天然高分子复合人工肌腱组织细胞外基质的构建与表征

胶原与壳聚糖是2种具有较好生物相容性和一定力学强度的天然高分子,可在肌腱组织工程中用于细胞外基质的构建,但二者单独使用时各有不足.本研究利用二者性能上的互补,在一定的外力场作用下,采用EDC/NHS对2种天然高分子材料进行共价交联,获得具有一定空间取向和力学强度的多孔支架,然后引入细胞黏附因子RGD进行表面修饰,构建了具有较好组织相容性和细胞亲和性及适当降解速率的人工肌腱组织细胞外基质.对基质材料的力学性能、亲水性、体外降解速率等的检测和显微观察,结果显示:所构建的多孔支架材料柔软富有弹性,抗拉强度达:15.0Mpa,相应形变为:7.33%;孔隙率:79.4%;吸水率:772%;保水率:206%;在RPM1640培养液(含10%胎牛血清)和人血清中,3周总降解率分别为4.13%和37.2%,其降解速率可与肌腱修复周期相吻合,RGD修饰后材料对3T3-L1细胞具有较好的亲和性.有望成为理想的人工肌腱组织和人造皮肤细胞外基质,或整形手术的软组织填充材料.     

3D技术制备骨修复生物材料的功能和安全性评价

配制PLGA/HA复合生物材料,应用3D打印技术制造可移植入体内的骨支架,通过体外物理和生物学方法检测其性能,最后通过动物体内实验对其进行安全性评价。方法:使用3D打印技术打印PLGA/HA复合物立体支架生物材料,参照GB/T 1040和GB/T 9341检测支架材料的拉伸强度和弯曲强度,验证其支持h MSC的增殖及分化能力,并按照医疗器械生物学评价标准(GB/T16886)对支架材料进行体外和体内生物相容性及生物安全性评估。结果:成功制作了PLGA/HA复合材质的多孔3D支架材料;复合材料的机械拉伸强度和弯曲强度分别为38MPa和42MPa,是正常人软骨的5.35倍和5.25倍;体外细胞试验证明3D支架可支持h MSC增殖和分化为软骨细胞,生物安全性试验结果表明支架符合国家医疗器械生物学评价标准。     

BMSCs在PLGA-[ASP-PEG]基质材料表面粘附及增殖的研究

目的：探讨大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞BMSCs在聚丙交酯/乙交酯/天冬氨酸-聚乙二醇三嵌段多元共聚物 PLGA-[ASP-PEG]表面粘附、增殖的情况,为组织工程学体外诱导种子细胞生长提供新的生物材料。方法：在PLGA支架材料中引入聚乙二醇（PEG）和含有多个功能位点的天冬氨酸（ASP）,制成PLGA-[ASP-PEG]高分子支架材料。 将PLGA-[ASP-PEG]支架材料与BMSCs复合培养,以未改性的PLGA支架材料作对照,通过沉淀法、MTT法和考马斯亮蓝法分别检测BMSCs的粘附和增殖变化;扫描电镜观察黏附细胞的形态。结果 BMSCs在PLGA-[ASP-PEG]材料表面帖壁生长,细胞数目明显多于单纯PLGA组。细胞粘附率检测显示：改性后的PLGA-[ASP-PEG]表面BMSCs的粘附性能和增殖能力明显高于对照组,P＜0.05。MTT比色试验,BMSCs在三嵌段材料上培养20d后,吸光值A=1.336,约为对照组0.780的两倍。细胞内蛋白总量间接反映细胞黏附及增殖情况。培养12d时,在PLGA-[ASP-PEG]材料组细胞的蛋白含量为66.44μg/孔,单纯PLGA组为41.23μg/孔,间接说明了三嵌段材料生物相容性好,细胞黏附力强的特点。结论PLGA-[ASP-PEG]能促进组织工程种子细胞在骨基质材料表面的黏附、增殖并能较好地保持细胞的形态。     

静电纺丝的主要参数对ＰＬＧＡ纤维支架形貌和纤维直径的影响

目的以聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)为材料,采用静电纺丝方法制备纤维支架,考察制备参数对纤维支架结构及纤维直径的影响规律。方法以四氢呋喃(THF)和N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)的混合液为溶剂,调节PLGA溶液浓度、流量及电场强度分别制备了具有不同表面形貌的纤维支架。通过扫描电镜(SEM)观察了纺丝溶液的浓度、流量及电场强度对纤维形貌和直径的影响。同时在制备的PLGA纤维支架上接种了人的真皮成纤维细胞,并对细胞在PLGA支架上的黏附和增殖情况进行了研究,从而来评价支架材料的细胞相容性。结论结果表明,随着纺丝溶液浓度的增加,纤维直径逐渐增大,纤维直径的分布也随之增大。随着流量的增加,纤维直径略有增大。随着电场强度的增大,纤维直径没有明显的变化。但是电压和浓度的增大有助于减少珠丝的产生。体外细胞培养实验证明,制备的PLGA纤维支架能支持细胞正常的黏附和增殖活动。     

PLGA支架降解对血管化功能影响的体外研究

目的:研究聚乳酸-羟基乙酸(PLGA)支架材料降解产物对血管内皮细胞增殖、迁移和小管样结构形成的影响。方法:将PLGA支架材料放入磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)中体外无菌降解1、2、4周。用降解液处理人脐静脉内皮细胞株HUVEC,采用Brdu ELISA法、Transwell小室法和小管形成实验检测PLGA支架材料降解液对血管内皮细胞增殖、迁移和小管样结构形成的影响。结果:PLGA支架材料1周降解液对内皮细胞的迁移和小管形成无明显影响,对内皮细胞增殖有一定的促进作用。随着降解时间的延长,2周降解液抑制内皮细胞的迁移和小管形成,4周的降解液对内皮细胞增殖、迁移和小管形成均有抑制作用。结论:PLGA支架材料降解初期有对血管内皮细胞的增殖有促进作用,降解后期可能由于降解过程中产生的酸性物质累积增多,影响了血管内皮细胞的生长和功能,从而抑制新生血管的形成。     

类人胶原蛋白-丝素蛋白血管支架的制备及性能表征

为了提高血管支架的力学性能,将生物相容性良好的新型生物材料类人胶原蛋白(基因工程技术、高密度发酵生产)与丝素蛋白以质量比9:1、7:3、5:5复合,采用真空冷冻方法制备管状血管支架。研究了不同配比血管支架材料的表面结构、表面元素组成、力学性能、降解和生物相容性。结果表明:当类人胶原蛋白与丝素蛋白的质量比为7:3混合时,类人胶原蛋白-丝素蛋白管状支架具有均匀的多孔结构,孔径为(60±5)μm,孔隙率达到85%以上;获得了较理想的力学性能:应变为50%±5%,应力为(332±16)kPa;具有相对慢的降解速率;提高了细胞的黏附与增殖,具有良好的生物相容性。     

超临界流体发泡技术制备BMP-2-PLLAms/FGF-2-nHA/PLGA复合支架及体外成骨诱导效应研究

本研究将左旋聚乳酸微球(PLLAms)与纳米羟基磷灰石/聚乳酸-羟基乙醇酸(nHA/PLGA)多孔支架复合,构建可次第释放不同生长因子的骨组织工程支架.首先,制备载骨形态发生蛋白2的左旋聚乳酸微球(BMP-2-PLLAms),然后将微球与nHA/PLGA及碱性成纤维细胞生长因子2(FGF-2)按照一定的比例混合,通过超临界流体发泡制备BMP-2-PLLAms/FGF-2-nHA/PLGA复合支架.制备的BMP-2-PLLA载药微球呈规则球形,粒径分布在6~10μm之间,BMP-2载药量为1.45×10-3%,包封率为61.9%,制备的BMP-2-PLLAms/FGF-2-nHA/PLGA复合支架孔径为100~200μm,孔隙率为75.8%,抗压强度为6.8 MPa,8周降解率为19.9%.7天时,FGF-2和BMP-2的累计释放率分别为77.1%和44.2%;14天时,FGF-2和BMP-2的累计释放率分别为84.9%和61.5%.大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)的成骨诱导实验证明复合支架中释放的BMP-2和FGF-2能够持续有效地刺激BMSCs的增殖和分化,具有良好的生物活性.BMP-2-PLLAms/FGF-2-nHA/PLGA复合支架有效实现了FGF-2和BMP-2的次第释放,且能够显著地促进BMSCs的成骨分化.     

用于人工韧带的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯支架材料 的编织和力学性能分析

目的:通过对聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(Polyethylene terephthalate,PET)材料的编织和力学性能的分析,初步探讨使用该材料构建组织工程韧带支架的可行性。方法:将不同强度的PET单纤维通过经编法编织成支架材料;然后使用电子拉力机对编织好的支架材料以及消毒处理后的支架材料进行力学性能测试并进行分析。结果:PET编织构建的支架材料结构稳定,其极限抗张强度已达到了前交叉韧带的力学要求。辐照消毒对支架材料的力学性能无短期影响。结论:该支架材料编织结构设计合理,具有优良的力学性能,消毒后对其力学性能无短期影响,有望通过改进生物学性能后成为一种较理想的组织工程前交叉韧带支架材料。     

PLGA改性明胶的性质研究

目的:探讨聚乳酸-聚羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)对明胶的改性效果.方法:(1)将PLGA和明胶分别以9:1,8:2,7:3,6:4,5:5,3:7质量比制成膜状试件.(2)以扫描电镜观察试件的微结构.(3)以材料试验机测试其力学性质.(4)以PBS(pH 7.4)为人工降解液考察其在体外在8周内的降解情况.结果:(1)在上述范围内支架均质程度和机械性能随明胶含量增大而变差.(2)体外降解期间支架最大吸水率和失重速率随明胶含量增大而增大.结论:经PLGA改性后的明胶的上述各项指标均发生了显著变化,作为备选组织工程材料,复合体系申明胶含量不宜多于40%.     

纤维蛋白和高分子混合支架的研究及其对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞增长的影响

通过混合纤维蛋白原和凝血酶溶液与不同量(0、1、2、4 mg)的PLGA无纺丝制得力学强度提高的生物混合支架,检测各组支架对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(rMSC)增长的影响.用扫描电镜观察各组支架都具有多孔且孔间相通的特性.根据收缩溶胀的测量,混入PLGA的纤维蛋白支架收缩率明显小于未混合PLGA的支架.检测各组的压缩模量,混合PLGA的支架压缩模量大于未混合的支架,其差异均具有统计学意义.选择具有多向分化潜能的rMSC在混合支架上的生长,进行DNA荧光检测法测得细胞增长值,在混合PLGA无纺丝1 mg的支架上rMSC增长效果最好.实验证明纤维蛋白混合三维支架维持原纤维蛋白支架内部多孔隙三维结构,而且增大了支架的力学强度,在一定程度上提高了骨髓间充质干细胞在支架上的增长,在组织工程中是具有潜力的细胞生长三维支架.     

静电纺丝的主要参数对PLGA纤维支架形貌和纤维直径的影响

EST(expressed sequence tags,EST)是一段长约150～500bp基因表达的外源序列片段,是由大规模随机挑取的cDNA克隆测序得到的组织或细胞基因组的表达序列标签。一个EST代表生物某一时期的某种组织或细胞的一个表达基因。主要综述了EST技术的原理方法,哺乳动物早期胚胎研究的理论基础以及EST技术在早期胚胎研究方面的应用,并讨论了利用EST进行研究分析的发展趋势。     

Hydrophilic gelatin and hyaluronic acid-treated PLGA scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering

Tissue engineering provides a new strategy for repairing damaged cartilage. Surface and mechanical properties of scaffolds play important roles in inducing cell growth.?Aim: The aim of this study was to fabricate and characterize PLGA and gelatin/hyaluronic acid-treated PLGA (PLGA-GH) sponge scaffolds for articular cartilage tissue engineering. Methods: The PLGA-GH scaffolds were cross-linked with gelatin and hyaluronic acid. Primary chondrocytes isolated from porcine articular cartilages were used to assess cell compatibility. The characteristic PLGA-GH scaffold was higher in water uptake ratio and degradation rate within 42 days than the PLGA scaffold. Results: The mean compressive moduli of PLGA and PLGA-GH scaffolds were 1.72±0.50 MPa and 1.86±0.90 MPa, respectively. The cell attachment ratio, proliferation, and extracellular matrix secretion on PLGA-GH scaffolds are superior to those of PLGA scaffolds. Conclusions: In our study, PLGA-GH scaffolds exhibited improvements in cell biocompatibility, cell proliferation, extracellular matrix synthesis, and appropriate mechanical and structural properties for potential engineering cartilage applications.     

The biocompatibility of calcium phosphate cements containing alendronate-loaded PLGA microparticles in?vitro

The composite of poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and calcium phosphate cements (CPC) are currently widely used in bone tissue engineering. However, the properties and biocompatibility of the alendronate-loaded PLGA/CPC (APC) porous scaffolds have not been characterized. APC scaffolds were prepared by a solid/oil/water emulsion solvent evaporation method. The morphology, porosity, and mechanical strength of the scaffolds were characterized. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) from rabbit were cultured, expanded and seeded on the scaffolds, and the cell morphology, adhesion, proliferation, cell cycle and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs were determined. The results showed that the APC scaffolds had a porosity of 67.43 ± 4.2% and pore size of 213 ± 95 µm. The compressive strength for APC was 5.79 ± 1.21 MPa, which was close to human cancellous bone. The scanning electron microscopy, cell counting kit-8 assay, flow cytometry and ALP activity revealed that the APC scaffolds had osteogenic potential on the BMSCs in vitro and exhibited excellent biocompatibility with engineered bone tissue. APC scaffolds exhibited excellent biocompatibility and osteogenesis potential and can potentially be used for bone tissue engineering.     

Electrospun PLGA�Csilk fibroin�Ccollagen nanofibrous scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering

Electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds varying different materials are fabricated for tissue engineering. PLGA, silk fibroin, and collagen-derived scaffolds have been proved on good biocompatibility with neurons. However, no systematic studies have been performed to examine the PLGA-silk fibroin-collagen (PLGA-SF-COL) biocomposite fiber matrices for nerve tissue engineering. In this study, different weight ratio PLGA-SF-COL (50:25:25, 30:35:35) scaffolds were produced via electrospinning. The physical and mechanical properties were tested. The average fiber diameter ranged from 280 + 26 to 168 + 21 nm with high porosity and hydrophilicity; the tensile strength was 1.76 ± 0.32 and 1.25 ± 0.20 Mpa, respectively. The results demonstrated that electrospinning polymer blending is a simple and effective approach for fabricating novel biocomposite nanofibrous scaffolds. The properties of the scaffolds can be strongly influenced by the concentration of collagen and silk fibroin in the biocomposite. To assay the cytocompatibility, Schwann cells were seeded on the scaffolds; cell attachment, growth morphology, and proliferation were studied. SEM and MTT results confirmed that PLGA-SF-COL scaffolds particularly the one that contains 50% PLGA, 25% silk fibroin, and 25% collagen is more suitable for nerve tissue engineering compared to PLGA nanofibrous scaffolds.     

Characterization of Mechanical and Biological Properties of 3-D Scaffolds Reinforced with Zinc Oxide for Bone Tissue Engineering

A scaffold for bone tissue engineering should have highly interconnected porous structure, appropriate mechanical and biological properties. In this work, we fabricated well-interconnected porous β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffolds via selective laser sintering (SLS). We found that the mechanical and biological properties of the scaffolds were improved by doping of zinc oxide (ZnO). Our data showed that the fracture toughness increased from 1.09 to 1.40 MPam^1/2, and the compressive strength increased from 3.01 to 17.89 MPa when the content of ZnO increased from 0 to 2.5 wt%. It is hypothesized that the increase of ZnO would lead to a reduction in grain size and an increase in density of the strut. However, the fracture toughness and compressive strength decreased with further increasing of ZnO content, which may be due to the sharp increase in grain size. The biocompatibility of the scaffolds was investigated by analyzing the adhesion and the morphology of human osteoblast-like MG-63 cells cultured on the surfaces of the scaffolds. The scaffolds exhibited better and better ability to support cell attachment and proliferation when the content of ZnO increased from 0 to 2.5 wt%. Moreover, a bone like apatite layer formed on the surfaces of the scaffolds after incubation in simulated body fluid (SBF), indicating an ability of osteoinduction and osteoconduction. In summary, interconnected porous β-TCP scaffolds doped with ZnO were successfully fabricated and revealed good mechanical and biological properties, which may be used for bone repair and replacement potentially.     

Decreased fibroblast and increased osteoblast adhesion on nanostructured NaOH-etched PLGA scaffolds

To facilitate locomotion and support the body, the skeleton relies on the transmission of forces between muscles and bones through complex junctions called entheses. The varying mechanical and biological properties of the enthesis make healing this avascular tissue difficult; hence the need for an engineered alternative. Cells in situ interact with their environment on the nano-scale which suggests that engineered approaches to enthesis regeneration should include such biologically-inspired nano-scale surface features. The present in vitro study investigated the effects of etching poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) scaffolds to produce nano-topography on the adhesion of fibroblasts and osteoblasts, two integral enthesis cell types. Nano-topography was produced on PLGA by etching the scaffolds in NaOH. Results showed that etching PLGA with NaOH to create nano-scale surface features decreased fibroblast adhesion while it increased osteoblast adhesion; criteria critical for the spatial control of osteoblast and fibroblast adhesion for a successful enthesis tissue engineering material. Thus, the results of this study showed for the first time collective evidence that PLGA can be either treated with NaOH or not on ends of an enthesis tissue engineering construct to spatially increase osteoblast and fibroblast adhesion, respectively.     

Fabrication of gelatin-hyaluronic acid hybrid scaffolds with tunable porous structures for soft tissue engineering

The development of three-dimensional (3-D) scaffolds with highly open porous structure is one of the most important issues in tissue engineering. In this study, 3-D macroporous gelatin/hyaluronic acid (GE/HA) hybrid scaffolds with varying porous morphology were prepared by freeze-drying their blending solutions and subsequent chemical crosslinking by using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC). The resulting scaffolds were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Their swelling, in vitro degradation properties and compressive strength were also investigated. To evaluate in vitro cytocompatibility of scaffolds, mouse L929 fibroblasts were seeded onto the scaffolds for cell morphology and cell viability studies. It was found that the porous structure of scaffolds can be tailored by varying the ratios of gelatin to HA, both the swelling ratios and degradation rate increased with the increase of HA content in hybrid scaffolds, and crosslinking the scaffolds with EDC improved the degradation resistance of the scaffold in culture media and increased the mechanical strength of scaffolds. The in vitro results revealed that the prepared scaffolds do not induce cytotoxic effects and suitable for cell growth, especially in the case of scaffolds with higher gelatin content. The combined results of the physicochemical and biological studies suggested that the developed GE/HA hybrid scaffolds exhibit good potential and biocompatibility for soft tissue engineering applications.     

Effects of composition, solvent, and salt particles on the physicochemical properties of polyglycolide/poly(lactide-co-glycolide) scaffolds

Polyglycolide (PGA)/poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) scaffolds were fabricated by a solvent casting/particulate leaching method using hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) or acetone for material dissolution and NaCl particles as porogen. The results revealed that the mechanical strength increased as the PGA percentage in a HFIP-processed scaffold increased. Chemical ingredients did not substantially affect the mechanical strength of acetone-processed scaffolds. Large NaCl particles led to weak mechanical strength, low porosity, and small specific surface area. For a fixed composition, PGA crystals in a HFIP-processed scaffold were smaller than those in an acetone-processed scaffold. High PGA fractions yielded partly fused PGA/PLGA scaffolds. A faster degradation rate of a scaffold could result from a higher PGA percentage, smaller NaCl particles, or the existence of chondrocytes. The combination of PGA and PLGA, which compensated each other for bioactivity, would be beneficial to cartilage regeneration.     

A cell leakproof PLGA‐collagen hybrid scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering

A cell leakproof porous poly(DL ‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA)‐collagen hybrid scaffold was prepared by wrapping the surfaces of a collagen sponge except the top surface for cell seeding with a bi‐layered PLGA mesh. The PLGA‐collagen hybrid scaffold had a structure consisting of a central collagen sponge formed inside a bi‐layered PLGA mesh cup. The hybrid scaffold showed high mechanical strength. The cell seeding efficiency was 90.0% when human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were seeded in the hybrid scaffold. The central collagen sponge provided enough space for cell loading and supported cell adhesion, while the bi‐layered PLGA mesh cup protected against cell leakage and provided high mechanical strength for the collagen sponge to maintain its shape during cell culture. The MSCs in the hybrid scaffolds showed round cell morphology after 4 weeks culture in chondrogenic induction medium. Immunostaining demonstrated that type II collagen and cartilaginous proteoglycan were detected in the extracellular matrices. Gene expression analyses by real‐time PCR showed that the genes encoding type II collagen, aggrecan, and SOX9 were upregulated. These results indicated that the MSCs differentiated and formed cartilage‐like tissue when being cultured in the cell leakproof PLGA‐collagen hybrid scaffold. The cell leakproof PLGA‐collagen hybrid scaffolds should be useful for applications in cartilage tissue engineering. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010