云南昆明地区三种蛙皮肤显微结构的比较

对昆明地区的多疣狭口蛙、昭觉林蛙及黑斑蛙的背腹皮肤切片的显微结构进行了观察和比较,尤其对它们皮肤腺体的类型和功能进行了比较分析.结果 表明:多疣狭口蛙皮肤比昭觉林蛙及黑斑蛙皮肤含有更多的腺体,尤其是颗粒腺比后两者含量更为丰富,并且在皮下存在许多腺体团,背腹皮肤较后者厚.昭觉林蛙皮肤较黑斑蛙的含有更多的颗粒腺和粘液腺.3种蛙的背部皮肤都含有色素细胞,而除了在多疣狭口蛙雌性腹部观察到少量色素细胞外,另两种蛙在腹部皮肤中均未见色素层.相比之下,昭觉林蛙和黑斑蛙皮肤结构较相似,两者同多疣狭口蛙在皮肤腺体分布及数量上差别较大,这也体现了三者不同的生态适应机制.     

多疣狭口蛙皮肤分泌物中FSH和LH的分离及在不同繁殖期的表达

运用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、葡聚糖凝胶层析、酶联免疫等实验方法,对多疣狭口蛙Kaloula verrucosa繁殖前期、繁殖期、繁殖后期的皮肤分泌物进行初步的成分分离,并对其不同时期皮肤分泌物成分中卵泡刺激素(Follicle stimulating hormone,FSH)及黄体生成素(Luteinizing hormone, LH)进行了免疫检测和定量比较.结果 表明:多疣狭口蛙皮肤分泌物中FSH的含量在其繁殖前期处于三个时期中的最高,繁殖期次之,繁殖后期最低;而LH则是在繁殖期含量最高,繁殖前期含量略偏低,到繁殖后期含量最低.     

红瘰疣螈皮肤的显微结构观察

对我国Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物红瘰疣螈(Tylototriton shanjing)成体的皮肤结构进行了显微观察。观察结果表明,其皮肤厚薄、微血管、色素分布,以及腺体的分布和大小等方面在身体的不同部位存在差异:头和背部的皮肤厚于腹部;黑色素细胞多分布于真皮浅层,以腹部及背侧无瘰粒处多见;真皮层富含黏液腺和颗粒腺,但分布不均匀;头嵴棱部及背部瘰粒下方颗粒腺的数量多、体积大,并充满分泌物;表皮下腺体外突,其表皮细胞层数减少,形成分泌物有效通道。同时,将红瘰疣螈皮肤与其他两栖类相比可知,其以上皮肤结构特征均体现了红瘰疣螈对山区阴湿环境中陆栖生活的重要适应。     

十一种无尾两栖类物种皮肤和肺显微结构

无尾两栖类动物的呼吸方式为肺呼吸和皮肤辅助呼吸,为探究两种呼吸器官的显微结构,本文采用解剖学和组织学的方法,对大蹼铃蟾(Bombina maxima)、腺角蟾(Megophrys glandulosa)、中华蟾蜍(Bufo gargarizans)、华西雨蛙(Hyla gongshanensis)、昭觉林蛙(Rana chaochiaoensis)、滇蛙(Dianrana pleuraden)、双团棘胸蛙(Gynandropaa yunnanensis)、贡山树蛙(Rhacophorus gongshanensis)、斑腿泛树蛙(Polypedates megacephalus)、饰纹姬蛙(Microhyla fissipes)、多疣狭口蛙(Kaloula verrucosa)的皮肤和肺的形态及显微结构进行观察。结果显示,背部和腹部皮下可见血管交错成网状,皮肤由表皮层和真皮层构成。除华西雨蛙外,其余10种均有分布于真皮疏松层与致密层间的钙化层;色素细胞位于疏松层上层,体背色素层较发达。肺囊状,中空密布血管,分为大小相当的左右肺叶,两肺叶相通并与心粘连,无气管和支气管。肺由肺囊壁、隔膜、毛细血管、肺泡细胞等结构组成。肺囊壁分为胸膜层、中间层和内层:胸膜层由扁平细胞构成,中间层由结缔组织构成,内层由肺细胞和毛细血管组成,隔膜由毛细血管和结缔组织构成,游离隔膜向中部靠拢可形成半封闭腔室,结合隔膜与肺囊壁形成封闭小腔室。在这11个物种中,肺较发达的个体,其皮肤结构中黏液腺的数量就会相对较少,组织形态学特征表现出与环境适应性关系较大,而受到系统发育关系影响较小。     

大凉疣螈皮肤的组织学观察

对大凉疣螈Tylototriton taliangensis的皮肤进行了显微观察,结果表明,其体表不同部位皮肤的厚度存在一定差异,但基本结构相同.皮肤表面粗糙,表皮角质化程度较高.表皮与真皮相接处毛细血管丰富,毛细血管常向表皮突起,突起处表皮细胞层数减少,背部毛细血管密度大于腹部.皮肤中含有丰富的色素细胞,主要分布在真皮疏松层浅表.真皮中有丰富的皮肤腺:粘液腺体积较小,分布遍及全身,腹侧密度较大;颗粒腺体积较粘液腺大,主要分布在耳区、体背两侧及尾背侧,形成耳后腺、背嵴、尾部颗粒腺区等特殊结构.     

林蛙属3物种皮肤的组织结构比较

利用石蜡切片和H.E染色技术,对蛙科(Ranidae)林蛙属(Rana)高原林蛙(R.kukunoris)、昭觉林蛙(R.chaochiaoensis)和峨眉林蛙(R.omeimontis)的皮肤组织结构进行了观察。应用SPSS 13.0统计软件,对皮肤的厚度、皮肤腺的相对数量和面积作了比较分析。3物种皮肤的基本结构相似,都由表皮和真皮组成。表皮是角质化的复层扁平上皮,由角质层、颗粒层、棘细胞层和生发层构成。真皮又分为疏松层和致密层,疏松层内分布有黏液腺、颗粒腺和脂腺3种类型的皮肤腺,黏液腺在体背和体腹皮肤内基本均匀分布,而颗粒腺主要以团块聚集形式散布在体背皮肤中。在高原林蛙皮肤中还发现了1种与以往描述不同的特殊嗜酸性腺体。皮肤厚度存在种间差异和部位差异。高原林蛙的表皮里有少量毛细血管和发达的色素细胞分布,真皮疏松层里有发达的腺体,这些可能是其对高海拔、低氧、低温和强紫外线辐射生活环境的适应策略。在峨眉林蛙和昭觉林蛙皮肤真皮的疏松层和致密层相邻处,发现有呈波浪条带状的、H.E染色呈蓝色的钙化层结构,体背部的钙化层比体腹部的发达。钙化层的功能可能包括防止体内水分散失、贮存钙离子、构成与体外环境进行物质交换的屏障等方面。     

蛙科物种背侧褶组织形态特征

背侧褶是无尾两栖类的重要形态特征,但对于其组织结构和功能缺乏了解。本文运用组织学技术,H.E、AB-PAS和Masson三色三种染色方法对蛙科4属的代表物种滇蛙（Dianrana pleuraden）、阔褶蛙（Sylvirana latouchii）、仙琴蛙（Nidirana daunchina）、沼蛙（Boulengerana guentheri）背侧褶和背部皮肤的显微结构进行了系统的比较研究。结果发现：1）蛙科物种的皮肤腺体单元丰富多样,由黏液腺和颗粒腺组成。其黏液腺均为普通黏液腺,按照其分泌物及分泌细胞形态将黏液腺分为Ⅰ型黏液腺和Ⅱ型黏液腺。Ⅰ型黏液腺在沼蛙和仙琴蛙中缺失,Ⅱ型普遍分布。颗粒腺分Ⅰ型颗粒腺、Ⅱ型颗粒腺及特化颗粒腺,Ⅱ型颗粒腺仅见于仙琴蛙,特化颗粒腺仅见于阔褶蛙和沼蛙的背侧褶;2）滇蛙与仙琴蛙背侧褶基本结构与其背部常规皮肤一致,且两种皮肤结构组成也较为相似,在真皮层下都有一层较厚的脂肪层,滇蛙脂肪层厚度约为真皮层厚度的1.52倍,仙琴蛙脂肪层厚度约为真皮层的1.60倍;阔褶蛙与沼蛙背侧褶基本结构也与其常规皮肤一致,且背侧褶结构组成也较为相似,阔褶蛙及沼蛙真皮层内具有单层排列、集中分布的大型特化颗粒腺,其分泌物为两种颗粒物的混合物。3）蛙科中两种背侧褶结构类型代表了两个进化方向,其功能分别为能量储存和反捕,推测其与环境适应进化相关。     

扬州地区北方狭口蛙繁殖习性的初步观察

北方狭口蛙(Kaloulaborealis)是扬州地区分布不多的两栖类动物,每年在5—8月活动,在阵雨或暴雨后的暂时积水坑中,能见到活动或听到叫声。1985年曾对北方狭口蛙的繁殖、发育等活动进行初步观察,现报道如下:形态北方狭口蛙雌、雄个体基本相似,背面为灰土黄褐色,腹面淡肉红白色,稍带土黄褐色。雄蛙咽下有银白色外声囊,头部短小,略呈三角形,躯干部宽与长相近,头与四肢都很短小,跟躯干部比例不相称。咽侧淡黄色,密布黑色斑点。雌蛙头部钝圆,躯干部宽是长的3/5,比雄蛙相称,四肢亦比雄蛙稍粗,咽侧深黄色,黑色斑点比雄蛙显著。配对扬州地区的北方狭…     

多疣狭口蛙昆明种群雌雄配对行为及形态适应选择

测量和比较采自昆明东北郊的24对抱对多疣狭口蛙(Kaloulaverrucosa)标本,同时野外观察其繁殖行为。配对雌雄蛙的体长、体重和头宽3个形态特征的Pearson相关系数大于0·5;择体长和体重作回归分析,结果表明,雌雄蛙体长选择和雌雄蛙体重配对都呈良好的线性关系。雌蛙选择雄蛙体长为自身体长的(81·8±5·7)%、体重为自身体重的(53·1±10·7)%的个体为最适配偶。雌蛙选择体长较长而体重较轻的雄蛙作为配偶,这样有利于形成较好的空间(雄性胸腹部皮肤腺长度,雌雄抱对时泄殖孔位置等)配对关系。多疣狭口蛙属于雌性选择模式,即雄蛙鸣叫,雌蛙受吸引,主动接近雄蛙,如果雄蛙条件适合则形成配对。     

多疣狭口蛙昆明种群雌雄配对行为及形态适应选择

测量和比较采自昆明东北郊的24对抱对多疣狭口蛙(Kaloula verrucosa)标本，同时野外观察其繁殖行为。配对雌雄蛙的体长、体重和头宽3个形态特征的Pearson相关系数大于0.5；择体长和体重作回归分析，结果表明，雌雄蛙体长选择和雌雄蛙体重配对都呈良好的线性关系。雌蛙选择雄蛙体长为自身体长的(81.8±5.7)%、体重为自身体重的(53.1±10.7)%的个体为最适配偶。雌蛙选择体长较长而体重较轻的雄蛙作为配偶，这样有利于形成较好的空间(雄性胸腹部皮肤腺长度，雌雄抱对时泄殖孔位置等)配对关系。多疣狭口蛙属于雌性选择模式，即雄蛙鸣叫，雌蛙受吸引，主动接近雄蛙，如果雄蛙条件适合则形成配对。     

Evidence for a mate-attracting chemosignal in the dwarf African clawed frog Hymenochirus

Many male frogs and toads possess sexually dimorphic skin glands (breeding glands). However, in most anuran species, the functional significance of the glands is unknown. Here we show that the breeding glands of male dwarf African clawed frogs (Hymenochirus sp. ) release a mate-attractant chemosignal. The mate-attractant activity was assessed using a two-choice aquatic Y-maze. Female Hymenochirus were allowed to choose between different treatment waters (e.g., plain water and water housing males) in the upstream arms of the maze, and the females' movements were monitored by computer-linked motion sensors. Females showed a positive chemotaxis to water housing males and to water containing homogenized breeding glands. Females showed no reaction to water housing conspecific females or to water housing breeding gland-ablated males. Additional choice tests demonstrated that females were more attracted to water housing males than to water housing females and to water containing homogenized breeding glands than to water housing breeding gland-ablated males. Males in the maze showed no response to water housing either females or other males, indicating that the attractant is specific for females and is therefore neither a species aggregation signal nor a food-related attractant. These results represent the first experimental demonstration of a mate-attractant function for anuran breeding glands. Because many anuran species possess breeding glands, these results suggest that pheromonal communication could be more widespread among frogs and toads than previously believed.     

Testicular and androgen dependence of skin gland morphology in the anurans,Xenopus laevis and Rana pipiens

In anuran amphibians, there is increasing evidence that exocrine glands dispersed throughout the general integument are secondary sex characters (SSC). Following the recent discovery of sexually dimorphic “breeding glands” in the dorsum of male Rana pipiens, we studied the effects of castration and testosterone treatment on the dorsal skin glands of male Xenopus laevis and R. pipiens to determine whether the dorsal breeding glands, or any other dorsal skin glands, are androgen dependent. The dorsal skin glands of X. laevis were unaffected by androgen status. By contrast, in R. pipiens, breeding, mucous, and seromucous glands responded to testosterone stimulation. Mucous glands were significantly (P < 0.05) larger in testosterone-treated frogs than in castrates. There was a large, but statistically insignificant, increase in the size of the dorsal breeding glands. Testosterone treatment also increased the epithelial cell height of breeding and seromucous glands (P < 0.05). In the skins of castrated and testosterone-treated frogs, there was a reciprocal relationship between the abundance of seromucous and breeding glands: in castrates, seromucous glands were abundant and breeding glands virtually absent, whereas in testosterone-treated frogs, breeding glands were abundant and seromucous glands less common. The total number of the two gland types was similar in both treatment groups. Glands that appeared to be intermediate in form between seromucous and breeding glands were observed in some frogs. These data suggest that seromucous glands may be the regressed form of breeding glands in the dorsal skin of R. pipiens and that the dorsal skin of R. pipiens is a SSC. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

敌敌畏对多疣狭口蛙不同发育期蝌蚪的急性毒性影响

为了解农药对不同发育期蝌蚪的毒性,以多疣狭口蛙Kaloula verrucosa蝌蚪为对象,采用水生生物急性毒性试验方法,研究杀虫剂敌敌畏(DDVP)对25期、26期、35期和42期蝌蚪的急性毒性影响.结果表明,在水温19.5～22.0℃条件下,敌敌畏对各期蝌蚪96 h LC50分别为1.13、1.43、1.38和0.61 mg/L,各期蝌蚪对敌敌畏的敏感顺序为42期>25期>35期>26期.由此得出敌敌畏对25期、26期和35期蝌蚪属中等毒性,对42期蝌蚪则表现为高毒.因此建议农药施用应尽量避开蝌蚪的变态期进行.蛙类胚胎期(出膜后)随着发育对外界环境的耐受性增强,蝌蚪期随着发育对外界环境的敏感性增强.鉴于42期蝌蚪意外死亡率高的特点,认为不宜采用变态期蝌蚪进行急性毒性试验.     

金佛拟小鲵幼体皮肤的显微结构观察

采用光镜和扫描电镜对金佛拟小鲵(Pseudohynobius jinfo)幼体皮肤进行组织学和形态学观察。金佛拟小鲵幼体皮肤由表皮和真皮构成。不同部位皮肤厚度不同,头部背侧皮肤最薄,其厚度为(45.99±12.77)μm,尾部腹侧的皮肤最厚,其厚度为(95.21±42.72)μm。表皮角质层仅躯干背部和尾部明显,由仍具有一定生理活性的复层扁平上皮细胞构成。皮肤腺体包括黏液腺和颗粒腺。黏液腺广泛分布于身体各个部位的皮肤,颗粒腺呈区域性分布,仅见躯干部和尾部皮肤,其体积大于黏液腺。毛细血管多分布于真皮疏松层腺体周围,与表皮层紧密接触并凸向表皮。色素细胞主要分布于表皮和疏松层的交界处,呈多细胞聚集的状态,形成厚度不一的色素层。     

Investment in testes,sperm‐duct glands and lipid reserves differs between male morphs but not between early and late breeding season in Pomatoschistus minutus

This study of the sand goby Pomatoschistus minutus, a nest‐holding fish with paternal care, focused on gonadal investment among males of different sizes collected early and late in the breeding season. All males caught at the nest had breeding colour, whereas trawl‐caught fish consisted of males both with and without colour. The absence or presence of breeding colour was a good predictor of testes investment. Compared to males with breeding colour, males without colour were smaller in body size but had extraordinarily large testes. In absolute terms, testes mass of males without breeding colour was on average 3·4 times greater than those of males with breeding colour. Since small colourless males are known to reproduce as sneaker males, this heavy investment in testes probably reflects that they are forced to spawn under sperm competition. Contrary to testes size, sperm‐duct glands were largest among males with breeding colour. These glands produce mucins used for making sperm‐containing mucous trails that males place in the nest before and during spawning. Since both sneakers and nest‐holders potentially could benefit from having large glands, this result is intriguing. Yet, high mucus production may be more important for nest‐holders, because it also protects developing embryos from infections. There was no significant effect of season on body size, testes or sperm‐duct glands size, but colourless males tended to be less common late in the season. Possibly this may indicate that individual small colourless males develop into their more colourful counterparts within the breeding season.     

Immunological and histochemical analysis of regional variations of epidermal Langerhans cells in normal human skin

Summary Epidermal Langerhans' cells (LC) were enumerated in normal human skin from various anatomical sites using a monoclonal antibody (NA1/34) to human thymocyte antigen (HTA-1) and the standard ATPase reaction on frozen sections. The same population of cells was identified with each technique. LC densities were found to be significantly higher in hair bearing skin than in skin from the palm and sole. LC were also identified in hair follicles (where the numbers decreased from the superficial to the deep portions) and sebaceous glands but in no other adnexal structure. Normal numbers were encountered in patients who had received radiotherapy or systemic chemotherapy for malignant disease for periods of greater than two months before death. As LC are important antigen presenting cells, the variation in their density suggests that the immunological properties of normal skin may not be uniform throughout the body. This may be related to the varying anatomical distribution of some skin disorders with an immunological basis.     

SD大鼠皮肤组织病理学观察

目的观察不同日龄SD大鼠皮肤组织学结构。方法10％甲醛固定,行石蜡切片,HE染色。结果新生大鼠皮肤较薄,透明层缺乏,皮脂腺发育良好。6月龄时表皮、真皮和皮下组织明显增厚,毛囊增粗,生长旺盛,毛囊深入皮下脂肪层。24月龄时,大鼠皮脂腺及汗腺萎缩,表皮变薄,真皮成纤维细胞、血管数量减少,弹力纤维变细。结论不同日龄SD大鼠皮肤组织学结构有差异。