马铃薯块茎发育机理及其基因表达

马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)块茎是有块茎马铃薯植物的地下变态器官,它由匍匐茎顶端膨大形成。对于马铃薯块茎形成的生理机制已有许多研究,这些研究表明,块茎发生受许多因素的影响,总体来讲短日照、较低的温度以及离体条件下培养基较高的蔗糖浓度等有利于块茎形成,同时,块茎形成过程中内源激素亦发生一系列变化。然而,对于块茎形成中相关基因表达,进而调控块茎形成的系统研究目前还较滞后。已有研究显示,块茎形成与膨大涉及到一系列基因的表达与关闭,同时它也与淀粉合成和块茎储藏蛋白基因的表达有关。综述了这一领域现有的研究进展。     

马铃薯块茎发育机理及其基因表达

马铃薯（Solanum tuberosum L.)块茎是有块茎马铃薯植物的地下变态器官,它由匍匐茎顶端膨大形成,对于马铃薯块茎形成的生理机制已有许多研究,这些研究表明,块茎发生受许多因素的影响,总体来讲短日 照,较低的温度以及离体条件下培养基较高的蔗糖浓度等有利于块茎形成,同时,块茎形成过程中内源激素亦发生一系列变化,然而,对于块茎形成中相关基因表达,进而调控块茎形成的系统研究目前还较滞后,已有研究显示,块茎形成与膨大涉及到一系列基因的表达与关闭,同时它也与淀粉合成和块茎储藏蛋白基因的表达有关,综述了这一领域现有的研究进展。     

蔗糖,GA与液体培养基对马铃薯块茎形成的影响

马铃薯是全球第四大粮食作物,粮菜兼用,有丰富的营养价值。马铃薯块茎是马铃薯最具经济价值的部分。马铃薯块茎形成的过程受多种调控途径的调控,其中最重要的是蔗糖途径和赤霉素(GA)途径。本实验设计蔗糖浓度,GA浓度和培养基类型3个因素的正交试验,通过对马铃薯的结薯时间,结薯数,马铃薯均重和大薯率的统计发现高浓度的蔗糖能够使马铃薯结薯提前,液体培养基能够增加马铃薯的薯重和大薯率。添加8%蔗糖和0.1 mg/L GA的液体MS培养基能够使马铃薯提前结薯并且得到的马铃薯数量多,薯重大。     

纳米硒对紫色马铃薯生长及其矿质元素含量和品质特性的影响

以紫色马铃薯品种‘黑美人’为试材,采用水培法,分别用不同浓度(0、0.38、0.19和0.095 mmol/L)纳米硒溶液对紫色马铃薯进行叶面喷施处理,研究纳米硒对紫色马铃薯生长、矿质元素含量及品质特性的影响。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,各硒处理马铃薯的生物量与单株结薯数均显著增加,其中喷施0.095 mmol/L硒处理的生物量最高且增幅达1.5倍,喷施0.19 mmol/L硒处理的单株结薯数显著增加2.2倍。(2)纳米硒能够显著提高紫色马铃薯叶片、根系、块茎硒含量,各器官硒含量大小呈现:根系>叶片>块茎的特点,且喷施0.095 mmol/L硒处理块茎总硒含量达0.106 mg/kg,较对照显著提高0.65倍,达到了马铃薯块茎的富硒标准;同时纳米硒可在不同程度上调控K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn在马铃薯各器官中的分配。(3)随施硒浓度的增加,紫色马铃薯块茎中淀粉、可溶性蛋白及游离氨基酸含量呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,均在喷施0.19 mmol/L硒处理下达到最大值,且较对照分别显著增加56.33%、26.91%和27.89%;块茎中花青素、可溶性糖含量呈下降趋势,均在喷施0.095 mmol/L硒处理下达到最大值,且较对照分别显著提高24.73%、25.33%;而块茎中硝态氮含量呈上升趋势,在喷施0.095 mmol/L硒处理下最低并较对照显著降低34.82%。研究表明,叶面喷施0.095~0.19 mmol/L纳米硒溶液能够显著促进紫色马铃薯生长和单株结薯数,提高硒元素含量,调控矿质元素含量在器官中分配,有效改善其块茎品质特性。     

"灵发素"直接诱导马铃薯愈伤组织分化试管薯

1 植物名称马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)中薯2号. 　　2 材料类别无菌试管苗. 　　3 培养条件愈伤组织诱导培养基:(1)MS 2,4-D 2 mg*L-1(单位下同).诱导块茎培养基:(2)MS 2,4-D 2 “灵发素“[1,2] 7.以上培养基均加0.7%琼脂、3%蔗糖,pH 5.8.放置于实验室内,没有设置特定温度与光照条件. 　　……     

水稻10kD富硫醇溶蛋白基因在马铃薯中的表达

将水稻(Oryza sativa L.)10 kD富硫醇溶蛋白基因。cDNA(PLG)分别与Patatin Class I启动子、CaMV35S启动子和NOS 3＇终止子融合,构建了表达载体pBinLG、pBinLGP。表达载体通过直接法转入农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)LBA4404(pAL4404),然后转化马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)薯块,在含有100mg/L卡那霉素的抗性培养基上再生成植株。对抗性植株的NPTⅡ酶活性检测、总DNA的PCR扩增及Southern杂交、总RNA的点杂交、蛋白质Western杂交,证明目的基因已导入马铃薯细胞中,整合到马铃薯基因组上,井能正确地表达。     

叶面喷施茉莉酸甲酯对马铃薯微型薯生长及产量的影响

以‘云薯505’马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum ‘Yunshu 505’)为材料,测定马铃薯块茎发育初期四个阶段茉莉酸含量,并以叶面喷施方式,研究茉莉酸甲酯对马铃薯生长和块茎产量的影响。结果表明,马铃薯块茎膨大过程中,茉莉酸的积累水平不断升高。在微型薯生产中,使用100 μmol·L^-1茉莉酸甲酯在结薯期以不同频率喷施叶面,测量并统计植株、块茎性状及产量变化。结果表明,与对照(CK)相比,1次·d^-1处理茎粗增加36.1%,2次·d^-1处理的叶绿素含量降低20.1%。此外,植株的叶色、茎色、花色、株型等生长性状及块茎大小整齐度、薯形、皮色、肉色、薯皮类型、芽眼深浅、裂薯率、大薯空心率等块茎性状在各组间没有显著差异。2次·d^-1、1次·d^-1、1次·2d^-1、CK四种处理的植株存活率分别为45.57%、100.00%、100.00%、87.29%;前三种喷施频率处理折合产量较CK分别增加-15.61%、8.77%、12.11%。综合分析,马铃薯在块茎形成初期茉莉酸积累水平不断升高,以1次·2d^-1频率叶面喷施100 μmol·L^-1茉莉酸甲酯,马铃薯微型薯的产量增加最大且不影响生长。     

基因共表达网络分析揭示马铃薯薯块发育特征及原始抗性

转录组测序(RNA-seq)技术提供的全基因组数据信息已广泛应用于研究多个样本之间的基因表达模式和调控机制.通过构建种间或种内基因共表达网络(GCNs)挖掘的表达相关基因在功能上通常是相似的.对于马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)而言,目前有大量的公共转录组测序数据,但是缺乏针对这些高通量数据构建的GCN网络,因此也无法探索在不同基因型、不同组织以及不同环境条件下基因的表达模式及规律.本研究选取16个公共转录组测序数据库构建了 GCN网络,这些数据库涵盖了来自全球各地的11个马铃薯栽培种.基于两两间基因表达相关性,我们在GCN网络中发现了一些具有特定生物学意义的基因模块.该网络共由14个基因模块组成并富集到植物光合形态建成、薯块休眠解除等多个生理过程,其中一个模块的134个基因在原始栽培种(ssp.Andigena)中特异性高表达,且通过功能富集发现这些基因与马铃薯病害和逆境的抗性相关.该结果揭示了在马铃薯人工驯化期间基因进化压力出现遗传漂移.本研究中基于GCN网络分析揭示了马铃薯种间和种内基因共表达模块的聚类以及不同模块基因间在进化上的分化,为马铃薯基因功能研究提供了新的视角.     

高效马铃薯遗传转化体系的建立及甜蛋白基因的导入

本研究选用了三个马铃薯(Solanum Iuberosum L.)栽培品种“85T-14-3”、“86-2”及“Favorita”的块茎、微型薯和试管薯为起始材料,应用根癌农杆菌 Ti 质粒系统成功地建立了一种方法简单、速度快和频率高的遗传转化体系。其中试管薯薄片的转化速度最快,经根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)共培养后,薄片在100mg/L 卡那霉素的分化培养上,2—3周就可产生出抗性小芽,这些小芽进一步仲长后可在50—100mg/L 卡那霉素的无激素MS 培养基上生根。从共培养到转化植株的获得只需6—7周。微型薯和试管薯的转化频率较高,最高可达67.5%。大多数抗性植株均能检测到胭脂碱合成酶或 GUS 基因的表达。把带有甜蛋白基因和胭脂碱合成酶标记基因的Ti质粒导入马铃薯,获得大量转化植株。叶片抗性检测和 nopaline 检测可推断外源甜蛋白基因已进入马铃薯基因组。     

马铃薯块SGAs合成途径关键基因表达量的GGE双标图分析

糖苷生物碱(steroidal glycoalkaloid,SGAs)含量密切关系马铃薯块茎的食用品质和加工品质。本文利用GGE-biplot双标图分析了红光处理6、12、24 h后,5个马铃薯品种块茎中调控糖苷生物碱合成途径7个主要基因的表达情况。pvs1、sgt1和sgt3这3个基因的表达量均远高于其他4个基因的表达。在所测基因型中,sgt3的表达量不仅高而且还相对于pvs1和sgt1来说比较稳定,而在不同处理时间之间差异较大,稳定性较差。在12与24 h处理后所有基因表达的趋势比较接近,但是除了pvs1基因的表达量,其他6个基因的表达量均低于6 h处理的。从基因型的角度分析,所有基因在野生种HA和当地栽培种ZH-3中表达量较高而且表达趋势比较一致。通过比较调控糖苷生物碱合成途径的不同阶段的基因的表达量,发现不同阶段关键基因的表达量在基因型之间存在显著差异。所以,通过GGE-biplot分析,结果展示了7个基因在不同基因型马铃薯块茎的表达趋势,而且也根据基因表达量直观的展示了处理时间与各基因型之间的聚类与关系,为将来进一步分析不同光质在基因水平调控马铃薯糖苷生物碱的生物合成提供了重要参考。     

降水对鄂尔多斯高原克隆植物分布的影响

鄂尔多斯高原地处半干旱区到干旱区的过渡带。通过沿鄂尔多斯高原从东到西的天然降水梯度的样带调查,分析了克隆植物的分布特征与降水的关系。结果表明:克隆植物的物种数量、占物种总数的比例和重要值以及根状茎型克隆植物的物种数量均与降水量呈显著正相关。5种优势植物克氏针茅、本氏针茅、黑沙蒿、赖草和短花针茅均为克隆植物,它们的分布也受降水影响。克氏针茅的密度、本氏针茅的盖度和密度、黑沙蒿的高度、盖度和密度以及赖草的高度均与降水量呈显著正相关。然而,赖草的盖度以及短花针茅的高度、盖度和密度均与降水量成负相关。因此,克隆植物在鄂尔多斯高原植被中具有重要作用,而且其作用随着降水量的增加而加强。     

The effect of competition and edaphic conditions on the establishment of halophytes on brine effected soils

In order to test the feasibility of using native halophytes to reclaim brinecontaminated soil, seedlings of five inland halophytes, Atriplexprostrata, Hordeum jubatum, Salicornia europaea, Spergularia marina, and Suaeda calceoliformis, were planted at threedensities on a site near Athens, Ohio which had been contaminated by oilwell brine water. Ten replicates of each density treatment weretransplanted on two distinct areas of high and low salinity in May of 1993. Seedling survivorship, soil moisture, and soil salinity were monitored weeklythroughout the growing season. Biomass production and ion uptake weredetermined for each plant surviving until harvest. Soil analyses wereperformed prior to planting and after harvest to determine overall changesin soil chemistry and to determine the amount of Na⁺ reductionfrom the soil due to leaching by precipitation during the course of theexperiment. Survival was determined to be density independent for all ofthe species with the exception of S. marina where survival wasfacilitated at high density. Increased salinity negatively affected the survivaland yield of A. prostrata. The remaining species had greater survivalunder high salinity conditions, and density appeared to be the key factorinfluencing yield. Sodium and chloride ions were accumulated in planttissues in much greater amounts than K⁺, Ca⁺²or Mg⁺². Salicornia europaea plants grown in high densityon the high salinity site accumulated the highest amount of Na⁺ andH. jubatum grown in low density on the high salinity site accumulatedthe lowest amount of Na⁺. Soil salinities measured directly from theroot zone were significantly reduced (p<0.05) at the end of thegrowing season when compared to their controls. Atriplex prostrata(high density/low salinity) plots produced the greatest reduction in soilsalinity (15.8%) and S. marina (high density/high salinity) plots hadthe least reduction (1.2%).     

Dry deposition of pollutants and effects on vegetation

Summary Dry deposition of gases and airborne particles is reviewed in particular relation to their interaction with vegetation. Once deposited, pollutants overcome the system of resistances (air, cuticular, stomatal and mesophyll) and penetrate key physiological points that affect the plant's biochemistry. Strong relationships have been found between gases in the environment and the chlorophyll content of leaves, production and partitioning of dry matter, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate. Physical modes of dry deposition involving anthropogenic pollutants present in the surface layer and micrometeorological conditions allowing their diffusion in the canopy are also discussed, with emphasis on measurement techniques.     

In vitro studies on the effects of fungicides on beneficial fungi of peach twig mycoflora

In vitro studies were carried out to investigate a possible integrated use of chemical and biological means to control the peach twig blight pathogen,Monilinia laxa. Three fungal antagonists ofM. laxa (Penicillium purpurogenum, Penicillium frequentans andEpicoccum nigrum) and six fungicides (vinclozolin, iprodione, thiram, captan, benomyl and thiophanate-methyl) were used in the study. Sensitivity of the fungal isolates to the fungicides was determined in vitro by calculating ED50 values. Benomyl and thiophanate-methyl were the most fungitoxic compounds and captan was the least fungitoxic.M. laxa andP. purpurogenum were the most sensitive to all chemicals tested, whileE. nigrum andP. frequentans presented bigger differences in their sensitivity to chemicals compared toM. laxa. E. nigrum was consistently less sensitive to benomyl (ED50=2.26 ppm), thiophanate-methyl (ED50=9.61 ppm) and vinclozolin (ED50=3.89 ppm) than the other fungi.P. frequentans was less sensitive to captan, vinclozolin, iprodione, thiophanate-methyl and thiram thanM. laxa (8, 7, 5, 4 and 2 times respectively). These results suggest thatE. nigrum andP. frequentans could be successfully used in an integrated control programme that combines biological and chemical methods.     

Structures of acidic O-linked polylactosaminoglycans on human skim milk mucins

O-Linked glycans were isolated from human skim milk mucins or mucin-derived high-molecular weight glycopeptides and fractionated by anion exchange chromatography into neutral and acidic alditols. Major oligosaccharides contained in the acidic fraction were purified by high performance liquid chromatography and structurally characterized by a combination of fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, methylation analysis and 500 MHz 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The structural aspects exhibited by these major species in the acidic fraction resemble those established previously for the neutral oligosaccharides from human skim milk mucins: 1) the size of the alditols varies from tri- to decasaccharides, 2) the core structure is of the ubiquitous type 2, 3) the backbone sequences are of the poly-N-acetyllactosamine type with a particular preponderance of linearly extended GlcNAc beta(1-3)Gal (major) or GlcNAc beta(1-6)Gal units (minor).     

Effect of algalization on seed germination of vegetable crops

Soaking seeds of cucumber and pumpkin with an extract of Westiellopsis prolifica, an N₂-fixing cyanobacterium, promoted germination and their subsequent growth and development. An extract of Lyngbya sp., a non-N₂-fixing cyanobacterium, had no significant effect.The authors are with the Algal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Berhampur University, Berhampur-760007, Orissa, India.     

Settlement of seaweeds on coastal structures

Coastal structures are constructed principally to protect the coast line. However, these structures also can act as artificial substrata for seaweeds. In particular, armor blocks, such as tetrapods, prove to be good algal substrata. Our field observations on the vegetation and standing crop of seaweed communities on armor blocks led us to the following conclusions: 1) Ecklonia cavacommunities grew on tetrapods that had been placed to coincide with the maturation period of E. cava. The communities have been maintained for more than four years. 2) The standing crop of seaweeds on an offshore breakwater composed of tetrapods placed seven years before was almost the same as that found under natural conditions. 3) Variations in roughened surfaces (pebbles or scores and grooves 3 or 46 mm wide) did not affect the growth of Sargassum spp. However, a greater number of Ecklonia stolonifera plants were observed attached to roughened surfaces compared to smooth surfaces.     

The effect of glycophorin A on oxidation of globoside by galactose oxidase

The interaction of galactose oxidase with native and desialylated glycophorin A was studies by oxidizing human erythrocytes and globoside/phospholipid vesicles with the enzyme. Oxidation of the glycolipid was improved in the presence of vesicle-incorporationted glycophorin A. Although galactose oxidase is a very basic protein, it was not adsorbed on native human erythrocytes. Instead, neuraminidase-treated cells bound a substantial amount of galactose oxidase, but the enzyme seemed to be released into the buffer when desialylated glycoproteins had been oxidized.Abbreviation PBS 0.01 M sodium phosphate-0.15 M NaCl, pH 7.4     

Relative susceptibility to predation of two species of caterpillar on plantain

Summary The relative susceptibility to predators of a cryptic generalist caterpillar (Spilosoma congrua: Arctiidae) and a non-cryptic specialist (Junonia coenia: Nymphalidae) using the same hostplant species (Plantago lanceolata) was examined. In a laboratory experiment using predatory stinkbugs (Podisus maculiventris), more Junonia caterpillars than Spilosoma caterpillars were killed (70% vs. 16%). This result was a consequence of the Spilosoma spending some time under cover, moving frequently, feeding on leaves while under or adjacent to them, and spending little time on the leaves. In a field experiment using predatory wasps (Polistes fuscatus), the wasps found 7 times as many of the Junonia as the Spilosoma, and overall 6 times as many Junonia were killed as Spilosoma. Initially, 71% of the Junonia caterpillars encountered by wasps were killed, but by the fourth day of the test, only 22% of the Junonia encountered by wasps were killed. Over three full days of observations, a constant 50% of the Spilosoma caterpillars encountered by the wasps per day were killed. For the Junonia, evasion of predators rested on passive chemical defense. For the Spilosoma, evasion depended on being unapparent, speedy movement between feeding and resting sites and, if found, on fleeing immediately and quickly. These results indicate that Spilosoma caterpillars, by way of cryptic and escape behaviors, can be less susceptible to insect predators than Junonia caterpillars.     

Distribution of VA mycorrhiza on halophytes on inland salt playas

The value of mycorrhizal association for higher plants has been well established. However, the impact of high salinity on the mycorrhizal relationship has not been investigated to any great extent. Inland salt playas represent an opportunity to test the impact of salinity because it is possible to obtain a gradient by following a transect from the centre of the salt playa to the higher outer zones. In a salt playa near Goshen, Utah, the sodium concentration ranged from 27,150 ppm in the centre to 25 ppm in the outer zone. In the playas with sodium concentrations of 20,000 ppm, no mycorrhiza were detected on the halophytes and no spores of mycorrhizal fungi were found in the soil. One percent of the roots of salt grass in soils containing 8,450 ppm of sodium were mycorrhizal. In soils containing 622 ppm of 45 percent of the roots of a salt-tolerant grass (hybrid ofAgropyron repens × Agropyron spicatum) were mycorrhizal. Halophytes such asSalicornia pacifica var.utahensis which are among the most salt tolerant halophytes of the inland salt playas rarely had mycorrhizal roots. The mycorrhizal associations appear to be very limited in inland salt playas with sodium content.