中国叶螨属初步报道(蜱螨目:叶螨科)

叶螨属Tetranychus Dufour是极为重要的农业害虫,其中包括我国的著名大害虫棉叶螨(棉红蜘蛛)T.urticae和山楂叶螨(山楂红蜘蛛)T.viennensis,它们严重地为害棉花、果树、蔬菜等主要经济作物,与农业生产的关系至为密切。本文介绍了叶螨属的形态特征,报道了作者初步采集到的7种叶螨:1.棉叶螨(棉红蜘蛛)T.urticae;2.红叶螨T.telarius;3.山楂叶螨(山楂红蜘蛛)T.viennensis;4.牡荆叶螨T.viticis,新种;5.上海叶螨T.shanghaiensis,新种;6.野生叶螨T.desertorum,中国新记录;7.曼陀罗叶螨T.ludeni,中国新记录。最后,对棉叶螨和红叶螨的学名和中文名称的确定,进行了讨论。     

二斑叶螨与山楂叶螨种间竞争的研究

作于1994-1995年对苹果树上的二斑叶螨(Teiranychus urticae (Koch))和山楂叶螨(T．veinnensis Zacher)的种间竞争进行了研究。结果表明,在食物资源上,二斑叶螨对山楂叶螨的生态位重叠度指数是1．05,而山楂叶螨对二斑叶螨则为0.95;在生存空间资源上,二斑叶螨相应为1．11,山楂叶螨相应为0．89。在1994和1995年,两种害螨的内禀增长力(rm)在单种种群中,二斑叶螨分别是0．13036和0．0759,山楂叶螨分别是0．1028和0．0585;在混合种群中,二斑叶螨分别是0．118和0．0822,山楂叶螨分别是0．06056和0．052,二斑叶螨均明显高于山楂叶螨。在达到种群年中高峰时,二斑叶螨在混台种群中所占比率,1994年为97．2％ 1995年为86．2％。达到高峰后,两种叶螨种群数量均急剧下降,但二斑叶螨下降的速度更快。20天后,二斑叶螨在混合种群中的比率分别降至20%和19％。因此,二斑叶螨较山楂叶螨具有更强的竞争能力。但由于二的生态位并不完全重叠,因而山楂叶螨不会绝灭。     

基于形态与RFLP技术相结合的快速叶螨鉴定法

叶螨属的叶螨具有个体微小、可用于鉴定的形态特征少、表型可塑性强及存在生物型分化现象的特点,给传统的形态学鉴定带来了极大的困难。在过去的十几年,叶螨科内个别种的鉴定和描述一直存在争议。本研究通过形态学和分子生物学相结合的鉴定手段,依据雄性叶螨阳具的形态特征和核糖体转录间隔区(ITS)限制性内切酶片段长度多态性技术(RFLP),对不同寄主、地理区域的叶螨种类进行了鉴定。结果表明,两项技术的结合能够准确鉴定出卢氏叶螨Tetranychus ludeni,豆叶螨Tetranychus phaselus,神泽氏叶螨Tetranychus kanzawai,二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae,截形叶螨Tetranychus truncatus,皮氏叶螨Tetranychus piercei,为叶螨属的分类提供快速鉴定方法。     

中国叶螨科一新纪录

墨西哥叶螨Tetranychus mexicanus (McGregor)中国新纪录。墨西哥叶螨隶属于叶螨属、叶螨亚属、突叶螨种团(The Tumidus Group)。该种团中各个种的爪间突背面均具有一大型背距。墨西哥叶螨与该种团中其他种类的鉴别特征是：阳具端锤与柄部平行，前侧突短而尖，远侧突也尖，但明显地长于前侧突。     

尼氏真绥螨对三种橡胶叶螨的控害效能评价

【目的】明确尼氏真绥螨Euseiusnicholsi对3种橡胶叶螨的捕食选择性和控害潜能。【方法】在室内温度(27±1)℃、RH(75±5)%、光周期12L︰12D条件下,研究了尼氏真绥螨对六点始叶螨Eotetranychus sexmaculatus(Riley)、东方真叶螨Eutetranychus orientalis(Klein)和比哈小爪螨Oligonychus biharen(Hirst)不同螨态的捕食选择性和捕食作用。【结果】尼氏真绥螨对六点始叶螨不同螨态均表现为嗜食性而不取食比哈小爪螨卵。尼氏真绥螨对3种叶螨不同螨态的功能反应均能较好的拟合Holling-Ⅱ型圆盘方程,其对六点始叶螨不同螨态的捕食效能(a/Th)最高,对雌成螨、若螨、幼螨以及卵的捕食效能分别为49.79头、106.83头、157.25头和38.44粒,其次为东方真叶螨,最后为比哈小爪螨。在不同温度条件下,尼氏真绥螨对六点始叶螨若螨的捕食效能(a/Th)在30℃时最强,而对东方真叶螨和比哈小爪螨若螨的捕食效能(a/Th)均在33℃时最强。【结论】尼氏真绥螨对3种橡胶害螨均具有较好的控害潜能,其中对六点始叶螨的控害效果最佳,可以考虑作为橡胶害螨的优势天敌资源加以利用。     

介绍一种叶螨染色体的制片技术

<正> 叶螨总科(Tetranychoidea)包括了许多世界性分布的农业大害虫。研究叶螨的染色体,对于其分类、进化、性比和孤雌生殖等方面的研究均有十分重要的意义。叶螨个体小,染色体十分短小(一般1～4μm),给观察和研究带来了一定的难度。国外一般采用普通压片法制片、观察叶螨的染色体,但国内尚未见有关这方面的报道。作者以朱砂叶螨Tetranychuscinnabarinus(Boisduval)和二斑叶螨T.ur-ticae Koch为材料对叶螨染色体的制片技术进行了摸索,现简要报道如下。     

山楂叶螨线粒体基因组的特征与系统发育与分析

山楂叶螨Amphitetranychus viennensis (Zacher,1920)又名山楂红蜘蛛,主要危害苹果、梨、桃、山楂和李等蔷薇科果树。山楂叶螨的分类归属在叶螨属Tetranychus与双叶螨属Amphitetranychus之间存在争议。因此,获得山楂叶螨的线粒体基因组可在解决其分类问题上提供更多依据。本研究通过长PCR扩增与高通量测序结合的方法得到完整山楂叶螨基因组,其大小为13 085 bp,共注释37个基因,包括13个蛋白编码基因、2个rRNA和22个tRNA。对tRNA的二级结构进行预测后发现有大量长度收缩的tRNA无法折叠成经典三叶草结构。遗传进化分析表明山楂叶螨与叶螨属的物种进化关系较近,但是山楂叶螨与叶螨属物种的遗传距离大于叶螨属内的遗传距离,因此通过对山楂叶螨线粒体基因组的分析支持山楂叶螨独立出叶螨属并归入双叶螨属。     

丁氟螨酯对二斑叶螨生长发育的影响

【目的】丁氟螨酯是一种新型酰基乙腈类非内吸性杀螨剂,对害螨的各个螨态都有很高活性,具有较高的应用价值。本文评价了丁氟螨酯对二斑叶螨生长发育的影响,以期为合理用药和二斑叶螨的综合防治提供理论依据。【方法】采用浸叶法测定丁氟螨酯对二斑叶螨成螨与卵的致死中浓度、雌成螨产卵量、各螨态存活率以及各发育历期的影响。【结果】经丁氟螨酯处理后,二斑叶螨日均产卵量和总产卵量下降,各螨态发育历期延长;LC₇₀、LC₅₀、LC₃₀剂量处理二斑叶螨雌成螨后,每雌日均产卵量为(2.09±0.17)、(3.02±0.22)、(3.39±0.13)粒,每雌总产卵量为(29.29±2.31)、(42.32±3.01)、(47.41±1.77)粒,与空白对照差异显著(P<0.05,df=3);不同剂量处理二斑叶螨卵后,各螨态发育历期的延长程度不同,但成功孵化的卵能完成发育历期,LC 70剂量延长卵历期至(4.45±0.07)d、前若螨历期至(2.75±0.04)d、后若螨历期至(2.61±0.05)d和总历期至(12.53±0.18)d,LC 50剂量延长前若螨历期至(2.52±0.08)d、后若螨历期至(2.67±0.09)d和总历期至(12.22±0.18)d,LC 30剂量延长前若螨历期至(2.45±0.06)d和总历期至(11.53±0.08)d,与空白对照差异显著(P<0.05,df=3)。【结论】丁氟螨酯能对二斑叶螨的生长发育产生明显影响,降低二斑叶螨的产卵能力,抑制卵孵化,延长发育历期,从而降低二斑叶螨种群的发育速率,对该螨的种群控制有积极意义。     

作物重要叶螨综合防控技术研究与示范推广

叶螨是一类重要的农业有害生物,近年来,在我国各地危害呈上升趋势,严重制约了粮棉果蔬等产业的可持续健康发展。在公益性行业(农业)科研专项叶螨项目资助下,课题组明确了东北果园、华北果园和北方蔬菜田叶螨种群消长规律,开展了朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus(Boisduval)、二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch和柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri(McGregor)的种群遗传结构研究,在共生菌对叶螨生殖影响方面取得了重要进展,在生物防治和药剂防治方面已取得可喜的成绩,组建了3个叶螨的综合防治技术体系,示范面积共达3万多亩。     

黄瓜新小绥螨对二斑叶螨的捕食效应研究

本文在25±1℃、相对湿度80％ ±5％和光照(L:D=16 h:8 h)条件下研究了黄瓜新小绥螨Neoseiulus cucumeris对二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae不同螨态的捕食功能反应、捕食选择性及个体间干扰反应,以期为黄瓜新小绥螨的大田释放和利用提供理论依据.结果表明,黄瓜新小绥螨对二斑叶螨各螨态捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型圆盘方程,其对二斑叶螨卵(a/Th=47.9965)的控制作用强于若螨(a/Th=27.6906)和成螨(a/Th=9.3963).黄瓜新小绥螨对二斑叶螨卵和若螨表现为正喜好性(Ci>0)、成螨表现为负喜好性(Ci<0).在相同猎物密度下,黄瓜新小绥螨对二斑叶螨成螨捕食率随着自身密度增大而降低,捕食者自身密度干扰反应方程为E=0.2225P-0.617.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.