黑眶蟾蜍皮肤抗菌肽的制备及其性质

收集黑眶蟾蜍皮肤分泌物,经Sephadex G-25去除大分子蛋白后,利用微量测定法进行抗菌活性分析。结果发现:黑眶蟾蜍皮肤分泌物对革兰氏阳性菌——金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌的抑制作用较强,对革兰氏阴性菌中的嗜水气单细胞菌也表现出较强的抑制作用,对溶藻弧菌、副溶血弧菌、河流弧菌、大肠杆菌的抑制相对较弱。利用胰蛋白酶对黑眶蟾蜍皮肤抗菌肽水解后,其抗菌活性消失。将黑眶蟾蜍皮肤抗菌肽在37~95℃和pH 2.5~5.0下保温,发现其抗菌活性成分对热及酸耐受性较强。黑眶蟾蜍皮肤分泌物在低浓度无溶血活性。     

黄粉虫幼虫小分子量抗茵肽的分离纯化

昆虫抗菌肽具有良好的抑菌效果,有望开发成新一代抗生素。本文以金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌混合液作为诱导源,采用针刺法使黄粉虫TenebriomolitorL．幼虫感染微生物产生抗菌肽,并对抗菌肽进行了提取、色谱分离纯化及抑菌活性检测。结果显示,诱导组和对照组的三氟乙酸粗提物无抑菌活性;经SephadexG50、SuperdexPeptide凝胶色谱分离后,从诱导组和对照组均可获得对革兰氏阳性菌金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌有抑菌作用的组分,而且诱导组活性明显高于对照组;通过Resource15RPC反相色谱分离纯化,从诱导组获得一具有明显抑制革兰氏阳性菌的组分,质谱检测该组分为混合肽,主要由分子量为1876．21u、1904．21u的小肽组成,可能是一种比Thanatin分子量更低的昆虫抗菌肽。     

Isolation and purification of small antimicrobial peptide from larvae of mealworm, Tenebrio molitor

昆虫抗菌肽具有良好的抑菌效果,有望开发成新一代抗生素.本文以金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌混合液作为诱导源,采用针刺法使黄粉虫Tenebrio molitor L.幼虫感染微生物产生抗菌肽,并对抗菌肽进行了提取、色谱分离纯化及抑菌活性检测.结果显示,诱导组和对照组的三氟乙酸粗提物无抑菌活性;经SephadexG50、Superdex Peptide凝胶色谱分离后,从诱导组和对照组均可获得对革兰氏阳性菌金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌有抑菌作用的组分,而且诱导组活性明显高于对照组;通过Resource 15RPC反相色谱分离纯化,从诱导组获得一具有明显抑制革兰氏阳性菌的组分,质谱检测该组分为混合肽,主要由分子量为1 876.21u、1 904.21u的小肽组成,可能是一种比Thanatin分子量更低的昆虫抗菌肽.     

厚壳贻贝两种新型防御素的分子鉴定

贻贝是全球范围内具有重要经济价值和生态价值的双壳贝类。贻贝抗菌肽具有极强的分子多样性,也是当前抗菌肽研究的重要对象。防御素是贻贝抗菌肽的重要成员, 从厚壳贻贝中鉴定到2种新型防御素, 但其分子特性和免疫机制尚不清楚。为此, 对厚壳贻贝体内新发现的2种防御素开展研究。序列分析结果表明,2种新型防御素均具有节肢动物防御素结构特征,因而被命名为arthropod like defensin (ALD)。利用荧光定量PCR研究了2种防御素在贻贝不同组织及不同发育阶段的表达量差异。进一步分析了2种防御素在3种不同微生物诱导下的表达量时间曲线。利用固相化学合成技术对2种防御素的成熟肽区进行合成并开展了功能验证。研究结果表明, 2种ALD 主要表达部位在外套膜和消化腺, 且ALD-1具有雄性特异表达特征。此外, ALD-1和ALD-2在贻贝幼虫阶段均未表达; 在不同微生物刺激下, 2种ALD表现出不同的免疫反应模式, 显示出2种防御素具有不同的免疫调节机制。化学合成的2种ALD均具有抑菌活性, 其对不同微生物的抑制率在20%~80%之间。上述研究为深入了解贻贝免疫防御的分子机制,以及贻贝抗菌肽的免疫功能和后续的分子资源开发奠定了基础。     

基于厚壳贻贝Mytilin-1的抗菌肽设计、固相合成及抗菌谱分析

贻贝抗菌肽Mytilin是贻贝免疫系统的重要组成部分,对其结构与功能的研究表明,其序列中连接两段β-折叠的发夹区域是其抗菌功能的关键所在。为验证该区域是否具有抗菌活性,通过对厚壳贻贝Mytilus coruscus抗菌肽Mytilin进行空间结构模拟,选取其中β-发夹部分肽段,采用了固相化学合成的方法合成了两条10肽,分别命名为Mytilin Derived Peptide-1(MDP-1)和Mytilin Derived Peptide-2(MDP-2)。高效液相色谱以及质谱检测结果表明,合成是成功的。抗菌谱研究表明,MDP-1和MDP-2对革兰氏阳性菌、阴性菌以及真菌均具有明显的抑制作用,同时,合成的MDP由于序列短且有两对二硫键,因此对于温度及人血浆均表现出很强的稳定性。上述研究结果为深入了解厚壳贻贝抗菌肽Mytilin的抗菌机制以及在此基础上开发具有应用价值的新型抗菌肽奠定了基础。     

黄鳍金枪鱼抗菌肽YFGAP在大肠杆菌中融合表达及其活性检测

【目的】抗菌肽YFGAP由32个氨基酸组成,分子量为3.4 kD,对革兰氏阳性菌(G+)和革兰氏阴性菌(G?)表现出强效的抑制作用,不具有溶血活性。在大肠杆菌中表达抗菌肽YFGAP,分离纯化抗菌肽并鉴定其生物学活性。【方法】化学合成EK-YFGAP和L-EK-YFGAP基因序列,构建表达载体pET22b-ELP20-EK-YFGAP、pET22b-ELP40-EK-YFGAP和pET22b-ELP40-L-EK- YFGAP,分别转化至大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中诱导表达,可逆相变循环纯化融合蛋白。肠激酶酶切,经Vivaspin Turbo纯化柱纯化,测定重组抗菌肽的抑菌活性和溶血活性。【结果】纯化出两种融合蛋白ELP40-EK-YFGAP和ELP40-L-EK-YFGAP,肠激酶酶切纯化后获得重组抗菌肽YFGAP,对4种病原菌均有抑制效果,溶血活性较低。【结论】以ELPs作为非色谱纯化标签,实现了抗菌肽YFGAP的融合表达,具有操作简单、成本低、易于扩大的优势,为重组抗菌肽的量化制备及应用提供了理论基础和技术支持。     

Cu2+胁迫对黑水虻幼虫抗菌肽组分及抑菌活性的影响

研究不同浓度Cu~(2+)胁迫对黑水虻5龄幼虫抗菌肽分离纯化组分及抑菌活性影响,为黑水虻无害化处理粪便技术的有效实施提供有力的理论依据,为其副产品在饲料、食品及医药研发中的应用提供有价值的实验数据。本文在人工饲料中添加不同浓度Cu~(2+)(0、150、1 200 mg/kg)以饲喂黑水虻幼虫,采用金黄色葡萄球菌针刺法诱导5龄幼虫,断头收集血淋巴,高速冷冻离心结合超滤离心制备抗菌肽粗提物;利用RP-HPLC对三组抗菌肽粗提物进行分离纯化,收集各纯化峰对应组分,采用纸片琼脂扩散法测定各纯化峰对应组分的抑菌效果,以阐述Cu~(2+)胁迫对黑水虻抗菌肽的影响。结果表明,经Cu~(2+)胁迫,抗菌肽粗提物分离纯化后各组分的出峰时间及峰面积所占比例均不同,不同处理浓度下各分离组分第2峰面积均大于第1峰面积,其中150-2峰面积最大,为73.31%;分离纯化后所得6个组分对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌及白色念珠菌均有抑菌活性,对金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌的抑菌活性显著高于对大肠杆菌抑菌活性,但其对金黄色葡萄球菌及白色念珠菌的抑菌活性未见显著差异;与其他5个组分相比,组分150-2对金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌及大肠杆菌抑菌活性最强,抑菌直径分别为27.85±0.74 mm、28.34±0.76 mm、21.97±0.54 mm。由此可见,不同浓度的Cu~(2+)胁迫对黑水虻幼虫抗菌肽组分及抑菌活性均产生显著影响,其中组分150-2抑菌活性最强,具有很好的开发潜能。     

中国对虾PC-Ⅲ系列抗菌肽的分离纯化及活性

以我国主要经济海产品中国对虾（Penus chinensis）为研究对象,通过Sephadex G-50、RP-HPLC等技术分离纯化到PC-Ⅲ系列中国对虾天然抗菌肽。经初步鉴定,该系列抗菌肽对革兰氏阴性和革兰氏阳性菌都表现出程度不一的抑菌活性,且不同程度地影响小白鼠离体回肠肌收缩,但无丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂活性。用MALDI-TOF质谱对样品进行分析,检测到分子量分别为1071Da和1311Da的两种抗菌肽。这些抗菌肽对对虾抵御微生物的侵袭具有重要的作用。     

家蝇抗菌肽Domesticin在毕赤酵母中的表达及抑菌活性检测

利用毕赤酵母菌株表达家蝇抗菌肽domesticin基因并检测其抑菌活性。克隆家蝇domesticin基因与pPIC9k质粒相连,构建重组表达载体p PIC9K-domesticin,将其电击转化入毕赤酵母KM71中。甲醇诱导后利用Tricine-SDS-PAGE及Western Blot检测融合蛋白的表达,通过最小抑菌浓度测定表达产物的抑菌活性。结果显示家蝇抗菌肽Domesticin在毕赤酵母中成功表达,抑菌实验表明Domesticin对多种细菌具有抑制作用。Domesticin是一种对受试革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌均具有抑菌活性的广谱新型抗菌肽,有望成为新一代抗菌剂。     

一种新型贻贝抗菌肽的分离纯化及鉴定

厚壳贻贝（Mytilus coruscus）广泛分布于我国东部海域,其体内富含各种抗菌肽分子,是研究软体动物免疫防御机制以及开发抗菌肽来源的新型生物抗生素的重要对象。采用多步反相高效液相色谱对厚壳贻贝血清进行分离纯化,获得一种分子量为6261.55 D的具有抗菌活性的多肽成分;经多肽N端测序和基因克隆,结果表明该抗菌肽由55个氨基酸残基构成,含6个半胱氨酸并形成三对二硫键。结构域分析表明该抗菌肽具有几丁质结合结构域（Chitin-biding domain）,因此将该抗菌肽命名为mytichitin-A。Mytichitin-A对革兰氏阳性菌具有较强的抑制作用,同时对真菌及革兰氏阴性菌也具有抑制作用。荧光定量PCR检测表明,mytichitin-A主要在厚壳贻贝的性腺组织中表达且在细菌诱导后12h其表达量达到峰值。研究为深入了解厚壳贻贝抗菌肽的分子多样性及免疫机制奠定了基础。       

鲑点石斑鱼皮肤抗菌活性蛋白的纯化及抗菌活性(英文）

近年来在多种生物体中都发现有抗菌活性蛋白和多肽。由于其具有生物化学多样性,抗病毒、微生物、真菌、原生动物、肿瘤,促进伤口愈合等生物学活性,而引起研究者的极大兴趣。抗菌活性蛋白和多肽在动物的先天免疫中具有重要作用,它们直接作用于细菌,并将其杀死。鲑点石斑鱼(Epinephelusfario)是中国南方水产养殖中重要的海水鱼。近年来,由于细菌和病毒引发的病害造成鲑点石斑鱼大量死亡,但其抗菌活性蛋白及多肽目前还未见报道。本研究发现鲑点石斑鱼皮肤具有抗菌活性成分,鲑点石斑鱼皮肤匀浆物经胰蛋白酶水解后抗菌活性丧失,说明该活性是由蛋白质引起的。经离子交换层析及凝胶过滤层析,从鲑点石斑鱼皮肤中分离纯化到抗菌活性蛋白(Efap)。SDS-PAGE显示,Efap为单链蛋白,分子量约41kD。该成分能同时抑制革兰氏阳性菌,如金黄色葡萄球菌、滕黄微球菌、枯草牙胞杆菌和革兰氏阴性菌,如溶藻弧菌、副溶血弧菌、河流弧菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌、嗜水气单胞菌、大肠杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌。革兰氏阴性菌中,溶藻弧菌、副溶血弧菌、河流弧菌和多杀性巴氏杆菌对Efap较敏感,MIC<20mol/L,其他3种菌敏感性较差,MIC>20mol/L。另外,Efap显示出较强的抗金黄色葡萄球菌的活性,MIC为5—10mol/L。Efap的广谱抗菌性,说明其在鲑点石斑鱼免疫防御中具有一定的作用。     

Purification of a novel arthropod defensin from the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica

An antimicrobial peptide was purified from acidified gill extract of a bivalve mollusk, the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica), by preparative acid-urea--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The 4265.0 Da peptide had 38 amino acids, including 6 cysteines. It showed strongest activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and Staphylococcus aureus; minimum effective concentrations [MECs] 2.4 and 3.0 microg/ml, respectively) but also had significant activity against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli D31 and Vibrio parahemolyticus; MECs 7.6 and 15.0 microg/ml, respectively). Comparison of the amino acid sequence with those of other known antimicrobial peptides revealed that the novel peptide had high sequence homology to arthropod defensins, including those from other bivalves, the mussels Mytilus edulis and Mytilus galloprovincialis. This is the first antimicrobial peptide to be isolated from any oyster species and we have named it American oyster defensin (AOD).     

Antimicrobial activity of histidine-rich peptides is dependent on acidic conditions

Synthetic peptides composed of multiples of the consensus heparin-binding Cardin and Weintraub sequences AKKARA and ARKKAAKA are antimicrobial. Replacement of lysine and arginine by histidine in these peptides completely abrogates their antimicrobial and heparin-binding activities at neutral pH. However, the antibacterial activity against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) as well as the fungus Candida albicans, was restored at acidic conditions (pH 5.5). Fluorescence microscopy and FACS analysis showed that the binding of the histidine-rich peptides to E. coli and Candida was significantly enhanced at pH 5.5. Likewise, fluorescence studies for assessment of membrane permeation as well as electron microscopy analysis of peptide-treated bacteria, paired with studies of peptide effects on liposomes, demonstrated that the peptides induce membrane lysis only at acidic pH. No discernible hemolysis was noted for the histidine-rich peptides. Similar pH-dependent antimicrobial activities were demonstrated for peptides derived from histidine-rich and heparin-binding regions of human kininogen and histidine-rich glycoprotein. The results demonstrate that the presence of an acidic environment is an important regulator of the activity of histidine-rich antimicrobial peptides.     

Amphiphilic dendrimeric peptides as model non-sequential pharmacophores with antimicrobial properties

A concept of application of dendrimer chemistry for construction of 'non-sequential pharmacophore', mimicking active conformation of linear antimicrobial peptides, is introduced. It resulted in the synthesis of a family of low- molecular-weight basic peptide dendrimers with antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive), Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and Candida albicans.     

Dicynthaurin: an antimicrobial peptide from hemocytes of the solitary tunicate, Halocynthia aurantium

We isolated a novel antimicrobial peptide, dicynthaurin, from hemocytes of a tunicate, Halocynthia aurantium. The native peptide had a mass of approximately 6.2 kDa and was composed of two 30-residue monomers without sequence homology to any previously identified peptides (ILQKAVLDCLKAAGSSLSKAAITAIYNKIT). Most cynthaurin molecules were C-terminally amidated and were linked covalently by a single cystine disulfide bond. When performed in membrane-mimetic environments, circular dichroism studies of dicynthaurin revealed largely alpha-helical conformations. Dicynthaurin's broad-spectrum activity encompassed Gram-positive (Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), but not Candida albicans, a fungus. Although dicynthaurin was purified from a marine invertebrate, its antimicrobial activity was optimal at NaCl concentrations below 100 mM. This suggests that the antimicrobial actions of this molecule may take place intracellularly (e.g., within a phagosome) rather than extracellularly.     

Antimicrobial activity of short arginine- and tryptophan-rich peptides.

Highly antimicrobial active arginine- and tryptophan-rich peptides were synthesized ranging in size from 11 to five amino acid residues in order to elucidate the main structural requirement for such short antimicrobial peptides. The amino acid sequences of the peptides were based on previous studies of longer bovine and murine lactoferricin derivatives. Most of the peptides showed strong inhibitory action against the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. For the most active derivatives, the minimal inhibitory concentration values observed for the Gram-negative bacteria were 5 microg/ml (3.5 microM), whereas it was 2.5 microg/ml (1.5 microM) for the Gram-positive bacterium. It was essential for the antimicrobial activity that the peptides contained a minimum of three tryptophan and three arginine residues, and carried a free N-terminal amino group and an amidated C-terminal end. Furthermore, a minimum sequence size of seven amino acid residues was required for a high antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The insertion of additional arginine and tryptophan residues into the peptides resulted only in small variations in the antimicrobial activity, whereas replacement of a tryptophan residue with tyrosine in the hepta- and hexapeptides resulted in reduced antimicrobial activity, especially against the Gram-negative bacteria. The peptides were non-haemolytic, making them highly potent as prospective antibiotic agents.     

Original involvement of antimicrobial peptides in mussel innate immunity

Recently, the existence and extended diversity of antimicrobial peptides has been revealed in two mussel species. These molecules are classified into four groups according to common features of their primary structure: defensins, mytilins, myticins and mytimycin. In Mytilus galloprovincialis, gene structure reveals synthesis as precursors in circulating hemocytes. Synthesised even in absence of challenge, the precursors mature and the peptides are stored in granules as active forms. The different peptides are engaged in the destruction of bacteria inside phagocytes, before being released into hemolymph to participate in systemic responses. Such involvement in anti-infectious responses is unique, and apparently more related to those of mammalian phagocytes than to those of insects.