1112例血培养结果及耐药性调查

目的了解血培养中检出的病原菌的菌群分布及耐药性情况,为临床合理选择抗生素提供科学依据。方法血培养使用Bact/ALERT3D(120)全自动血培养系统及其配套的培养瓶,病原菌鉴定及药敏试验采用法国BioMerieux公司的ATB Expression细菌鉴定仪及配套试剂条。结果从1 112例血培养中检出病原菌167株,阳性率为15.0%,检出的细菌以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、甲型副伤寒沙门菌、伤寒沙门菌、大肠埃希菌为主,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对苯唑西林耐药占69.8%。大肠埃希菌的超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)发生率为10.0%。结论血培养检出病原菌种类复杂,耐药率高,临床医师应加强疑似败血症患者血液中病原菌的检测,合理使用抗生素。     

407例老年肺癌下呼吸道感染患者病原菌分布及耐药分析

目的 分析老年肺癌下呼吸道感染患者痰培养物的病原菌分布及耐药状况.方法 回顾性分析407例老年肺癌下呼吸道感染患者痰标本细菌培养、鉴定及药敏结果.结果 共分离出病原菌238株,革兰阴性菌163株,占68.49％;革兰阳性菌33株,占13.87％;真菌42株,占17.65％.主要病原菌为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌.其中,肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌ESBLs阳性菌株的比例分别为36.73％、28.85％.结论 老年肺癌患者因长期使用抗生素,呼吸道菌群失调,不同病原菌对抗菌药耐药率均较高,以革兰阴性菌感染为主,肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌产ESBLs的菌株有较高比例,二重感染比例较高;革兰阳性菌均对万古霉素敏感,未发现耐药菌株.因此临床医生根据药敏结果合理选用抗生素,对于改善患者肺部微生态失衡,延长生存时间具有重要指导意义.     

2009至2012年血培养阳性结果分析及耐药性监测

了解解放军202医院2009至2012年血培养阳性病原菌分布及耐药性监测,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据。使用全自动血培养仪进行血液培养,用VITEK-2全自动微生物鉴定系统进行菌株鉴定和药敏试验。从453例血培养阳性标本中共分离出462株病原菌,其中革兰阴性杆菌274株,占59.30%;革兰阳性球菌167株,占36.14%;革兰阳性杆菌1株,占0.22%;真菌20株,占4.32%。最常见的感染菌分别为金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌。89株金黄色葡萄球菌中检出MRSA 9株,46株凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中检出MRCoN 6株,对青霉素耐药率分别达81.35%和85.00%,革兰阳性球菌中未发现对利奈唑胺和万古霉素耐药的菌株。鲍曼不动杆菌对美罗培南耐药率高达51.7%。解放军202医院血液感染以葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌为主,且耐药率高,应对血液细菌进行长期的耐药性监测,为临床合理使用抗生素提供理论依据。     

临床常见病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的了解我院患者常见病原菌分布及其耐药情况,指导临床治疗,合理使用抗生素。方法将我院2006年~2008年分离的临床病原菌分布及其耐药情况进行回顾性分析。结果我院病原菌分布以革兰阴性杆菌为主,占40.9%,革兰阳性球菌占34.4%,真菌占24.7%,居于革兰阴性杆菌前3位的菌群是大肠埃希菌、变形杆菌属和克雷伯菌属;居于革兰阳性球菌前3位的菌群是凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、肠球菌属和链球菌属;各菌群中抗菌药物的耐药率均有上升,部分菌株呈多重耐药。结论革兰阴性杆菌已成为医院感染的最常见病原菌,对抗生素耐药日益严重,医院应重视病原菌的耐药性监测,及时掌握细菌耐药的动态,指导临床合理使用抗生素,防止医院感染的发生。     

重症监护病房医院感染菌分布与耐药性分析

了解哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院重症监护病房(ICU)病原菌的分布特点及耐药性,为临床治疗提供理论依据。对2003年1月至2010年12月ICU患者送检的标本进行培养,用API鉴定系统或VITEK 2 Com-pact全自动细菌鉴定仪进行菌种鉴定及药敏分析,对检出菌株的构成、标本的分布及药敏结果进行分析。共分离出4 197株病原菌,其中革兰阴性杆菌52.1%、革兰阳性球菌22.3%、真菌25.6%;革兰阴性杆菌中非发酵菌占主要地位(37.5%),以鲍曼不动杆菌为主(13.1%);而肠杆菌科细菌则以肺炎克雷伯菌(9.5%)及大肠埃希菌(5.1%)为主;革兰阳性球菌以金黄色葡萄球菌(14.6%)为主,真菌以白假丝酵母菌(11.8%)为主;在检出所有病原菌的标本中,前3位依次为痰液(79.1%)、血液(8.4%)、无菌体液(8.1%);细菌耐药性结果表明,大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)阳性率分别为66.4%、56.3%。几种主要病原菌对各类抗菌药物的耐药程度各不相同,但大部分菌株均呈现多重耐药的现象。产酶菌的耐药率普遍高于非产酶菌,哌拉西林/他唑巴坦对产酶菌及非产酶菌的抑菌效果都很明显;美罗培南、亚胺培南和头孢替坦对肠杆菌科细菌耐药率最低均在40%以下,可作为产酶菌的首选药;鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性严重耐药率均在50%以上。耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌(MRS)检出率为70.1%,其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)75.8%,耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)38.7%。万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑烷可作为革兰阳性球菌严重感染的首选药物。ICU患者以呼吸道感染为主,病原菌以鲍曼不动杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为主,且多为多重耐药菌。真菌感染率增加且真菌对药物的敏感性好。应动态监测ICU病原菌的流行和耐药情况,从而控制医院内感染,减少耐药菌株的产生。     

老年患者血培养病原菌分布及耐药性调查

目的了解老年患者血液感染的病原菌种类以及对抗菌药物的耐药状况。方法对2290份老年住院患者血培养标本中186例培养阳性检出菌及药敏结果进行统计学分析。结果在分离的172株细菌中,革兰阴性菌、革兰阳性菌及真菌分别占54.7%、34.9%和10.5%;革兰阴性菌中以大肠埃希菌占绝对优势(20.9%),假单胞菌其次(10.5%),革兰阳性菌中以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS)占绝对优势(20.9%),金黄色葡萄球菌仅为2.9%。药敏试验表明老年菌血症的病原菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药严重,尤其是CNS及假单胞菌属细菌表现为较高的耐药率及多重耐药性。结论老年菌血症病原菌以机会致病菌感染比例较高,致病菌耐药问题严重,及时监测老年致病菌的变迁和耐药发展趋势以指导临床用药至关重要。     

呼吸内科下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨和分析下呼吸道感染患者的病原菌分布及其耐药性。方法回顾性分析2013年在金华市中心医院呼吸内科住院的下呼吸道感染患者合格痰标本细菌培养结果,然后进行细菌菌株的鉴定和药物敏感性检测。结果共分离出593株致病菌。其中,革兰阴性菌464株,占78.2%,前四位为:肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌;革兰阳性菌49株(占8.3%),以金黄色葡萄球菌为主;真菌80株(占13.5%),以白假丝酵母菌为主。不论是革兰阴性杆菌还是革兰阳性球菌均普遍出现了多重耐药菌株。结论呼吸内科下呼吸道感染以革兰阴性菌为主,分离病原菌耐药现象普遍存在,临床应重视病原学检查。加强病原菌耐药性监测,合理使用抗菌药物。     

神经外科重症监护病房常见病原菌及耐药性分析

目的:了解神经外科重症监护病房(NICU)常见病原菌及其耐药情况,为临床抗菌药物合理使用提供理论依据。方法:收集2009年1月-2010年12月NICU收治患者的各种标本,对病原菌的分布情况及其对抗菌药物的耐药情况进行回顾性分析。结果:分离出病原菌537株,其中革兰氏阴性菌239株(占68.72%),革兰氏阳性菌139株(占25.88%),真菌29株(占5.40%);前5位病原菌依次为鲍曼不动杆菌(19.93%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(18.44%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(12.29%)、铜绿假单胞菌(7.82%)、大肠埃希氏菌(5.77%);产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希氏菌分离率分别为37.37%、64.52%;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)分离率和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)分离率分别为63.08%、87.50%。结论:NICU病原菌以革兰氏阴性菌为主,对常用抗菌药物的耐药性高。需持续进行细菌流行病学及耐药性监测,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物,减少细菌耐药性产生。     

老年获得性肺炎病原菌及耐药分析

目的：了解老年人获得性肺炎的病原菌及耐药趋势。方法：对本院1999年6月－2001年6月两年间老年性获得性肺炎患者的痰标本进行细菌学分离鉴定及耐药分析。结果：老年院内感染以G杆菌为主67．19％,其次是真菌22．08及G^ 球菌10．73％。G杆菌中以大肠埃希菌（29．12％）,非发酵菌（24．88％）和肺炎克雷伯菌（20．19％）为主,在大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中,产超广谱β－内酰酶株（ESBLS）占49．52％,真菌中以白色假丝酵母菌（68．57％）为主;G^ 球菌中以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为主（87．88％）,耐苯唑西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRSCN）占63．64％。2000年6月－2001年6月所分离的细菌与上一年相比,真菌由15．43％增加到29．03％（P＜0．01）,G^＋细菌由6．17％增加到15．48％（P＜0．01）,G杆菌由78．4％下降到55．48％（P＜0．01）。所分离细菌除对亚胺培南,特治星（哌位西林／他唑巴坦）及万古霉素耐药率较低外,常用的抗生素显示较高的耐药率。结论：老年性获得性肺炎以G^- 杆菌为主,而真菌的感染也不容忽视;致病菌呈多重耐药趋势,其感染菌谱的变迁和多重耐药率的升高应该引起高度重视,合理应用抗生素应有法规制度。     

235例泌尿系统感染的病原菌分布及药敏分析

目的:了解本地区泌尿系统感染的病原菌分布情况,指导临床合理使用抗生素.方法:细菌鉴定及药敏试验采用VITEK-60全自动细菌鉴定仪.结果:革兰阴性菌是本地区泌尿系统感染的主要致病菌70.64%(166/235),其中大肠埃希菌占革兰阴性菌的66.87%(111/166),其次为克雷伯菌属10.84%(18/166).主要致病革兰阳性菌以葡萄球菌为主38.7%(24/62).革兰阴性菌对环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星和甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲恶唑耐药率高,革兰阳性菌对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、环丙沙星和甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲恶唑等 8种抗生素耐药率均偏高.治疗首选万古霉素、呋哺类、利福平等抗生素.结论:大肠埃希菌是本地区泌尿系统感染的主要病原菌.细菌对多种抗生素耐药,建议临床根据药敏结果使用抗生素.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.