番茄红素对大鼠乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧复氧的保护作用以及其机制

目的：探讨番茄红素对心肌细胞缺氧复氧的保护作用以及其分子机制。方法：采用原代培养心肌细胞建立缺氧/复氧损伤模型,实验分8组：正常对照组,H/R组,H/R＋番茄红素（1,2,4,8,16,32μmol/L）剂量组。观察各组细胞经H/R损伤后,细胞内天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、肌酸激酶（CK）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量的变化情况,选择正常对照组,H/R组,最佳番茄红素剂量组做MTT分析细胞凋亡,Western检测TRL 4以及NF-κB的表达。结果：番茄红素（16,8,4,2μmol/L）剂量组可显著降低缺氧/复氧损伤心肌细胞内AST、CK、LDH释放量及MDA的生成,并能提高SOD活性。此外番茄红素可减少心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤后的心肌凋亡,减少TRL 4受体以及NF-κB的表达。结论：番茄红素具有抗缺氧/复氧损伤,保护心肌细胞的作用,其机制可能是通过抑制TRL 4通路来实现的。     

腺苷对缺氧/复氧心肌细胞的保护作用

本研究旨在探讨腺苷 (adenosine ,ADO)对缺氧 /复氧 (hypoxia/reoxygenation ,H/R)心肌细胞的保护作用及其分子机制。将原代培养的新生大鼠心肌细胞分成H/R对照组和ADO (1 0 μmol/L)保护组。用倒置相差显微镜观察心肌细胞的生长状态。检测两组培养基质乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH)活性和心肌细胞Ca2 + 和丙二醛 (MDA)浓度。用ELISA法检测肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF α)的表达 ,并用凝胶电泳迁移率改变法 (EMSA)测定核因子 (NF κB)结合活性。所得结果如下 :(1)心肌细胞H/R培养后皱缩、变圆 ,伪足减少 ,ADO组心肌细胞的形态变化小于对照组 ;(2 )ADO减少缺氧和复氧期间心肌细胞LDH的漏出 (bothP <0 0 1) ;(3 )ADO降低缺氧和复氧期间心肌细胞内的Ca2 +浓度 (bothP <0 0 1) ;(4)ADO降低缺氧和复氧期间心肌细胞MDA浓度 (bothP <0 0 1) ;(5 )ADO抑制缺氧和复氧期间TNF α的表达 (bothP <0 0 1) ;(6)ADO抑制缺氧和复氧期间心肌细胞NF κB结合活性 (bothP <0 0 1)。以上结果提示 :(1)外源性ADO可减轻心肌细胞的H/R损伤 ;(2 )外源性ADO抑制H/R期间心肌细胞TNF α的表达 ;(3 )外源性ADO可能通过抑制心肌细胞NF κB结合活性下调TNF α的表达     

铁死亡抑制剂对心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤的干预作用及其机制

目的:验证心肌细胞缺氧/复氧(H/R)损伤中是否有铁死亡的发生,以及探讨铁死亡抑制剂Ferrostatin-1(Fer-1)对心肌细胞H/R损伤的作用及其机制。方法:新生1～3 d SD乳鼠,提取原代心肌细胞,随机分为正常对照组(Control)、H/R组和H/R+Fer-1组。H/R组细胞培养52 h后,加入4 mmol/L Na₂S₂O₄溶液,缺氧1 h后,用含10%小牛血清的DMEM培养液复氧培养3 h。H/R+Fer-1组经Fer-1 (2μmol/L)预处理24 h后再进行缺氧复氧处理。各组细胞应用紫外分光光度法检测乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放率,CCK-8法检测细胞存活率,黄嘌呤氧化酶法检测超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),化学比色法检测丙二醛(MDA),免疫荧光观测线粒体膜电位、活性氧(ROS)改变,Western blot检测铁死亡关键蛋白ACSL4、GPX4的表达。结果:与control组比较,H/R组细胞活性、SOD释放量和MMP水平均显著降低(P<0.05),LDH、MDA、ROS释放量均显著增加(P&l...     

三七皂苷对缺氧复氧心肌细胞损伤保护作用的研究

目的：研究三七皂苷对纯化培养大鼠乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤的保护作用及机制。方法：采用纯化培养的心肌细胞建立缺氧/复氧损伤模型,测定细胞凋亡率、caspase-3、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）含量。结果：与正常组比较,模型组LDH、MDA含量、caspase-3活性及细胞凋亡率明显升高（P＆lt;0.01）,SOD活性明显降低（P＆lt;0.01）;三七皂苷组降低LDH、MDA含量、caspase-3活性和细胞凋亡率,提高SOD活性,与缺氧/复氧组比较各实验指标差异均具有显著性（P＆lt;0.05）。结论：三七皂苷对缺氧/复氧心肌细胞损伤有保护作用,作用机制与清除氧自由基,抗脂质过氧化及降低细胞凋亡率有关。     

藏药镰形棘豆对缺氧/复氧H_9C_2心肌细胞损伤的保护作用

探讨藏药镰形棘豆(OFB)提取物对缺氧/复氧(H/R)H_9C_2心肌细胞损伤的保护作用。方法:采用三气培养箱培养法建立H_9C_2心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤模型。实验分为3组:正常细胞对照组;缺氧/复氧损伤组(H/R);7个药物加缺氧/复氧损伤组(H/R+OFB);于缺氧/复氧开始时分别加入终浓度为0.1 mg/L、1 mg/L、10 mg/L、100 mg/L、300 mg/L、600 mg/L、1 000 mg/L的镰形棘豆提取物,以细胞活力为指标,利用MTS法测定药物对细胞活力的影响。检测镰形棘豆乙酸乙酯水甲醇压柱组分与氯仿萃取组分不同给药剂量对H_9C_2心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤的影响。结果:与模型组相比药物处理组显著升高缺氧/复氧H_9C_2心肌细胞活力(p0.05)。结论:藏药镰形棘豆对H_9C_2心肌细胞的缺氧/复氧损伤有保护作用。     

脂联素对乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤的保护作用

本研究通过在大鼠乳鼠心室肌细胞上建立缺氧/复氧(hypoxia/reoxygenation,H/R)模型,模拟在体心肌缺血/再灌注损伤,观察脂联素(adiponectin,APN)对心肌细胞H/R损伤的影响,并探讨其作用机制。采用胰蛋白酶消化法原代培养乳鼠心室肌细胞,α-肌动蛋白免疫荧光法进行鉴定。选用培养72h的单层心肌细胞进行实验,随机分为5组:对照组、单纯H/R组、H/R+APN组、H/R+APN+腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)特异性抑制剂阿糖胞苷(AraA)组、H/R+AraA组。观察各组心肌细胞形态及自发搏动频率,用琼脂糖凝胶电泳和流式细胞术检测各组心肌细胞凋亡情况,并测定细胞丙二醛(MDA)含量及培养液中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,激光共聚焦显微镜观察心肌细胞内钙荧光强度,Western blot检测各组心肌细胞AMPK磷酸化水平。结果显示,与对照组相比,单纯H/R组细胞生长状态较差,搏动频率减慢甚至消失,DNA电泳呈凋亡特征性的梯状条带,细胞凋亡率显著增加,胞浆MDA水平增高,上清液中SOD活性下降,胞内钙荧光强度明显增高,AMPK磷酸化水平升高(P0.05)。与H/R组细胞相比,APN预处理后再进行H/R的心肌细胞搏动频率较快,凋亡率明显减少,MDA水平明显下降,SOD活性明显升高,心肌细胞AMPK磷酸化水平明显增高(P0.05)。AraA可以阻断APN的上述保护作用。以上结果表明,APN可减轻H/R导致的心肌细胞凋亡,减轻脂质过氧化及细胞内钙超载,这一保护作用可能与AMPK途径激活有关。     

多巴胺受体(DR2)激活对乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧/再灌注损伤的保护作用及其机制

目的:观察多巴胺受体(DR2)激活对乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧/再灌注损伤的影响,并探讨其机制。方法:复制原代培养乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧/再灌注损伤模型,细胞随机分为正常组(Control)、缺氧/再灌注组(H/R)、DR2激动剂组(溴麦角环肽,Bro)、抑制剂组(氟哌啶醇,Hal)。倒置显微镜、透射电镜、流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡情况;检测细胞培养液乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量;RT-PCR和Western blot方法检测心肌细胞促凋亡因子(Cyt C、caspase-3、caspase-8、caspase-9、Fas及Fas-L)及抑凋亡因子(Bc-l 2)mRNA和蛋白表达。结果:与正常组相比,H/R组细胞凋亡率、LDH活性、MDA含量、促凋亡因子及抑凋亡因子表达均增加,唯有SOD活性降低;与H/R组比较,Bro组可减轻或逆转上述指标的变化;Hal组上述指标变化不明显。结论:DR2激活可抑制缺氧/再灌注所致的乳鼠心肌细胞损伤和凋亡,机制与减少氧自由基有关。     

LINC00612靶向miR-30d对心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤的影响

为探讨长基因间非编码RNA 00612(LINC00612)靶向微小RNA(miR)-30d对心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤的影响,该研究采用实时定量PCR检测心肌梗死患者血浆中LINC00612、miR-30d的相对水平。建立大鼠心肌细胞H9C2缺氧/复氧损伤模型。将空载体质粒(pcDNA)、LINC00612过表达载体(pcDNA-LINC00612)、miRNA抑制物阴性对照(anti-miR-NC)、miR-30d抑制物(anti-miR-30d)、pcDNA-LINC00612+miR-30d模拟物分别转染至H9C2细胞,缺氧/复氧处理后,采用CCK-8法检测细胞活力,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡,商品试剂盒检测细胞中超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性以及细胞培养液中肌酸激酶(CK)和乳酸盐脱氢酶(LDH)水平。该研究得出与健康对照者比较,心肌梗死患者血浆中LINC00612的相对水平显著降低(P0.05),miR-30d的相对水平显著升高(P0.05)。缺氧/复氧显著下调LINC00612的表达(P0.05),上调miR-30d的表达(P0.05),降低细胞活力、SOD活性(P0.05),并增加凋亡率以及细胞培养液中CK、LDH的水平(P0.05)。过表达LINC00612或抑制miR-30d显著增加细胞活力、SOD活性(P0.05),并降低凋亡率以及细胞培养液中CK、LDH水平(P0.05)。过表达miR-30d显著降低细胞活力、SOD活性(P0.05),并增加凋亡率以及细胞培养液中CK、LDH水平(P0.05)。过表达miR-30d可明显减弱LINC00612过表达对缺氧/复氧心肌细胞活力、凋亡、氧化损伤的影响(P0.05)。总之,LINC00612靶向miR-30d可减轻缺氧/复氧诱导的心肌细胞凋亡和氧化应激损伤。     

苦豆碱对缺氧/复氧损伤的人脐静脉内皮细胞保护机制研究

苦豆碱(aloperine,ALO)是一种具有抗炎、抗肿瘤及抗感染功效的生物碱,但其对人脐静脉内皮细胞缺氧/复氧损伤的影响尚不明确。本研究利用人脐静脉内皮细胞建立了体外缺氧/复氧损伤的细胞模型,对细胞进行分组处理:对照组、缺氧/复氧损伤组、苦豆碱(20、50和100μmol/L)预处理组。对细胞活力、细胞内乳酸盐脱氢酶(LDH)、丙二醛(MDA)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,细胞内白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α),以及内质网应激相关蛋白GRP78,XBP-1和凋亡相关蛋白CHOP的表达进行了检测。我们发现与缺氧/复氧损伤组相比,苦豆碱预处理能显著提高细胞活力和SOD活性、降低LDH活性、MDA含量以及IL-1β和TNF-α的水平(P0.05)。另外,苦豆碱预处理还显著下调缺氧/复氧损伤引起的GRP78、XBP-1和CHOP水平的上升(P0.05)。本研究证实苦豆碱能够提高细胞抗脂质过氧化反应的能力、降低炎症因子水平、抑制内质网应激引起的细胞凋亡,改善缺氧/复氧损伤引起的内皮细胞损伤。     

活性氧和线粒体ATP敏感钾通道介导肿瘤坏死因子α对缺氧/复氧心肌的保护作用

在培养的乳鼠心肌细胞上,研究肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)对缺氧/复氧损伤心肌的保护作用的机制。结果发现：(1)用TNF-α(10—500U／ml)预处理,缺氧/复氧后心肌细胞内锰超氧化物歧化酶(Mn-SOD)活性增高、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放量减少(P＜0．05);(2)用抗氧化剂N-乙酰半既氨酸(NAC,1mmol/L)、抗霉素A(antimycin A,50μmol/L)、2-巯基丙酰氨基乙酸(2-MPG,400μmol/L)和铜／锌超氧化物歧化酸(Cu/Zn,SOD)抑制剂二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸盐(DDC,100nmol/L)预处理,可取消TNF-α的抑制缺氧/复氧心肌细胞LDH释放和诱导Mn-SOD活性增高的作用;(3)mitoKATP通道抑制剂5-羟基癸酸(5-HD)预处理可阻断TNF-α对缺氧/复氧心肌细胞的保护作用;选择性mitoKATP通道开放剂diazoxide(50μmol/L)预处理可减少复氧后心肌细胞LDH的释放(P＜0．01),其作用可被5-HD(100μmol/L)和NAC所抑制。上述结果表明,活性氧和线粒体ATP敏感钾通道参与介导TNF-α对缺氧/复氧损伤的心肌保护作用。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.