无胶筛分毛细管电泳在分析苹果发育时期转变蛋白质变化规律中的应用

对无胶筛分毛细管电泳体系的筛分介质浓度、缓冲体系的离子强度、分离电压、进样量及温度等条件进行了优化,最终确定最佳分离条件为7.5% Dextran,7.5%丙三醇,0.15mol·L^-1 TB,0.1%SDS,分离电压23.5kV,进样量1.5psi×90秒,温度25℃。应用此方法对金冠×红玉苹果杂种后代韧皮部蛋白质进行测定,得到了多个与阶段转变相关的蛋白质,在韧皮部50节上,有分子量为5.0kDa的特异蛋白质出现,分子量为24.5kDa的蛋白质含量在阶段转变过程中明显升高。     

四倍体刺槐枝条韧皮部总蛋白质双向电泳体系建立及应用

采用TCA/丙酮法对四倍体刺槐枝段韧皮部全蛋白质进行提取,通过对IPG胶条pH梯度、分离胶浓度的选择,上样量、等电聚焦条件的优化,建立起四倍体刺槐枝段韧皮部蛋白质双向电泳体系。研究结果表明:采用TCA/丙酮法提取四倍体刺槐枝段韧皮部全蛋白质,选用pH4-7的17 cm IPG胶条,考马斯亮蓝染色上样量550μg,等电聚焦IEF聚焦总伏小时数从60 000 Vh提高到80 000 Vh,并采用12%的分离胶对四倍体刺槐枝段韧皮部全蛋白进行双向电泳,能得到背景清晰、蛋白质点数相对较多,分离度高且重复性好的电泳图谱。利用建立的体系进行双向电泳分离蛋白质,能直接挖点送质谱分析。采用该体系分析四倍体刺槐硬枝扦插生根愈伤组织阶段蛋白质表达差异,共筛选出83个差异蛋白质点,其中上调蛋白15个,新产生蛋白22个,下调蛋白22个,缺失表达24个。     

罗氏沼虾中等足类AGH类似物的分离与鉴定

从2l30尾性成熟的雄性罗氏沼虾体内采集雄性腺体(AG),匀浆后,分离沉淀等电点为4.5左右的多肽,用十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法收集分子量从17kDa至l8kDa的多肽条带.进一步应用高效液相色谱、无胶筛分高效毛细管电泳、基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱、高效液相色谱-电喷雾电离-质谱等技术进行分离与鉴定.结果显示,主要组分的分子量为17436±110u,在等电点4.5的条件下分离得到的罗氏沼虾AG组分中,以分子量17480u的多肽组分为主,与等足类ArmadillidiumvulgareAGH的分子量相似,暂称为等足HAGH类似物.     

白芷醇溶蛋白质提取工艺优化及其指纹图谱研究

目的：基于响应面设计优化白芷醇溶蛋白质提取工艺，并研究其指纹图谱特征。方法：首先考察液料比、提取时间、乙醇浓度、提取温度四个单因素对白芷醇溶蛋白质提取率的影响，再通过Box-Behnken方法对影响提取率的工艺因素进行响应面优化，最后对白芷及易混淆药材的醇溶蛋白质指纹图谱进行对比分析。结果：最佳提取工艺条件为：液料比13∶1(mL/g)，提取时间8.75 h，乙醇浓度42%，提取温度45℃，在此条件下提取率为0.294%。SDS-PAGE分析表明白芷醇溶蛋白质样品分子量范围介于15～95 kDa,91.4 kDa与65.6 kDa分子为高丰度蛋白质。此外，白芷与天花粉、粉葛、山药的醇溶蛋白质指纹图谱有显著差异。结论：利用响应面法优化了白芷醇溶蛋白质的提取工艺，并建立其专属性SDS-PAGE指纹图谱，为其分子鉴定及资源开发提供实验依据。     

小麦高频率分生组织细胞有丝分裂同步化诱导及分裂周期蛋白质组变化分析

利用Hu和APM双阻断法可以提高小麦分生组织细胞有丝分裂同步化频率,其中前期达20%,中期达79%,后-末期达27%。双向电泳分析结果表明,小麦分生组织细胞的有丝分裂周期蛋白质呈现出明显周期性变化,与间期细胞相比前期中呈现出5个差异蛋白质斑点,这5个蛋白质斑点的分子量和等电点分别为37kDa/pI 6.6、38kDa/pI 6.8、34kDa/pI 7.2、38kDa/pI 7.5和15kDa/pI 6.9,到了中期,发现有21kDa/pI 6.3的蛋白质斑点存在,而51kDa/pI 7.3和23kDa/pI 6.1蛋白质斑点消失,分生组织细胞进入后-末期分裂期时,又发现有37 kDa/pI 6.6、51 kDa/pI7.3、23kDa/pI 6.1、43kDa/pI 6.6蛋白质出现,蛋白质斑点21kDa/pI 6.3消失。在整个细胞周期运行中,蛋白质斑点37kDa/pI 6.6、51kDa/pI 7.3、23kDa/pI 6.1和21kDa/pI 6.3发生了明显的周期性变化,其中有2个蛋白斑点经质谱鉴定为chromosome segregation protein SMC和helicase。它们的功能涉...     

有效分离1kDa分子量环脂肽的电泳方法

目的：建立一种有效分离1kDa分子量环脂肽的电泳方法。方法：针对1kDa分子量环脂肽的特点,对凝胶的组分和比例、凝胶的聚合速度等电泳条件进行了优化。结果：改进凝胶组分和比例,使得浓缩胶为7％T、3％C,夹层胶为12％T、3％C,致密胶为16．5％T、6％C;并在胶中加入尿素和甘油;同时加大APS的量使聚合速度加快。由此得到的环脂肽电泳条带清晰、平稳、紧凑,显示分子量为1．05kDa,与质谱结果吻合。结论：新建立的Tricine—SDS—PAGE是一种有效的分离1kDa分子量环脂肽的电泳方法。     

乳杆菌表面粘附蛋白的提取、鉴定及粘附特异性的初步研究

以从健康牙鲆肠道中分离筛选的乳杆菌L15(Lactobacillussp.L15)和嗜酸乳杆菌ATCC4356为实验材料,应用5mol/L LiCl提取其表面蛋白,利用蛋白印迹法鉴定出在L15表面蛋白中分子量为61.8kDa和54.6kDa的蛋白质分别参与对牙鲆和鲤鱼粘液的粘附过程,为新发现的粘附蛋白种类,将其命名为MAPPpo1和MAPPcc。ATCC4356中分子量分别为43.0kDa和63.3kDa的两个表面蛋白参与对牙鲆粘液的粘附,而分子量为43.0kDa的蛋白参与对鲤鱼粘液的粘附。同时,蛋白质印迹法显示,L15和ATCC4356在牙鲆和鲤鱼肠粘液中均具有相同的粘附受体,在牙鲆肠粘液中是分子量为29.7kDa和30.3kDa的两种蛋白质,而在鲤鱼肠粘液中只有分子量为26.2kDa的蛋白作为受体参与L15和ATCC4356的粘附过程。结果显示,乳杆菌对肠粘液的粘附不但具有菌种的特异性,而且也有宿主的特异性。     

具有ACE抑制活性的霞水母酶解肽制备条件优化

目的:采用胰蛋白酶制备霞水母ACE抑制肽,并以响应面法优化酶解肽制备工艺,通过超滤分离获得具有ACE抑制作用的酶解肽活性部位。方法:单因素实验以ACE抑制率为指标,考察温度、酶解时间、pH、加酶量,进一步通过响应面法优化酶解工艺,以不同截留分子量的纤维膜进行分离。结果:胰蛋白酶水解霞水母制备ACE抑制肽的最佳工艺条件为:酶解温度:49.6℃,加酶量为0.69%,pH为7.8,酶解时间2.0h,酶解产物的平均ACE抑制率为56.79%,与预测值57.20%的相对误差为0.41%,经过超滤分离获得分子量1k Da的酶解产物,ACE抑制活性最高,其IC50为66.58μg/ml。结论:确定霞水母酶解肽的制备工艺,其中分子量1kDa的部分为主要效应物质基础。     

微流控芯片电泳及其法医学应用

在光学性能良好的Brofloat玻璃电泳芯片上,利用自行搭建的共聚焦激光诱导荧光检测系统,通过对芯片管道表面修饰、筛分介质、分离电场强度、进样方式、电泳温度、进样时间等条件的优化,对含15个STR基因座的法医DNA样品进行电泳分离测试实验.通过对芯片电泳条件优化获得了本电泳系统的最佳条件,成功实现8 min内完成DNA样品片段的分离,表明该微流控芯片电泳系统在法医DNA快速分析方面具有良好的应用前景.     

凝胶层析在发酵液中分离提纯透明质酸中的应用

采用葡聚糖凝胶G-100,以0.1 mol/L氯化钠溶液为洗脱剂,在优化的凝胶层析条件(层析柱高度30 cm、进样量2 ml、洗脱流速1 ml/4 min)下,对透明质酸发酵液进行分离纯化,得到了高纯度的透明质酸.HA提取率达到79.85%,蛋白质去除率为84.93%.     

Purification of the larvicidal toxin of Bacillus sphaericus and evidence for high-molecular-weight precursors

Crystals were purified from spore-crystal complexes of Bacillus sphaericus 2362 by disruption in a French pressure cell followed by centrifugation through 48% (wt/vol) NaBr. Crystals from such preparations had a 50% lethal concentration of 6 ng of protein per ml for the larvae of the mosquito Culex pipiens. When subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions, the proteins in B. sphaericus crystals migrated in positions corresponding to 43, 63, 98, 110, and 125 kilodaltons (kDa); solubilization of the crystal at pH 12 with NaOH eliminated all but the bands at 43 and 63 kDa. Since NaOH-solubilized preparations were toxic to mosquito larvae, these proteins were purified to electrophoretic homogeneity and antiserum was obtained to each. Analysis of the two purified proteins indicated that the 43-kDa protein was toxic to mosquito larvae (50% lethal concentration, 35 ng of protein per ml), whereas the 63-kDa protein was not. Further differences between them were their amino acid compositions, their lack of immunological cross-reactivity, their opposite net charges at pH 7.5, and their susceptibility to digestion by larval midgut proteases (the 63-kDa protein was highly susceptible, whereas the 43-kDa protein was not). The sequence of the 40 N-terminal residues of the 43-kDa protein was determined and found to contain a high percentage of hydrophobic amino acids. The sequence of the 63-kDa protein could not be determined, since it had multiple N termini. By electrophoretically separating the crystal proteins and then electroblotting onto nitrocellulose paper and visualizing the bands with antisera to the 43- and 63-kDa proteins in conjunction with an immunoblot assay, it was found that the high-molecular-mass crystal proteins (98 to 125 kDa) contained antigenic determinants of both proteins. These results suggested that the lower-molecular-weight crystal proteins detected in polyacrylamide gels after electrophoresis under denaturing conditions were derivatives of one or more of the higher-molecular-weight crystal proteins. In vivo studies of the products of crystal degradation by larvae of Culex pipiens indicated that the high-molecular-weight proteins and the 63-kDa antigenic determinants were rapidly degraded and that a 40-kDa protein related to the 43-kDa toxin persisted for the duration of the experiment (4 h). Some of the studies performed with B.sphaericus 2362 were extended to strains 1593, 1691, and 2297 of this species with results which indicated a high degree of similarity between the crystal proteins of all these larvicidal strains.     

Further characterization of a novel phospholipase B (phospholipase A2--lysophospholipase) from intestinal brush-border membranes.

The intestinal brush-border membranes of rats and guinea pigs possess a high molecular weight, calcium-independent phospholipase B (phospholipase A2 - lysophospholipase activities) with the characteristics of a digestive ectoenzyme. A combination of subcellular fractionation, Triton X-114 phase partitioning, chromatofocusing, and preparative sodium dodecyl sulphate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to purify a full-length, although denatured, form of this enzyme from the rat. Renaturation of the gel-purified fraction confirmed that both enzyme activities were associated with this protein. Gel slices containing the purified phospholipase B were used to generate a polyclonal antiserum in rabbits that could be used for immunoblotting. The relative mobility of the phospholipase B during electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate gels was dramatically affected by the percentage of acrylamide and the presence or absence of reducing agents in the gels. This was true for both the purified protein visualized by silver-staining and following electrophoresis of the total proteins of the membrane, with the phospholipase visualized by immunoblotting. Estimates for the molecular mass of the enzyme varied from 130 to 170 kDa in 7.5% gels and from 120 to 130 kDa in 5-10% gradient gels (with a best estimate of 120 kDa). Upon solubilization from the brush-border membrane by papain digestion, the major immunoreactive band migrated with an apparent mass of 80 kDa in both the 7.5% and 5-10% gradient gels. A major cross-reactive band was detected at 97 kDa following immunoblotting of the papain-solubilized proteins from guinea pig brush-border membranes, in agreement with the size of the purified fragment reported in the literature and at 140 kDa following immunoblotting of the intact proteins. Similar immunoblotting produced reaction with a 135-kDa protein from the rabbit brush-border membrane, as well as 95-kDa protein following papain solubilization. These results suggest that while there are species-specific apparent molecular weights, the intestinal brush-border membrane phospholipase B is conserved among species.     

Patterns of protein synthesis during the cell cycle of Chinese hamster ovary cells

The protein synthesis patterns at various stages of the cell cycle of Chinese hamster ovary cells were examined by labelling cells with [35S]methionine and then separating the proteins by isoelectric focussing and two-dimensional, nonequilibrium pH gradient gel electrophoresis. We have observed a number of proteins which display quantitative differences in synthesis at specific cell cycle stages and of these the alpha- and beta-tubulins have been identified. A few proteins appear to be uniquely synthesized at specific times during the cell cycle. These include the histones and a modified version of them, which are synthesized only in S phase, and a pair of 21 kilodalton (kDa), pI 5.5 proteins, which appear only in late G2 and mitosis. We have also identified a 58-kDa, pI 7.5 protein which is present at all cell cycle stages except during late G2. This protein appears to have the same temporal properties as a 57-kDa protein called "cyclin" originally described in sea urchin embryos.     

Differential proteomic analysis during the vegetative phase change and the floral transition in Malus domestica

In order to identify the proteomic changes of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) during the vegetative phase change and the floral transition, leaf protein of juvenile, adult vegetative and reproductive phase in a seedling ('Jonathan' × 'Golden Delicious') was extracted and analyzed by 2-D electrophoresis and Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Seventy two gel spots with significant expression differences between ontogenetic phases were obtained. Five protein spots were only detected in leaves of juvenile phase and 11 were not; 17 spots were found exclusively in adult vegetative leaves; and only one spot solely appeared in reproductive leaves while 12 did not. Twenty six of the differentially expressed proteins identified were involved in photosynthesis. Seven enzymes were related to respiration and carbohydrate metabolism. Fifteen other proteins also presented qualitative or quantitative differences among developmental phases. The spatial distribution of one differentially expressed protein, serine hydroxymethyltransferase, was confirmed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry. These results strongly support the idea that the vegetative phase change and the floral transition are regulated independently during developmental process.     

Staining properties of bovine low molecular weight hydrophobic surfactant proteins after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Reports describing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns of bovine hydrophobic surfactant proteins are not consistent. In this study, we found unusual staining characteristics of these proteins that may explain some of these inconsistencies. Low molecular weight surfactant proteins extracted from bronchoalveolar lavage with organic solvent are partially delipidated with Sephadex LH-20 chromatography using chloroform and methanol. Fractions from the first protein peak are dried under nitrogen then subjected to SDS electrophoresis on 20% polyacrylamide gels. Under nonreducing conditions, silver staining identifies 5- and 26-kDa bands, and Coomassie blue identifies 6-, 12-, and 26-kDa bands. When gels are stained with Coomassie blue then silver, the 5- and 26-kDa bands stain with silver and 6- and 12-kDa bands remain stained with Coomassie blue. If gels are first stained with silver then Coomassie blue, similar results occur. We modified the silver staining protocol by treating gels with dithiothreitol or 2-mercaptoethanol after electrophoresis. With this modification, 5-, 6-, 12-, 26-, and also 17-kDa bands are identifiable. Using the modified protocol and restaining gels previously stained with silver, 6-, 12-, and 17-kDa bands that were not identified previously all became visible. In further experiments, protein bands of 6-, 12-, and 26-kDa that were identified by Coomassie blue were electroeluted under nonreducing conditions. After electrophoresis of the eluted 26-kDa protein, bands of 17-, and 26-kDa under nonreducing, and 8-kDa only under reducing conditions, were apparent by using the modified silver protocol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Purification and first characterization of the secreted and cellular 52-kDa proteins regulated by estrogens in human-breast cancer cells

An estrogen-regulated 52-kDa glycoprotein secreted by MCF7 breast cancer cells was first purified from serum-free conditioned medium by concanavalin-A--Sepharose (ConA--Sepharose). The 13% pure protein was then used to obtain monoclonal antibodies to the 52-kDa protein [Garcia et al. (1985) Cancer Res. 45, 709-716]. Using ConA--Sepharose and monoclonal antibody affinity chromatographies, the secreted 52-kDa protein was finally purified to homogeneity as verified by silver staining of sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and one single N-terminal amino acid. The purification factor was approximately 1400 and the yield 40%. The same two-step procedure, applied to MCF7 cell extracts, yielded four immunologically related proteins of 52 kDa, 48 kDa, 34 kDa and 17 kDa, which were purified 1250-fold with a yield of 30%. These components were further separated by high-performance liquid chromatography gel filtration under denaturing conditions. The final products were homogeneous on the basis of silver-stained SDS-PAGE and gel filtration. However, isoelectrofocusing showed that the pI of the secreted 52-kDa protein and the cellular 34-kDa protein varied from 5.5 to 6.5. Amino acid analysis of the secreted and the related cellular 34-kDa protein is given. Western immunoblotting, pulse chase studies and post-translational studies indicate that the 52-kDa protein is the precursors of a lysosomal enzyme which is partially secreted and partially processed into smaller cellular forms.     

Identification of the vibriobactin receptor of Vibrio cholerae.

Vibrio cholerae produces the novel phenolate siderophore vibriobactin and several outer membrane proteins in response to iron starvation. To determine whether any of these iron-regulated outer membrane proteins serves as the receptor for vibriobactin, the classical V. cholerae strain 0395 was mutagenized by using TnphoA, and iron-regulated fusions were analyzed for vibriobactin transport. One mutant, MBG14, was unable to bind or utilize exogenous vibriobactin and did not grow in low-iron medium. However, synthesis of the siderophore and transport of other iron complexes, including ferrichrome, hemin, and ferric citrate, were unaffected in MBG14. Analysis of membrane proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated the loss from the mutant of a 74-kDa iron-regulated outer membrane protein present in the parental strain when grown in iron-limiting conditions. This protein partitioned into the detergent phase during Triton X-114 extraction, suggesting that it is a hydrophobic membrane protein. DNA sequences encoding the gene into which TnphoA had inserted, designated viuA (vibriobactin uptake), restored the wild-type phenotype to the mutant; the complemented mutant expressed the 74-kDa outer membrane protein under iron-limiting conditions and possessed normal vibriobactin binding and uptake. These data indicate that the 74-kDa outer membrane protein of V. cholerae serves as the vibriobactin receptor.     

Rabbit skeletal muscle microsomes contain two distinct phenylalkylamine-binding sites

Lu49888, a photoaffinity analog of verapamil, was used to identify specific binding sites for phenylalkylamines of calcium channels present in rabbit skeletal muscle microsomes. Direct binding equilibrium measurements and displacement curves of Lu49888 by its non-radioactive analog yielded an apparent single class of binding sites with Kd and Bmax values of 16.5 nM and 7.5 pmol/mg respectively. Lu49888 was specifically incorporated into three proteins of apparently 165 kDa, and 33 kDa. Incorporation into the 55-kDa protein was blocked by 10--50-fold higher concentrations of unlabeled phenylalkylamines compared to incorporation into the 165-kDa protein, suggesting that the 165-kDa and 55-kDa proteins contain a high and a low-affinity verapamil-binding site respectively. The photoaffinity-labeled proteins were solubilized by 1% digitonin or 1% Chaps in roughly equal amounts. The 165-kDa protein bound to wheat-germ-agglutinin(WGA)--Sepharose and sedimented in sucrose density gradients with the same constant as the purified dihydropyridine receptor, which has been reconstituted to a functional calcium channel. The 55-kDa membrane protein did not bind to the WGA-Sepharose column and sedimented in sucrose density gradients with a lower s value than the 165-kDa protein. The 165-kDa but not the 55-kDa membrane protein was specifically labeled by azidopine, the photoaffinity analogue of dihydropyridines. The 55-kDa protein of the purified dihydropyridine receptor was not significantly labeled by Lu49888 showing that the 55-kDa protein of the membrane is unrelated to the purified high-affinity dihydropyridine receptor.     

Immunopurification and structural analysis of a putative epithelial Cl- channel protein isolated from bovine trachea.

We have purified to homogeneity a 38-kDa protein (called p38) from bovine tracheal epithelium. This protein, when reconstituted into liposomes, mediates stilbene disulfonate-sensitive 125I- conductive uptake. On nonreduced or partially reduced sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, this protein associates into a doublet of 62-64 kDa. In some experiments a multimer of 141 kDa was also observed. Rabbit polyclonal anti-P38 antibodies have been produced and used to immunopurify the native transporter. Upon reconstitution of the immunoaffinity-purified protein into liposomes, a 260-fold enhancement of 4,4'-bis(isothiocyano)-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonate and valinomycin-sensitive 125I- uptake was observed as compared to proteoliposomes containing unseparated material. On Western blots of total solubilized tracheal membrane proteins or semipurified fractions, the antibody recognized the 62-64-kDa doublet much better than the original 38-kDa antigen. Similar protein bands were detected in T84 and CFPAC cells as well. However, if apical membrane proteins were first separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under nonreducing conditions, the antibody recognized major bands at 140 and approximately 240 kDa. Upon partial reduction, immunolabeling of these proteins diminished with the concomitant appearance of the 62-64-kDa doublet. Upon complete reduction, the appearance of 32- and 38-kDa proteins was evident with the disappearance of the 62-64-kDa doublet. We hypothesize that the native Cl-channel is a heteromer containing at least four subunits connected by S-S bridges.