蜂胶酊对小鼠大肠埃希菌阴道炎疗效观察

目的探讨蜂胶酊对小鼠阴道内致病菌抑制及调理阴道菌群的作用。方法通过感染大肠埃希菌建立小鼠阴道炎模型,用10％和20％蜂胶酊冲洗治疗去除大肠埃希菌在小鼠阴道的定植。倾注培养（37℃,48h）计数阴道分泌物的细菌总数,镜下观察阴道黏膜炎症程度。结果蜂胶酊治疗组小鼠阴道内细菌的数量明显较对照组的数量减少（P〈0．05）,治疗组黏膜炎症的治愈程度显著好于对照组。结论蜂胶酊对小鼠大肠埃希菌性阴道炎有较好的治疗效果。     

乳酸杆菌对大鼠细菌性阴道感染动物模型疗效观察

目的探讨乳酸杆菌对大鼠阴道菌群抑制及阴道菌群的调理作用。方法通过大鼠阴道混合感染葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的动物模型,以阴道分泌物的菌群分析和阴道黏膜炎症的治愈程度为指标,观察乳酸杆菌治疗组的治疗效果,用乳酸杆菌菌液冲洗治疗来去除大肠埃希菌和葡萄球菌在大鼠阴道的定植。结果通过各组大鼠阴道冲洗液检出的平均对数值比较,乳酸杆菌治疗组的大鼠阴道内大肠埃希菌和葡萄球菌的数量明显较对照组的数量减少（P〈0．05）,而且治疗组黏膜炎症的治愈程度显著好于对照组。结论乳酸杆菌能有效地去除大肠埃希菌和葡萄球菌的大鼠阴道定植和改善大鼠外阴的炎症症状。     

定菌生调整实验小鼠念珠菌性阴道炎的菌群失调的研究

目的 应用阴道细菌培养与光镜细胞学检查相结合的方法,研究定菌生对阴道念珠菌感染的菌群失调的调整作用。方法 以小鼠为实验对象,用盐酸林可霉素造成阴道菌群失调,并将分离的念珠菌接种到小鼠阴道内,造成小鼠阴道念珠菌感染模型,分别采用定菌生、抗真菌＋定菌生及抗真菌（制霉菌素）治疗1疗程后,取其阴道分泌物进行念珠菌及乳杆菌的菌群分析,并同时进行分泌物镜检,取阴道组织标本做病理组织学检查。结果 模型组小鼠阴道内主要细菌数量乳杆菌显著下降（P〈0．01）．出现阴道红肿、分泌物多呈块状和阴道黏膜充血等念珠菌阴道炎的典型症状,分泌物涂片镜检查到白细胞及念珠菌,而定菌生组和定菌生＋制霉菌素组治疗的小鼠,阴道黏膜与健康对照组的阴道黏膜基本相同,阴道内主要菌群——乳杆菌的数量恢复正常,阴道内念珠菌显著降低,与自然恢复组相比差异有极显著性（P〈0．01）,与制霉菌素处理比差异也有显著性,治疗效果明显好于制霉菌素。结论 定菌生能阻止念珠菌对阴道上皮的粘附作用,能调整阴道的菌群,对阴道黏膜有一定的修复功能,是治疗念珠菌性阴道炎有效的微生态调节剂。     

念珠菌性阴道炎小鼠模型的建立

目的建立念珠菌定植的阴道感染小鼠模型。方法先用林可霉素溶液(浓度为100mg/ml)冲洗小鼠阴道,再将念珠菌接种到小鼠阴道内。结果模型组小鼠阴道内主要细菌数量乳杆菌显著下降(P<0.01),出现阴道红肿、分泌物多呈块状和阴道黏膜充血等念珠菌阴道炎的典型症状。结论通过抗生素处理后,再在小鼠阴道内接种念珠菌,念珠菌能在小鼠阴道内定植,即建立了念珠菌性阴道炎的小鼠模型。     

地衣芽胞杆菌对实验性家兔阴道炎影响的研究

目的通过探讨地衣芽胞杆菌活菌制剂对实验性家兔细菌性阴道病的影响,恢复家兔阴道微生态平衡和正常菌群环境。方法（1）采用注射用氨苄西林和甲硝唑生理盐水溶液注入家兔阴道进行冲洗,建立家兔阴道脱污染动物模型。（2）取40只阴道脱污染家兔,其中20只接种大肠埃希菌,20只接种金黄色葡萄球菌,建立家兔阴道感染模型。（3）地衣芽胞杆菌对家兔阴道菌群失调的调整作用：采用不同浓度的地衣芽胞杆菌菌液（10^6CFU／ml、10^8CFU／ml、10^9CFU／ml）对感染家免阴道进行接种,分析和考察地衣芽胞杆菌对家兔阴道菌群失调的影响以及对家兔阴道黏膜的影响。结果（1）动物经过金黄色葡萄球菌感染,通过地衣芽胞杆菌治疗后,动物阴道内芽胞杆菌、肠杆菌、乳杆菌数量明显上升,葡萄球菌数量明显下降,自细胞数量减少,黏膜红肿减轻、分泌物减少,治疗作用明显。（2）大肠埃希菌感染动物经地衣芽胞杆菌治疗后,动物阴道内芽胞杆菌、乳杆菌数量明显上升,肠杆菌数量明显降低,白细胞数量减少,黏膜红肿消失、分泌物减少。结论地衣芽胞杆菌对实验性家兔金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌阴道炎的治疗有效。地衣芽胞杆菌与乳杆菌的作用相似,具有维持阴道菌群平衡的作用。     

内蒙古地区健康与患炎症奶牛阴道菌群的比较研究

目的对健康与患炎症奶牛阴道菌群进行比较研究,为研制开发防治奶牛阴道炎症制剂奠定基础。方法本实验从内蒙古呼和浩特屠宰场采集健康奶牛的阴道40个,其中未配种奶牛阴道20个,配种期奶牛20个;并再采集患炎症的奶牛阴道20个。采用经典的微生物学方法,将阴道内黏膜以及粘液中的细菌分离、纯化、鉴定及计数,并对它们进行比较。结果未配种奶牛阴道内菌体生长极少,配种期奶牛阴道内菌群数量比例趋势为乳酸菌大肠菌群金黄色葡萄球菌链球菌表皮葡萄球菌其他菌群,患炎症奶牛阴道菌群内优势菌体为金黄色葡萄球菌,其次为大肠菌群与乳酸菌,而后为链球菌、表皮葡萄球菌和其他菌群。结论实验表明健康奶牛阴道内优势菌群为乳酸菌,患炎症奶牛阴道优势菌群为金黄色葡萄球菌,金黄色葡萄球菌比其他菌株更易在阴道粘液中生存,而大肠菌群虽为条件性致病菌,但是在患炎症的奶牛阴道中并未有很高的菌株分离数。     

地衣芽孢杆菌对实验性家兔阴道炎金葡菌的消除作用

本文以地衣芽孢杆菌菌液对实验性家兔金葡萄感染阴道炎进行治疗,观察把衣芽孢杆菌对阴道内葡菌的消除作用。结果表明,地衣芽孢杆菌对金黄色葡萄球菌有明确的消除作用,可逆转由金葡菌引起的阴道感染性炎症。     

阴道白假丝酵母菌过度增殖的小鼠模型建立

目的建立阴道白假丝酵母菌过度增殖的小鼠模型。方法甲硝唑溶液（浓度为12．5mg／mL）30μL注入小鼠阴道内,1次／d,连续5d,白假丝酵母菌菌液（1×10^8CFU／mL）30μL接种到小鼠阴道内,1次／d,连用5d。取阴道冲洗液进行阴道菌群分析,并做阴道组织标本电镜观察。结果模型组小鼠阴道内白假丝酵母菌活菌数显著增加,乳杆菌活菌数量显著下降（P〈0．01）,出现阴道红肿、分泌物多和黏膜充血等白假丝酵母菌过度增殖的典型症状。结论通过抗生素脱污染后,小鼠阴道内接种白假丝酵母菌,能在小鼠阴道内定植,成功建立阴道白假丝酵母菌过度增殖的小鼠模型。     

全子宫切除术对阴道菌群的影响

目的研究全子宫切除术后阴道菌群及pH的变化,寻求适当的治疗措施,以提高术后患者的生活质量。方法分别观察术后未发生阴道炎、发生老年性阴道炎及正常近龄妇女3组共90例,进行菌群分析、pH测定,并使用乳杆菌DM9811代谢物脂肪酸组分对发生老年性阴道炎者进行治疗。结果术后妇女检出各种菌的数量少,乳杆菌的数量更少,阴道内没有占绝对优势的菌种;发生阴道炎组乳杆菌数量下降更明显,葡萄球菌及大肠埃希菌数量相对增多。术后阴道pH在5.9~7.3,发生阴道炎组较未发生阴道炎组高;以乳杆菌DM9811代谢物脂肪酸组分阴道用药治疗老年性阴道炎,治愈率为82.14%。结论全子宫切除术后阴道乳杆菌数量下降,pH升高,易发生老年性阴道炎。治疗以乳杆菌DM9811代谢物脂肪酸组分阴道用药效果佳。     

抗生素诱导小鼠阴道菌群失衡及乳杆菌调节作用的研究

目的 构建抗生素诱导的小鼠阴道菌群失衡模型,并研究乳杆菌对假丝酵母菌的阴道菌群失调的调整作用.方法 以IRC小鼠为实验对象,用头孢曲松造成阴道菌群失调,并将白假丝酵母接种到小鼠阴道内,造成小鼠阴道白假丝酵母过度增殖模型.对抗生素作用后的小鼠,采用乳杆菌预防、同步、治疗3种方式,阴道接种德氏乳杆菌DM8909菌液(2×108CFU/ml);取其阴道分泌物进行假丝酵母菌及乳杆菌的阴道菌群分析,并同时进行分泌物镜检,取阴道组织标本做病理组织学检查.结果 模型组小鼠阴道内细菌总数显著下降(P<0.01),出现阴道红肿、分泌物涂片镜检查到白细胞及假丝酵母.乳杆菌对小鼠抗生素导致的阴道菌群失衡的调节作用明显,受损小鼠阴道菌群的多样性和数量恢复至正常(P>0.05),其中乳杆菌预防组阴道菌群破坏程度最小(P<0.01);乳杆菌干预后的小鼠都可以显著性清除阴道内的假丝酵母菌(P<0.01),以乳杆菌预防组效果最好.结论 德氏乳杆菌DM8909能阻止白假丝酵母对阴道上皮的黏附作用,能调整阴道的菌群,对阴道黏膜有一定的修复功能.     

A comparative multi-centre study of the efficacy of propolis, acyclovir and placebo in the treatment of genital herpes (HSV).

Ninety men and women with recurrent genital HSV type 2 participated in a randomized, single-blind, masked investigator, controlled multi-centre study comparing the efficacy of ointment of Canadian propolis containing natural flavonoids with ointments of acyclovir and placebo (vehicle) on healing ability and capacity to remedy symptoms. Thirty individuals were randomized to each group. Treatment was intended to start in the blister phase. All participants had HSV type 2 isolated, confirmed by serum immunoglobulin levels. The participants were examined on the 3rd, 7th and 10th days of treatment by gynaecologists, dermatovenerologists or urologists at seven different medical centres. Apart from clinical symptoms the number and size of the herpetic lesions were noted. At each examination the lesions were classified into four stages: vesicular, ulcerated, crusted and healed. The study ointments were applied to affected areas four times daily. In women with vaginal or cervical lesions a tampon with the appropriate ointment was inserted four times daily for 10 days. Endpoint variables were healing time and time until loss of symptoms. RESULTS: On Day 10, 24 out of 30 individuals in the propolis group had healed. In the acyclovir group 14 out of 30 and in the placebo group 12 out of 30 had healed. (p = 0.0015). The healing process appeared to be faster in the propolis group. In the propolis group 15 individuals had crusted lesions on Day 3 compared to 8 individuals in the acyclovir group and none in the placebo group (p = 0.0006). On Day 7, 10 participants in the propolis group, 4 in the acyclovir group and 3 in the placebo group had healed. At the initial examination all patients had local symptoms and 28% general symptoms. At Day 3, 3 patients in the propolis group had local symptoms compared to 8 and 9 in the acyclovir and placebo groups respectively. Of the women, 66% had vaginal superinfections of microbial pathogens at the initial examination. In the acyclovir and placebo groups no change in the vaginal flora was found following treatment whereas in the propolis group the incidence of superinfection was reduced by 55%. (p = 0.10 n.s.). CONCLUSION: An ointment containing flavonoids appeared to be more effective than both acyclovir and placebo ointments in healing genital herpetic lesions, and in reducing local symptoms.     

Antibacterial activity of honey and propolis from Apis mellifera and Tetragonisca angustula against Staphylococcus aureus

AIMS: The antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus of honey and propolis produced by Apis mellifera and Tetragonisca angustula was evaluated. Secondary aims included the study of the chemical composition of propolis and honey samples and its relationship with antibacterial activity against S. aureus. METHODS AND RESULTS: The antibacterial activity of honey and propolis was determined by the method of macrodilution. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) of A. mellifera honey ranged from 126.23 to 185.70 mg ml(-1) and of T. angustula from 142.87 to 214.33 mg ml(-1). For propolis, the MIC ranged from 0.36 to 3.65 mg ml(-1) (A. mellifera) and from 0.44 to 2.01 mg ml(-1) (T. angustula). Honey and propolis were evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Some typical compounds of Brazilian propolis were also identified in honey samples. Principal component analysis revealed that the chemical composition of honey and propolis samples was distinct based on the geographical location of the samples. CONCLUSIONS: Propolis samples had higher antibacterial activity against S. aureus when compared with honey. However, both propolis and honey samples had antibacterial against S. aureus. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: These antimicrobial properties would warrant further studies on the clinical applications of propolis and honey against S. aureus.     

The beneficial effect of Indonesian propolis wax from Tetragonula sp. as a therapy in limited vaginal candidiasis patients

Vaginal candidiasis characterized by abnormal vaginal discharge and itching usually treated by azole’s drug or nystatin; however, some results of treatment are unsatisfied and become recurrent. Propolis containing polyphenols and flavonoids is known to have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity. This study investigated the effect of Indonesian propolis wax from Tetragonula sp. as a therapy in limited vaginal candidiasis patients. The subjects were women who came to the Tasik Community Health Centre met the inclusion criteria such as clinical complaint and laboratory evaluation (positive hyphae/pseudohyphae and culture on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) medium) from a vaginal swab. Evaluation of anti-candida effect of propolis was determined by clinical remission and the absence of Candida’s growth on SDA medium. Forty subjects were randomly assigned to those receiving treatment by ovule propolis (n = 20) and that treatment by nystatin (n = 20) as a control, once daily, for seven days, respectively. All methods have been approved by the Ethics Commission of the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia. Our results indicated no significant difference in the laboratory evaluation of patients who have treated ovule propolis compared to standard therapy. This study suggests that propolis wax has a beneficial effect to develop as an anti-candida agent for vaginal candidiasis therapy.     

Antibacterial and free-radical scavenging activities of Sonoran propolis

AIMS: To evaluate the antibacterial and free-radical scavenging (FRS) activities of propolis collected from three different areas of Sonoran Desert in northwestern Mexico [Pueblo de Alamos (PAP), Ures (UP) and Caborca (CP)]. METHODS AND RESULTS: The antibacterial and FRS activities of Sonoran propolis were determined by the broth microdilution method and the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydracyl) assay, respectively. Propolis samples had antibacterial activity against only Gram-positive bacteria. The UP sample showed the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus [minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) 100 microg ml(-1)] in a concentration-dependent manner (UP > CP > PAP). Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a UP propolis constituent, had very high growth-inhibitory activity towards Gram-positive bacteria, particularly against S. aureus (MIC 0.1 mmol l(-1)). To our knowledge, this is the first study showing a strong antibacterial activity of CAPE against S. aureus. Additionally, propolis CP exhibited high FRS activity (86% +/- 0.3 at 100 microg ml(-1)) comparable with those of the reference antioxidants vitamin C (87.4% +/- 1.7 at 70 micromol l(-1)) and BHT (66.07% +/- 0.76 at 140 micromol l(-1)). The propolis compounds CAPE and rutin showed high FRS activity (90.4% +/- 0.2 and 88.5% +/- 0.8 at 70 micromol l(-1), respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Sonoran propolis UP and CAPE had strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus. In addition, propolis CP showed potent FRS activity comparable with those of vitamin C and BHT. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The strong antibacterial and antioxidant properties of Sonoran propolis and some of its constituents support further studies on the clinical applications of this natural bee product against S. aureus and several oxidative damage-related diseases.     

Egyptian propolis: 3. Antioxidant,antimicrobial activities and chemical composition of propolis from reclaimed lands

The free radical scavenging effect of two propolis samples collected from reclaimed land, Egypt as well as of vitamin C and caffeic acid in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical system was determined. The antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus; Escherichia coli and Candida albicans) activity was also investigated. The results of the free radical scavenging effect of El-Saff and Ismailia propolis showed a concentration-dependent activity. The antioxidant activity was varied according to the examined material. It was obvious that caffeic acid and vitamin C showed the highest activity if compared with the propolis samples. El- Saff propolis had a higher antioxidant activity than Ismailia propolis, it showed a higher antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and a higher anti-fungal activity against Candida albicans. While the Ismailia propolis had a higher antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, than El-Saff propolis. The chemical composition of propolis samples was investigated by GC/MS, where 75 compounds were identified, 22 being new for propolis. The Ismailia propolis was characterized by the presence of a highly significant amount of aromatic acid esters (47.3%) and triterpenoids (17.3%), while El-Saff propolis contained 3% and 1.9% respectively. The new esters belonged to 4-methoxyhydrocinnamic acid, hydroferulic acid and ferulic acid. El-Saff propolis had a very high significant amount (27%) of 2,6-bis-(pentanyloxy)-4-pentanylphenethanol, which is also a new compound for propolis.     

乳酸杆菌细胞裂解物对家兔实验性阴道炎的治疗作用

目的观察乳杆菌DM8909裂解物及发酵物在体内对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制效果,探索一种替代活菌制剂的生态制剂。方法用阿莫西林和甲硝唑接种家兔建立脱污染模型,再用大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的混合液接种,建立实验性感染模型后,随机分为5组,分别用乳杆菌裂解物原液、裂解物稀释液、发酵上清液、乳杆菌活菌制剂及生理盐水(对照组)进行治疗,分析和考察阴道菌群变化。结果德氏乳酸杆菌裂解物具有治疗实验性家兔细菌性阴道炎的效果,其疗效与活菌制剂相近。结论德氏乳酸杆菌裂解物可作为乳酸杆菌活菌制剂的替代物。     

Egyptian propolis: 1-antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Upper Egypt propolis

The antimicrobial activity of four propolis samples collected from Upper Egypt against Staphylococcus aureus; Escherichia coli and Candida albicans was evaluated. There was a variation in the antimicrobial activity according to the propolis origin. Banisweif propolis showed the highest antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, but Fayoum propolis had moderate activity against all tested pathogens. Propolis collected from Assiut and Souhag gave lower antimicrobial activity. Propolis samples were investigated by GC/MS, 71 compounds were identified, 14 being new for propolis. Banisweif propolis is characterized by the presence of 7 caffeate esters and 4 triterpenoids. Fayoum propolis showed the highest amount of lactic acid and the presence of 3 chalcones. But Assiut propolis is characterized by the presence of 4 prenylated coumarates. Souhag propolis is characterized by the presence of 5 aliphatic dicarboxylic acids and some other new compounds to propolis.     

Study on propolis quality from China and Uruguay

The composition, bacteriostatic and ROO*-scavenging potential activities of fifteen propolis samples from various botanic and geographic origins were determined to obtain objective information related to propolis quality. Variance analysis showed significant differences (p < or = 0.05) in the contents of polyphenols, flavonoids and active components between fresh and aged propolis. The state of the product (fresh or aged) could be differentiate by using flavonoid pattern and biological activities. A minimum propolis concentration of 80 microg/ml was required inhibit Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus while 800 microg/ml was required to inhibit Escherichia coli using fresh propolis. Aged propolis inhibit B. subtilis and S. aureus at concentration of 100 microg/ml and E. coli at 1000 microg/ml. A minimum flavonoids percentage of 18 g/100 g and a maximum ROO*-scavenging potential activity of 4.3 microg/ml were determined in fresh propolis. Flavonoids levels in aged propolis were approximately 20% lower than in fresh propolis. A maximum flavonoids percentage of 19.8 g/100 g and a ROO*-scavenging potential activity between 5.7 to 6.4 microg/ml in aged propolis were quantified. Another objective was to assess the use of ROO*-scavenging potential activity in propolis quality.     

Egyptian propolis: 2. Chemical composition,antiviral and antimicrobial activities of East Nile Delta propolis

Three propolis samples from East Nile Delta, Egypt were collected. Propolis samples were investigated by GC/MS,103 compounds were identified, 20 being new for propolis. Dakahlia propolis was a typical poplar propolis but it contained two new caffeate esters and two new triterpenoids. Ismailia propolis was characterized by the presence of new triterpenic acid methyl esters and it did not contain any aromatic acids, esters and flavonoids. Sharkia propolis was characterized by the presence of caffeate esters only, some di- and triterpenoids. The antiviral (Infectious Bursal Disease Virus and Reo-Virus) and antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus; Escherichia coli and Candida albicans) activities of propolis samples were investigated. Dakahlia propolis showed the highest antiviral activity against Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) and the highest antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and the highest antifungal activity against Candida albicans. While Ismailia propolis had the highest antiviral activity against Reo-virus. Sharkia propolis showed the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and moderate antiviral activity against infectious bursal disease virus and reovirus.