马CA1区存活神经元数目降低(P0.05)。结论:迷走神经的完整性在远隔缺血后处理减轻大鼠心肺复苏后脑损伤中具有重要意义。     

七氟烷对培养的小鼠小胶质细胞炎症因子表达的影响（英文）

目的:探讨七氟烷对培养的小鼠小胶质细胞中炎症因子表达的影响。方法:取新生(2~3天)C57BL/6小鼠,分离小胶质细胞,将其随机分为4组(n=10):对照组(Control);七氟烷组(Sevoflurane);NF-κB抑制剂组(PDTC);NF-κB抑制剂+七氟烷组(PDTC+Sevoflurane)。用Drager麻醉机向Sevoflurane组PDTC+Sevoflurane组培养的小胶质细胞盒内释放21%O2,5%CO2,4.1%七氟烷的气体,用气体分析仪持续监测各组的浓度。应用Iba-1的免疫荧光染色法对小鼠小胶质细胞进行纯度鉴定。分别在于给七氟烷后2 h、4 h和6 h时采用免疫印迹分析技术检测两组小胶质细胞IL-6和TNF-α的表达水平和NF-κB的活性。PDTC+Sevoflurane组在给七氟烷前一小时给予PDTC,采用ELISA技术和免疫印迹分析技术检测各组小胶质细胞IL-6和TNF-α的浓度和NF-κB的表达。结果:免疫印迹显示七氟烷组细胞中IL-6、TNF-α水平和NF-κB的激活水平升高;PDTC降低了七氟烷作用后核内NF-κB的表达,减弱了IL-6和TNF-α水平的升高作用。结论:七氟烷可通过激活NF-κB信号通路,进一步激活培养的小鼠小胶质细胞中炎症因子的表达。     

竹叶黄酮缓解异氟醚引起的老年大鼠认知功能障碍

研究竹叶黄酮对异氟醚吸入诱发老年大鼠神经细胞凋亡及认知功能障碍的影响.分离培养原代海马神经细胞,暴露于体积分数为2%异氟醚6 h后,分别给予50、80及100 mg/L竹叶黄酮处理,MTT法检测细胞增殖能力,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡情况.大鼠经吸入1.4%体积的异氟醚2 h后,分别于1~5 d连续腹腔注射25、50、100 mg/kg竹叶黄酮,于第6天进行水迷宫实验检测大鼠空间学习记忆能力,ELISA法检测海马组织匀浆中的Aβ1-42、TNF-α、INF-γ含量.结果发现,竹叶黄酮可显著促进海马神经细胞的增殖,并且抑制异氟醚所致的海马神经细胞凋亡.与异氟醚单独处理组相比较,各浓度竹叶黄酮可显著降低大鼠逃避潜伏期并增加大鼠过台次数,ELISA结果显示竹叶黄酮可显著抑制海马组织中Aβ1-42、TNF-α及INF-γ的表达.表明竹叶黄酮可增强大鼠抗炎能力,抑制海马组织中Aβ1-42的产生,从而抑制异氟醚所致的老年大鼠神经损伤及认知功能障碍.     

电针对大鼠心肺复苏后脑损伤的保护作用及对海马炎性因子表达的影响

目的:探讨电针对大鼠心肺复苏后脑损伤及海马炎性因子表达的影响。方法:雄性SD大鼠随机分三组:假手术组(Sham)、对照组(Control)、电针组(EA)。大鼠窒息8 min后进行心肺复苏,EA组于复苏同时在水沟、内关穴插入毫针并予以电针刺激,对照组仅在相同穴位插入毫针。计算大鼠复苏成功率,记录自主循环恢复时间,于复苏后24 h及72 h对大鼠进行神经功能缺损评分(NDS),水迷宫检测各组大鼠学习记忆能力,尼氏染色观察海马区神经元形态及存活数量,Western blot检测海马区炎性因子表达。结果:与Sham组相比,对照组与EA组大鼠复苏后24 h、72 h NDS降低,学习记忆能力明显减低,两组海马CA1区细胞排列紊乱、神经元存活数量减少,IL-10表达降低、IL-1与IL-6表达升高(P0.05)。而与对照组相比,EA组大鼠复苏成功率有所提高,但无统计学意义,自主循环恢复时间明显缩短(P0.05);复苏后24 h、72 h NDS评分提高(P0.05);水迷宫第六天逃避潜伏期缩短、空间探索能力显著增强(P0.05);海马CA1区细胞排列紊乱减轻,神经元存活数目增多;海马区炎性因子IL-1、IL-6表达降低,抗炎因子IL-10表达增多(P0.05)。结论:电针能够减轻大鼠心肺复苏后脑损伤,其保护作用可能与抑制炎性因子、促进抗炎因子表达有关。     

电磁脉冲诱导大鼠心肌闰盘Cx43连接蛋白的上调

目的:探讨电磁脉冲(EMP)对SD大鼠心肌闰盘及主要连接蛋白Cx43的影响.方法:将雄性SD大鼠35只,随机分为对照组和EMP辐照组,EMP辐照组又分为照后即刻、1h、3h、6h、12h、24h组,每组5只大鼠.应用EMP模拟发生器对EMP辐照组大鼠进行辐照,场强为200 kV/m、前沿15 ns、脉宽7-8 ns、脉冲次数200次,脉冲间隔为7s,麻醉后取大鼠左心室,采用硝酸镧示踪法和透射电子显微镜观察大鼠心肌闰盘(ID)结构的变化,用Real-Time PCR方法和Western blot方法检测EMP辐照后,大鼠连接蛋白Cx43在转录水平和蛋白水平表达量的变化情况.结果:电镜下正常对照组大鼠心肌ID处未见硝酸镧颗粒沉积;EMP组大鼠ID处可见硝酸镧颗粒,且随时间的延长,硝酸镧颗粒沉积量逐渐增多,以照后6h组硝酸镧颗粒沉积量达最大,然后硝酸镧颗粒沉积量随时间延长逐渐减少,24h组恢复正常.心肌细胞Cx43的mRNA表达水平在EMP照后lh和6h明显增高,分别是对照组的1.95、3.10倍(P＜0.05);照后即刻、3h、12h、24h表达水平与对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).Western blot结果为照后即刻、1h、3h和6h组大鼠心肌细胞Cx43蛋白表达量与对照组比较显著增加,12h、24h与对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:EMP可使心肌闰盘结构发生改变,上调Cx43蛋白的mRNA水平和蛋白表达量.     

螺旋藻对运动疲劳大鼠海马损伤的保护作用及机制研究

目的：研究BDNF/TrkB神经营养信号在运动疲劳大鼠海马神经元损伤中的作用与螺旋藻改善运动致脑海马损伤的作用及其可能的机制。方法：60只雄性SD大鼠随机分为：正常对照组（NC组）、正常+螺旋藻灌胃组（NS组）、运动模型组（EM组）、运动+螺旋藻灌胃组（ES组）、阳性对照组（PC组）,每组12只。EM组、ES组和PC组采用3周的递增式跑台训练建立运动疲劳模型。NC组不施加任何干预,用作对照。NS组和ES组按每天300 mg/kg体重灌胃螺旋藻,PC组以同等体积的人参提取物（1.92 g/kg）灌胃,连续灌胃3周。实验末,用免疫组化和免疫印迹法检测各组大鼠海马BDNF、TrkB、p-TrkB蛋白表达水平,并用尼氏染色法观察海马CA1区形态结构的变化,同时观察大鼠体重等一般情况。结果：与NC组比较,EM组大鼠的体重降低,海马CA1区神经元细胞形态异常且排列紊乱,部分细胞固缩呈不规则变化,部分神经元消失不见,海马BDNF、TrkB和p-TrkB蛋白表达均明显升高（P<0.01）;与EM组比较,ES组大鼠的体重增加,海马神经元损伤得到明显改善,神经元数目和尼氏小体数量增加,神经元排列渐趋规则,形态较完整,ES组海马BDNF、TrkB和p-TrkB蛋白表达均明显升高（P<0.05或P< 0.01）,且与PC组相比,已无明显差别（P>0.05）。结论：BDNF/TrkB神经营养信号可能参与运动致疲劳大鼠海马神经元损伤的修复过程;螺旋藻补充能改善运动疲劳大鼠海马神经元损伤,其原因可能与其上调BDNF和其受体（TrkB）及其受体磷酸化（p-TrkB）蛋白表达而发挥神经保护作用有关。     

Homer-1a蛋白在异氟烷预处理脑保护中的作用

目的：探讨Homer-1a蛋白在异氟烷（Iso）预处理脑保护中的作用。方法：60只雄性SD大鼠（250~270g）,随机分为三组：Sham组（n=20）,仅分离血管不留置线栓;IR组（n=20）采用线栓法栓塞大脑中动脉致局灶性脑缺血模型,2h再灌注;IP组（n=20）,接受1h的异氟烷预处理（2％异氟烷,98％氧）,预处理后24h制作Mcao模型,分别于24h、48h、72h、7天后观察动物神经行为学改变。用Westernblot于24h、48h、72h、7天后对Homer-1a蛋白表达量进行分析。结果：24h时,IR组Homer-1a蛋白表达量低于Sham组（P〈0．05）．IP组Homer—1a蛋白表达量明显高于Sham组（P〈0．01）,IP组Homer-1a蛋白表达量高于IR组（P〈0．05）;48h时,IP组Homer．1a蛋白表达量高于Sham组（P〈0．05）,IR组Home〉1a蛋白表达量低于Sham组,IP组Home-1a蛋白表达量与IR组没有统计学意义;72h时,Sham组与IR组、IP组之间均无统计学意义;7天时,Sham组与IR组、IP组之间均无统计学意义。结论：在局灶性脑缺血中异氟烷预处理提高了Home-1a蛋白表达。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.