抗生素诱导小鼠阴道菌群失衡及乳杆菌调节作用的研究

目的 构建抗生素诱导的小鼠阴道菌群失衡模型,并研究乳杆菌对假丝酵母菌的阴道菌群失调的调整作用.方法 以IRC小鼠为实验对象,用头孢曲松造成阴道菌群失调,并将白假丝酵母接种到小鼠阴道内,造成小鼠阴道白假丝酵母过度增殖模型.对抗生素作用后的小鼠,采用乳杆菌预防、同步、治疗3种方式,阴道接种德氏乳杆菌DM8909菌液(2×108CFU/ml);取其阴道分泌物进行假丝酵母菌及乳杆菌的阴道菌群分析,并同时进行分泌物镜检,取阴道组织标本做病理组织学检查.结果 模型组小鼠阴道内细菌总数显著下降(P<0.01),出现阴道红肿、分泌物涂片镜检查到白细胞及假丝酵母.乳杆菌对小鼠抗生素导致的阴道菌群失衡的调节作用明显,受损小鼠阴道菌群的多样性和数量恢复至正常(P>0.05),其中乳杆菌预防组阴道菌群破坏程度最小(P<0.01);乳杆菌干预后的小鼠都可以显著性清除阴道内的假丝酵母菌(P<0.01),以乳杆菌预防组效果最好.结论 德氏乳杆菌DM8909能阻止白假丝酵母对阴道上皮的黏附作用,能调整阴道的菌群,对阴道黏膜有一定的修复功能.     

蜂胶酊对小鼠大肠埃希菌阴道炎疗效观察

目的探讨蜂胶酊对小鼠阴道内致病菌抑制及调理阴道菌群的作用。方法通过感染大肠埃希菌建立小鼠阴道炎模型,用10％和20％蜂胶酊冲洗治疗去除大肠埃希菌在小鼠阴道的定植。倾注培养（37℃,48h）计数阴道分泌物的细菌总数,镜下观察阴道黏膜炎症程度。结果蜂胶酊治疗组小鼠阴道内细菌的数量明显较对照组的数量减少（P〈0．05）,治疗组黏膜炎症的治愈程度显著好于对照组。结论蜂胶酊对小鼠大肠埃希菌性阴道炎有较好的治疗效果。     

念珠菌性阴道炎小鼠模型的建立

目的建立念珠菌定植的阴道感染小鼠模型。方法先用林可霉素溶液(浓度为100mg/ml)冲洗小鼠阴道,再将念珠菌接种到小鼠阴道内。结果模型组小鼠阴道内主要细菌数量乳杆菌显著下降(P<0.01),出现阴道红肿、分泌物多呈块状和阴道黏膜充血等念珠菌阴道炎的典型症状。结论通过抗生素处理后,再在小鼠阴道内接种念珠菌,念珠菌能在小鼠阴道内定植,即建立了念珠菌性阴道炎的小鼠模型。     

阴道乳杆菌胶囊对产后6周妇女特异性阴道炎防治作用的临床探讨

目的探讨微生物制剂（阴道乳杆菌胶囊）对产后6周妇女特异性阴道炎（细菌性阴道病、滴虫性阴道炎、外阴阴道念珠菌病）的防治作用。方法采用前瞻性研究方法。自2009年6月至2011年8月先后收集895例产后6周特异性阴道炎妇女,包括细菌性阴道病535例、外阴阴道念珠菌病339例和滴虫性阴道炎21例,随机分成三组,第一组（n=200）阴道局部用乳杆菌胶囊（定君生）250 mg/d,连用10 d;第二组（n=200）阴道局部用抗菌药（细菌性阴道病或滴虫性阴道炎：甲硝唑栓500 mg/d,外阴阴道念珠菌病：克霉唑栓150 mg/d,连用10 d）;第三组（n=200）阴道局部用抗菌药＋乳杆菌胶囊（细菌性阴道病或滴虫性阴道炎：甲硝唑栓500 mg/d＋定君生250 mg/d,外阴阴道念珠菌病：克霉唑栓150 mg/d＋定君生250mg/d,连用10 d）,三组均于停药1周后复查阴道分泌物以了解疗效,以及产后3、6、9、12个月分别复查阴道分泌物,以了解三组产后1年内阴道pH、乳杆菌数量变化情况及阴道炎复发率情况。结果 600例产后6周特异性阴道炎妇女中,单用定君生治疗组总有效率为76.5%;用甲硝唑栓或克霉唑栓治疗组总有效率为77.5%;两组总疗效比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。用抗菌药（甲硝唑栓或克霉唑栓）＋定君生治疗组总有效率为95.0%,与前两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。应用定君生治疗两组1年内阴道pH明显降低,阴道乳酸杆菌数量明显增多,以＋＋＋~＋＋＋＋比例为主,且追踪1年阴道炎的发生率均明显降低,与只用抗生素治疗组相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论阴道乳杆菌胶囊（定君生）是治疗特异性阴道炎的有效药物,与传统抗生素相比疗效差异无统计学意义,且定君生联合抗生素治疗特异性阴道炎,疗效更为显著,这不失为一个新的治疗途径。产后6周妇女特异性阴道炎选用微生态制剂（阴道乳?     

地衣芽胞杆菌对实验性家兔阴道炎影响的研究

目的通过探讨地衣芽胞杆菌活菌制剂对实验性家兔细菌性阴道病的影响,恢复家兔阴道微生态平衡和正常菌群环境。方法（1）采用注射用氨苄西林和甲硝唑生理盐水溶液注入家兔阴道进行冲洗,建立家兔阴道脱污染动物模型。（2）取40只阴道脱污染家兔,其中20只接种大肠埃希菌,20只接种金黄色葡萄球菌,建立家兔阴道感染模型。（3）地衣芽胞杆菌对家兔阴道菌群失调的调整作用：采用不同浓度的地衣芽胞杆菌菌液（10^6CFU／ml、10^8CFU／ml、10^9CFU／ml）对感染家免阴道进行接种,分析和考察地衣芽胞杆菌对家兔阴道菌群失调的影响以及对家兔阴道黏膜的影响。结果（1）动物经过金黄色葡萄球菌感染,通过地衣芽胞杆菌治疗后,动物阴道内芽胞杆菌、肠杆菌、乳杆菌数量明显上升,葡萄球菌数量明显下降,自细胞数量减少,黏膜红肿减轻、分泌物减少,治疗作用明显。（2）大肠埃希菌感染动物经地衣芽胞杆菌治疗后,动物阴道内芽胞杆菌、乳杆菌数量明显上升,肠杆菌数量明显降低,白细胞数量减少,黏膜红肿消失、分泌物减少。结论地衣芽胞杆菌对实验性家兔金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌阴道炎的治疗有效。地衣芽胞杆菌与乳杆菌的作用相似,具有维持阴道菌群平衡的作用。     

阴道白假丝酵母菌过度增殖的小鼠模型建立

目的建立阴道白假丝酵母菌过度增殖的小鼠模型。方法甲硝唑溶液（浓度为12．5mg／mL）30μL注入小鼠阴道内,1次／d,连续5d,白假丝酵母菌菌液（1×10^8CFU／mL）30μL接种到小鼠阴道内,1次／d,连用5d。取阴道冲洗液进行阴道菌群分析,并做阴道组织标本电镜观察。结果模型组小鼠阴道内白假丝酵母菌活菌数显著增加,乳杆菌活菌数量显著下降（P〈0．01）,出现阴道红肿、分泌物多和黏膜充血等白假丝酵母菌过度增殖的典型症状。结论通过抗生素脱污染后,小鼠阴道内接种白假丝酵母菌,能在小鼠阴道内定植,成功建立阴道白假丝酵母菌过度增殖的小鼠模型。     

乳杆菌DM8909菌株抑制小鼠阴道感染的研究

目的 :探讨乳杆菌 DM880 9菌株对小鼠阴道内其他菌群的抑制及调整阴道菌群的作用。方法 :通过用阿莫西林钠溶液对小鼠阴道冲洗处理后 ,接种致病性大肠埃希菌 EPEC10 4 ,建立起大肠埃希菌在小鼠阴道内的定植 ;用乳杆菌 DM890 9菌液冲洗治疗来去除大肠埃希菌 EPEC10 4在小鼠阴道的定植。结果 :通过各组小鼠阴道冲洗液检出的平均对数值比较 ,乳杆菌治疗组的小鼠阴道内大肠埃希菌的数量 ( 3.82±0 .6 2 )较自然恢复组小鼠阴道内大肠埃希菌的数量 ( 6 .72± 1.16 )减少明显 ( P<0 .0 5 ) ,而且治疗组的症状好转率 ( 8/10 )显著好于自然恢复组的症状好转率 ( 2 /10 ) ( P<0 .0 5 )。结论 :乳杆菌 DM890 9菌株能有效去除大肠埃希菌 EPEC10 4在小鼠阴道的定植和改善小鼠外阴的炎症症状     

不同方案阴道乳杆菌活菌胶囊结合抗菌药物治疗混合性阴道炎的临床研究

目的 研究两种阴道乳杆菌活菌胶囊结合抗菌药物对混合性阴道炎的疗效。方法 选取2015年4月至2020年12月北京大学第一医院收治的混合性阴道炎患者50例。同时符合以下两项即确诊为混合性阴道炎：（1）阴道分泌物真菌检测阳性;（2）阴道分泌物革兰染色积分法评分（Nugent评分）≥7分;（3）阴道分泌物滴虫镜检阳性。入选患者根据乳杆菌胶囊使用方法分为联合组（25例）及序贯组（25例）,联合组在使用抗菌药物的同时使用阴道乳杆菌活菌胶囊,序贯组在使用抗菌药物结束后序贯使用阴道乳杆菌活菌胶囊。评估两组患者病原体转阴率、症状改善及乳杆菌恢复情况。结果 序贯组患者综合治愈率高于联合组（56.0%vs 28.0%,P<0.05）。经过治疗后,联合组有12.0%的患者阴道菌群恢复为形态类似乳杆菌的革兰阳性大杆菌,序贯组有32.0%恢复为形态类似乳杆菌的革兰阳性大杆菌,两组差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但序贯组在趋势上高于联合组。结论 对于混合性阴道炎的治疗来说,抗菌药物治疗后序贯使用阴道乳杆菌活菌胶囊优于抗菌药物治疗同时联合使用阴道乳杆菌活菌胶囊。     

蜂胶酊对金黄色葡萄球菌性阴道炎疗效观察

目的探讨蜂胶酊对小鼠阴道内致病菌抑制及调理阴道菌群的作用。方法通过感染金黄色葡萄球菌建立小鼠阴道炎模型,用10％蜂胶酊冲洗治疗去除金黄色葡萄球菌在小鼠阴道的定植。倾注培养法（37℃,48h）计数阴道分泌物的细菌总数,镜下观察阴道黏膜炎症程度。结果蜂胶酊治疗组小鼠阴道内细菌的数量明显较对照组数量减少（P〈0．05）,治疗组黏膜炎症的治愈程度显著好于对照组。结论蜂胶酊对小鼠金黄色葡萄球菌性阴道炎有较好的治疗效果。     

定君生调整自然分娩后阴道菌群失调的临床探讨

目的了解自然分娩后阴道菌群的改变及其危害,探讨定君生用于恢复自然分娩后阴道菌群失调的效果。方法分别对57例正常体检妇女、50例晚期妊娠妇女和45例自然分娩产后妇女进行阴道pH检测,同时取阴道分泌物进行细菌培养。另外,选择产后42d来我院复查的产妇72例,随机分为两组,定君生组42例,连续应用定君生10d,对照组30例,对其中已存在阴道感染的患者应用达克宁栓或复方甲硝唑栓进行治疗,疗程均为10d,对比分析两组的阴道炎发生情况。结果产后阴道乳酸杆菌检出率明显低于孕前期和妊娠期（P〈0．01）,产后阴道pH高于孕前期,两者之间差异有非常显著性（P〈0．01）。产后阴道厌氧菌的比例下降,非正常菌和条件致病菌增多。产后42d细菌和念珠菌性阴道病的发生率为15．3％,产后3个月定君生组细菌和念珠菌性阴道病的发生率均明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论自然分娩可导致阴道菌群失调,使产后妇女易患细菌和念珠菌性阴道病,应用定君生可恢复阴道内乳酸杆菌的优势地位,对于防治产后细菌和念珠菌性阴道病具有重要作用。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细