叶芽花芽需热量差异导致植物先花后叶

为探究植物先花后叶的影响因素,本研究以1963—1988年间北京地区杏和山桃展叶和始花物候资料及相应的日最高、最低温度数据为基础,利用偏最小二乘回归法确定杏和山桃叶芽及花芽的需冷期和需热期,进而利用动态模型和生长度小时模型分别估算叶芽和花芽的需冷和需热量。结果表明,依据长期物候观测资料,利用偏最小二乘回归法进行植物需冷和需热量的估算非常有效。先花后叶植物叶芽和花芽需冷量几乎相同,需热量的差异是导致植物先花后叶的主要原因。杏和山桃花芽的需热量分别为2829．7±876．2和1457．2±581．2生长度小时,而相应叶芽需热量却是花芽的两倍之多。基于物候观测的重要性及实用性．中国物种水平上的地面观测应得到进一步深入发展。     

观赏桃品种需冷量的研究

采用0℃～7.2℃模型的累积低温计算方法,以加权法为萌芽计算标准,通过对29份观赏桃Prunus persica Batsch.(L.)品种资源的需冷量研究,结果表明:我国重瓣桃花品种的需冷量分布范围为400h～1250h,并以900h以上的品种为主.红花垂枝桃、红花重瓣寿星桃、鸳鸯垂枝、红叶桃、洒红桃和菊花桃等名优品种的需冷量分别为926h、930h、1188h、1112h、1214h 和1250h,郑州地区需冷量的满足时间基本在1月底之后.     

不同需冷量桃树对周年光温变化的生长和生理响应研究

以'青州冬雪蜜'(高需冷量)、'春雪'(中需冷量)和'春捷'(低需冷量)桃树品种的3年生幼树为试材,研究不同需冷量桃树对周年光温变化适应性反应的差异.结果表明:在周年季节变化过程中,'青州冬雪蜜'生长停止时间、冷适应发展时间和休眠发展时间分别比'春捷'约早31、30和30 d,而其休眠解除时间比'春捷'约晚60 d;'青州冬雪蜜'冬季芽半致死温度比'春捷'低5.4℃,而其春天萌芽和生长开始时间分别比'春捷'晚11和13 d.研究发现,高需冷量桃树生长停止、冷适应发展和休眠发展的时期早于低需冷量桃树,而其休眠解除比低需冷量桃树迟缓;高需冷量桃树冬季抗冻性强于低需冷量桃树,而其春天芽萌发和生长开始的时期晚于低需冷量桃树.     

河西干旱区酿酒葡萄生长的气象条件

按照平行观测的原则，利用2002、2003年两年田间试验资料，采用数理统计方法分析了河西内陆干旱区目前国内广泛种植的8个不同熟性酿酒品种的生长发育规律及其气象影响因子。结果表明：（1）新梢、果实生长呈抛物线型，生长关键期分别出现在5月上旬～6月中旬、7月上旬～8月上旬；糖分累积呈“S”型，积累关键期出现在8月中旬～9月上旬。枝条、果实、含糖量增长峰值点位相出现时间按中早熟、中晚熟、晚熟品种依次推后。（2）中早熟品种需≥10℃积温2800～2900℃，中晚熟种2900～3100℃，晚熟种3000～3200℃；新梢生长期35～50d，需≥10℃积温620～750℃。花期7～15d，需≥10℃积温130～320℃。浆果生长期50～65d，需≥10℃积温1100～1400℃。浆果成熟期35～50d，需≥10℃积温640～940％。（3）新梢生长量与日平均气温、日照时间和土壤湿度呈正相关。气温低于11～12℃时，新梢停止生长；果粒增长速度与平均气温、最高气温呈负相关，与相对湿度、降水量呈正相关。果粒增长适宜气温为20～21℃，超过21℃，增速明显变缓；含糖量积累与光、热因子均呈正相关，与水分因子呈负相关。品种熟性越晚，对气象条件反映越敏感。气温低于7～7．9℃时，糖分停止积累。通过酿酒葡萄适生气候条件分析，为区域化布局、产业化发展提供理论依据。     

温度对圆斑弯叶毛瓢虫生长发育的影响

研究了恒温对圆斑弯叶毛瓢虫Nephusryuguus(Kamiya)发育速率的影响。结果表明 :在 1 7～3 2℃范围内 ,各虫期的发育速率都随温度的升高而加快 ,当温度为 3 2℃以上时 ,发育速率有所平缓或回落 ;采用线性日度模型和Logistic模型对卵期、各龄幼虫期和蛹期的发育速率进行模拟分析 ,2种模型均能较好地反映各虫期发育的进度 ;用直接最优法对发育起点温度和有效积温进行估算 ,求得圆斑弯叶毛瓢虫世代发育起点温度为 1 3 7℃ ,有效积温为 3 71 .6日·度。     

硫脲、GA3打破不同需冷量观赏桃花品种自然休眠的效果研究

利用硫脲、赤霉素(GA3)的不同浓度、不同时期以观赏桃花品种‘迎春’、‘满天红’、‘菊花桃’为材料,进行打破自然休眠的研究。结果表明：(1)在不同时期化学药剂处理有不同的破眠效果,最佳处理时期为低温累积量达到该品种需冷量的50％～60％时为最好。即‘迎春’在低温累积量达200～250h左右处理破眠效果最好;‘满天红’在低温累积量达450h时处理效果最好;‘菊花桃’则只在需冷量累积达600～750h时处理有实用价值。(2)使用硫脲、GA3在一定程度上能够打破观赏桃花自然休眠．部分代替观赏桃花的需冷量．而且效果因品种而异。具体表现为：硫脲、GA3对打破中、长需冷量观赏桃品种‘满天红’、‘菊花桃’的自然休眠更有效．对短需冷量品种‘迎春’的效果甚微。(3)硫脲、GA3处理并结合设施栽培技术管理体系,可以达到提前花期的目的,使中长需冷量(600～1000h)的观赏桃花品种也能在春节期间供应市场。     

瓜实蝇的有效积温及其在中国的年发生代数预测

瓜实蝇Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett是世界上重要的检疫性害虫,通过在14、18、22、26、30、34℃温度下孵化和饲养实验,测定该虫卵、幼虫、蛹、产卵前期、世代的发育起点温度和有效积温分别是8．0982℃、4．5245℃、4．5245℃、7．4751℃、10．0019℃和28．8506、162．7462、145．7249、166．5126、503．8343日度。根据该虫的致死温度和有效积温模型,运用数学分析和地理信息系统技术,预测了瓜实蝇在中国的适生区和年发生代数,结果表明：该虫可在中国48．96％地区发生（气象站点所代表的地区）,1年发生2-12代,以4～6代为主。     

中国北方主产地苹果冷热积累变化及其对始花期的影响

开展气候变化背景下苹果冷热积累变化及其对始花期的影响研究,对指导苹果种植及生产具有重要意义。本研究选取山东福山、山西万荣、甘肃西峰和新疆阿克苏代表中国北方苹果主产地,利用1996—2018年红富士苹果的始花期观测资料和逐时气温数据,采用动态模型、生长度小时模型分别计算逐日冷积累量(CP)和热积累量(GDH),并利用偏最小二乘回归法,对逐日冷、热积累量和各地苹果始花期进行相关分析,以明确各地苹果冷、热积累起止日期和积累量,以及冷、热积累期内温度变化对始花期的影响规律。结果表明: 我国北方主产地苹果冷积累时段集中于10月1日前后至2月中下旬或3月中旬,积累量为74.1～89.3 CP;热积累时段集中于1月下旬前后至始花期,积累量为4010～5770 GDH。西峰和阿克苏冷积累期内平均气温每升高1 ℃,冷积累量将分别增加3.8和5.0 CP;各地热积累期内平均气温每升高1 ℃,热积累量将增加725～967 GDH。与冷积累期内温度变化的影响效应相比,热积累期内温度变化主控我国北方主产地苹果始花期,且气候变暖总体有利于冷积累期内平均气温较低地区的苹果开花和生产。     

8个山葡萄及山欧杂种葡萄品种的SSR分析

选取9对SSR引物对8个山葡萄及山欧杂种葡萄品种进行扩增,估算了扩增片段长度,结果表明,利用这9对SSR引物可以把8个山葡萄及山欧杂种葡萄品种区分。8个山葡萄及山欧杂种葡萄品种的等位基因数（Na）平均为2.8889,有效等位基因数（Ne）平均为2.2162,Shannon多样性指数（I）平均为0.8669,期望杂合度（Nei）平均为0.5217。9对引物中,UDV-067提供的信息量最大,引物VMC7bl最小。     

捻转血矛线虫卵发育至三期幼虫需热量的线性回归数理统计模型分析

对捻转血矛线虫卵在不同温度条件下进行培养,观测了发育至第三期幼虫所需的不同历期．由此分析两种线性回归模型、结果表明第二种回归模型y'＝1977.3940＋8.3315x较为适合．此模型能较好地表达温度与发育历期的数理统计关系,所推算的发育起点温度为8.3℃,有效积温为82.4（日.度）．     

Use of bioclimatic indexes to characterize phenological phases of apple varieties in Northern Italy

The research was designed to characterize the phenological behaviour of different apple varieties and to compare different bioclimatic indexes in order to evaluate their adaptability in describing the phenological phases of fruit species. A field study on the requirement for chilling units (winter chilling requirement) and the accumulation of growing degree hours of 15 native apple cultivars was carried out in a fruit-growing area in North West Italy (Cuneo Province, Piedmont). From 1991 to 1993, climatic data were collected at meteorological stations installed in an experimental orchard (Verzuolo, Cuneo). Four methods were compared to determine the winter chilling requirement: Hutchins, Weinberger-Eggert, Utah and North Carolina. The Utah method was applied to determine the time when the chilling units accumulated become effective in meeting the rest requirements. A comparison of the different methods indicated that the Weinberger-Eggert method is the best: as it showed the lowest statistical variability during the 3 years of observations. The growing degree hour requirement (GDH) was estimated by the North Carolina method with two different base temperatures: 4.4°C and 6.1°C. More difficulties were met when the date of rest completion and the beginning of GDH accumulation was determined. The best base temperature for the estimation of GDH is 4.4°C. Phenological and climatic characterizations are two basic tools for giving farmers and agricultural advisors important information about which varieties to choose and which are the best and the most correct cultivation practices to follow. Received: 25 October 2000 / Revised: 6 August 2001 / Accepted: 6 August 2001     

Increased heat requirement for leaf flushing in temperate woody species over 1980–2012: effects of chilling,precipitation and insolation

Recent studies have revealed large unexplained variation in heat requirement‐based phenology models, resulting in large uncertainty when predicting ecosystem carbon and water balance responses to climate variability. Improving our understanding of the heat requirement for spring phenology is thus urgently needed. In this study, we estimated the species‐specific heat requirement for leaf flushing of 13 temperate woody species using long‐term phenological observations from Europe and North America. The species were defined as early and late flushing species according to the mean date of leaf flushing across all sites. Partial correlation analyses were applied to determine the temporal correlations between heat requirement and chilling accumulation, precipitation and insolation sum during dormancy. We found that the heat requirement for leaf flushing increased by almost 50% over the study period 1980–2012, with an average of 30 heat units per decade. This temporal increase in heat requirement was observed in all species, but was much larger for late than for early flushing species. Consistent with previous studies, we found that the heat requirement negatively correlates with chilling accumulation. Interestingly, after removing the variation induced by chilling accumulation, a predominantly positive partial correlation exists between heat requirement and precipitation sum, and a predominantly negative correlation between heat requirement and insolation sum. This suggests that besides the well‐known effect of chilling, the heat requirement for leaf flushing is also influenced by precipitation and insolation sum during dormancy. However, we hypothesize that the observed precipitation and insolation effects might be artefacts attributable to the inappropriate use of air temperature in the heat requirement quantification. Rather than air temperature, meristem temperature is probably the prominent driver of the leaf flushing process, but these data are not available. Further experimental research is thus needed to verify whether insolation and precipitation sums directly affect the heat requirement for leaf flushing.     

寒颤对呼吸道复温作用的影响

目的：检测寒颤对呼吸道复温的影响。方法：采用冷水浸泡降温和注射卡肌宁抑制寒颤的方法建立抑制寒颤的低体温犬模型。受试犬吸湿热空气（40．45℃,RH99．9％）及室温空气（19±1℃,RH30％～75％）复温各2h,不同温度空气复温的先后顺序随机安排。复温4h后,加压呼吸湿热空气复温使其恢复自主呼吸,继续呼吸湿热空气复温直至直肠温度（Tr）和食道温度（Te）恢复入水时温度。实验过程中采用间接测热法测定代谢产热量。结果：①抑制寒颤时,吸湿热空气2h可使Tr和Te平均每小时分别增高0．26～0．39℃和0．44—1．11℃,吸室温空气2h可使Tr和re平均每小时分别降低0．24-0．51℃和0．58～0．67℃,Tr和Te的变化与呼吸不同温度空气的先后顺序无关。②有寒颤、自主呼吸湿热空气时,Tr和Te的复温速度分别为2．26～2．33℃／h和1．96～2．38℃／h,较抑制寒颤、呼吸湿热空气时明显加快。③与抑制寒颤、加压呼吸湿热空气时的代谢产热量比较,受试犬恢复寒颤自主呼吸湿热空气时代谢产热量明显增高,使复温速度明显加快。结论：呼吸道复温有助于低体温机体复温。寒颤时机体代谢产热量明显增高,使复温速度明显加快。因此,检测呼吸道复温作用时应抑制寒颤,排除寒颤产热的干扰。     

葡萄幼苗高温锻炼过程中与水杨酸相关的信号转导的初步研究

对无性繁殖的‘京秀’葡萄（Vitis vinifera cv.Jingxiu）幼苗高温锻炼12 h或外施水杨酸（SA）后12 h发现,两种处理引起葡萄内源ABA含量的变化趋势相似,即在处理后1 h急剧升高,然后又迅速下降,并保持这种低水平到处理结束, 而脂氧合酶（LOX）活性并没有表现出和ABA相似的变化趋势。高温锻炼期间,葡萄叶片内自由态SA含量与ABA变化趋势相似,表现出一种典型的化学信号分子特征。而SA合成的限速酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）也表现出和前两者相似的变化趋势。推测SA单独或通过ABA诱导葡萄抗热性。     

棉铃虫羽化高峰期有效积温预测法的校正

为减小年际间气温变化对昆虫有效积温预测误差的影响,以新疆石河子垦区121团棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)羽化高峰期为例,利用single sine模型分别计算12年2种有效积温范围(10～30℃和10～35℃)的累计有效积温值,并获得其多年平均值,依此进行棉铃虫羽化高峰期预测;通过当年与12年(有效积温>0日期至羽化高峰日期)平均气温之差,对预测误差进行校正。结果表明:当年平均气温与12年平均值差值越大,预测误差也越大;各代直线回归校正模型均达到显著水平(P<0.05);2种有效积温范围下,校正后各代平均预测误差天数均有所减少,对越冬代误差校正效果最优,校正后各代历史符合率分别为83.33%、100%、100%和100%、100%、93.33%。该校正方法能够显著提高预测准确度,尤其适用于年际间棉铃虫发育期间平均气温变化较大的代别和地区,同时可为多种害虫预测误差校正提供了依据。     

萝卜种子萌发的逆温耐性诱导研究

以萝卜种子为试材,研究不同温度预处理对萌发期萝卜种子逆温耐性的影响。结果表明:萝卜种子在低于15℃和高于35℃下萌发,种子活力显著下降,而通过适度的温度胁迫处理,可提高萝卜种子在高温（35℃）下的萌发活力。15℃和25℃分别是预处理的适宜低温和高温,6 h是低温（15℃）预处理的适宜时间。萝卜种子经高温（30℃）预处理12 h后,在随后的低温（10℃）下萌发,也提高其种子活力,说明萝卜种子对高温和低温胁迫具有交叉适应性。     

Differences in Heat Requirements of Flower and Leaf Buds Make Hysteranthous Trees Bloom before Leaf Unfolding

To clarify which agroclimatic requirements control the sequential occurrence of flowering and leaf unfolding in hysteranthous plants, Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression analysis was used to identify the chilling and forcing period of leaf and flower buds. The Dynamic Model and the Growing Degree Hour Model were applied to estimate the chilling and heat requirement for leaf unfolding and flowering, based on the phenological records of apricot and mountain peach and daily maximum and minimum temperature data in Beijing during 1963-1988. The results indicated that PLS regression analysis is a useful approach to calculate the chilling and heat requirements of plants when long term phenological observations are available. Leaf and flower buds were found to have similar chilling requirements but different heat requirements, which explained the earlier occurrence of flowering compared to leaf unfolding. The heat requirements of flower buds of apricot and mountain peach were 28297±8762 and 14572±5812 Growing Degree Hours, respectively, while heat requirements of vegetative buds were almost twice as high. In view of the importance and usefulness of phenological observations, species level ground observations in China should be continued and extended.     

不同温度对绿盲蝽种群生长发育和繁殖的影响

模拟组建了绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)在5种温度(18,21,24,27,30℃)下的实验种群生命表。结果表明:在18～30℃,绿盲蝽发育速率随着温度的升高而加快,并符合Logistic模型;绿盲蝽卵、若虫、产卵前期及世代的发育起点温度分别为9.53、12.32、10.40和11.07℃,有效积温分别为142.61、162.60、123.13和425.17日.度;若虫期最高存活率(24℃)比最低存活率(30℃)高27.27%;最高产卵量(24℃)比最低产卵量(30℃)高33.61粒/雌;24℃内禀增长率最高,为0.0949。通过生命表参数综合评价表明:24～27℃是绿盲蝽生长繁殖的最适温区。