葡萄幼苗高温锻炼过程中与水杨酸相关的信号转导的初步研究

对无性繁殖的‘京秀’葡萄 (Vitisviniferacv.Jingxiu)幼苗高温锻炼 1 2h或外施水杨酸 (SA)后 1 2h发现 ,两种处理引起葡萄内源ABA含量的变化趋势相似 ,即在处理后 1h急剧升高 ,然后又迅速下降 ,并保持这种低水平到处理结束 ,而脂氧合酶 (LOX)活性并没有表现出和ABA相似的变化趋势。高温锻炼期间 ,葡萄叶片内自由态SA含量与ABA变化趋势相似 ,表现出一种典型的化学信号分子特征。而SA合成的限速酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶 (PAL)也表现出和前两者相似的变化趋势。推测SA单独或通过ABA诱导葡萄抗热性。     

葡萄幼苗在温度胁迫交叉适应过程中对水杨酸的应答

在温度锻炼诱导葡萄幼苗对交叉温度逆境的适应过程中叶片内源SA变化的结果表明,0℃低温胁迫期间,葡萄幼苗叶片细胞膜系统受到严重伤害,丙二醛(MDA)含量明显升高;此时自由态SA含量呈波动性变化,并随着胁迫进程的延长,内源SA含量明显低于正常叶片水平。而经过高温锻炼的幼苗,在低温胁迫初期自由态SA含量迅速达到一个高峰,之后回落并保持在正常叶片的SA水平,MDA含量也相应降低且相对稳定。结合态SA的变化相对较平稳,并且总SA含量变化趋势与自由态SA含量的变化趋势相吻合。在45℃高温胁迫期间,经过低温锻炼的幼苗的上述各项指标的变化规律与经过高温锻炼的幼苗在低温胁迫期间的变化趋势相似。     

高温胁迫对14C—水杨酸在葡萄苗中运转分配的影响

用38度高温和27度正常温度分别处理14C－SA标记的葡萄幼苗叶片1,3,6,12h,发现常温下14C－SA向外运转的很少,而高温下向外运转的更少。高温处理和常温对照的14C－SA都既向上运输又向下运输,以向下运输为主,但无向上运输还是向下运输,高温下要比常温下运输的少一些,在常温下1,3,6h,14C-SA以根系分配的最多,12h以茎中分配最多,而在高温处理下1,3h以根中分配最多,6,12h则以茎中分配最多。高温处理和常温对照下都对离引入叶越近的茎段和叶片（除引入叶）,14C－SA含量越高。     

高温胁迫对~(14)C-水杨酸在葡萄苗中运转分配的影响

用 38℃高温和 2 7℃正常温度分别处理14 C SA标记的葡萄幼苗叶片 1,3,6 ,12h ,发现常温下14 C SA向外运转的很少 ,而高温下向外运转的更少。高温处理和常温对照的14 C SA都既向上运输又向下运输 ,以向下运输为主 ,但无论向上运输还是向下运输 ,高温下要比常温下运输的少一些。在常温下 1,3,6h ,14 C SA以根系分配的最多 ,12h以茎中分配最多 ,而在高温处理下 1,3h以根中分配最多 ,6 ,12h则以茎中分配最多。高温处理和常温对照下都是离引入叶越近的茎段和叶片 (除引入叶 ) ,14 C SA含量越高     

水杨酸和热锻炼诱导的高羊茅幼苗的耐热性与抗氧化的关系

研究了水杨酸（SA）处理和热锻炼（HH）对高羊茅（Festuca arundinacea Schred.)幼苗耐热性的影响和在耐热性诱导过程中植物体内可溶性蛋白含量与超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）,过氧化的酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）等3种抗氧化酶的活性变化。结果表明：0.5mmol/L男SA预处理能显著提高高羊茅幼苗在42℃热胁迫（HS）后转至常温下恢复生长18d时的苗高,绿叶数和绿叶指数;在常温下SA提高高羊茅幼苗的CAT活性,降低POD活性,而对SOD的影响不显著;SA和HH均能降低高羊茅幼苗在HS下细胞外渗液电导率,提高可溶性蛋白的含量和SOD、CAT活性,但不能显著提高POD活性。因此,推测SA与HH提高耐热性上具有相似的机理。     

茉莉酸和高温锻炼对葡萄幼苗耐热性及其抗氧化酶的影响

用50μmol/L的茉莉酸(JA)和38℃高温锻炼(HA)预处理6h后,葡萄幼苗与不经预处理的葡萄幼苗(CK)相比,前者在常温下的SOD、POD、CAT和APX等酶的活性和可溶性蛋白质含量均升高,在遭受42℃高温胁迫(HS)过程中可溶性蛋白质含量、上述酶活性的降低趋势和电解质外渗的增加受到抑制,在一定程度上提高了幼苗高温耐性.通过一系列结果分析,推测JA和HA处理在诱导葡萄抗热性能上具有相似的机理.     

温度对福寿螺抗氧化酶活性和 丙二醛含量的影响

福寿螺（Pomacea canaliculata）是外来入侵物种,对中国南方大部分地区的生态环境造成严重威胁,其生长和繁殖受到温度影响。本文研究了15 ℃（低温）、25 ℃（对照组）和36 ℃（高温）三种温度条件下,不同时间点（0、6、12、24、48、72 h）福寿螺体内超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性及丙二醛（MDA）含量的变化。实验结果表明,在低温（15 ℃）和高温（36 ℃）胁迫下,福寿螺肝胰脏和鳃中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性以及丙二醛含量均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,并且在72 h时恢复到对照组（25 ℃）水平。低温和高温胁迫下,福寿螺鳃中的过氧化氢酶活性和肝胰脏中的超氧化物歧化酶活性在12 h、24 h和48 h时均显著高于对照组（P < 0.05）,并在48 h时达到最大值（P < 0.01）。鳃和肝胰脏中的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性在12 h升高并在24 h时达到最大值。低温和高温胁迫下,丙二醛含量分别在24 h和12 h达到最大值。结果表明,温度能够诱导福寿螺抗氧化应激反应。福寿螺可以通过增加体内抗氧化物酶活力来缓解温度胁迫所造成的压力。鳃中抗氧化物酶活性变化快于肝胰脏抗氧化物酶活性变化,福寿螺氧化应激反应表现出组织特异性。     

水杨酸对高温胁迫下半夏幼苗内源激素含量的影响

以半夏37℃高温倒苗过程中的叶片和块茎为材料,考察了不同浓度外源水杨酸(SA)处理的倒苗率,采用ELISA方法研究了0.5 mmol/L外源SA对半夏叶片和块茎中内源激素GA3、IAA、ABA、ZR和JA含量的影响.结果表明:随着高温胁迫时间的延长,半夏出现倒苗现象,并以0.5 mmol/L的SA处理后半夏倒苗率最低.倒苗过程中叶片和块茎中GA3、IAA、ZR含量逐渐下降.而ABA和JA含量显著上升.0.5 mmol/L SA处理条件下叶片中生长促进类激素GA3、IAA、ZR含量高于同期对照,生长抑制类激素ABA和JA含量低于同期对照;块茎中ABA、IAA和JA的含量低于同期对照.GA变化不明显,而ZR处理前期低于对照,后期高于对照.可见,一定浓度的外源SA可通过改变高温胁迫下半夏内源激素水平来促进其生长,延缓其倒苗.     

外源水杨酸对高温胁迫下葡萄几种抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物含量的影响

本文以二年生‘克瑞森’无核葡萄为材料,探明外源水杨酸（SA）对高温胁迫下葡萄体内几种酶活性和抗氧化物质含量的影响及其在抗高温胁迫中的作用。实验结果表明,与对照相比,外源SA可以促进高温胁迫下葡萄叶片内ASA和GSH含量的积累,维持较高的APX、GR、SOD、POD和CAT活性。外源SA可能通过提高高温胁迫下葡萄体内抗氧化水平,削弱了高温胁迫对葡萄植株的氧化胁迫伤害作用。     

外源水杨酸调控水稻化感抑草作用及其分子生理特性

为了探讨外源水杨酸（SA）调控水稻化感抑草效应的可行性,研究了不同浓度的外源SA对强化感水稻PI312777抑草效应的影响及其生理生化特性,并运用实时定量RT-PCR(FQ-PCR)技术检测SA介导的关键酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因（ZB8）的相对表达量.结果表明：外源SA能够诱导水稻化感抑草效应增强,而且这种诱导效应与SA的浓度和处理时间相关.叶面喷施SA后,PI312777对稗草的抑制率显著提高,其根系活力、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性增强,过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性降低;而伴生杂草稗草的相应生理指标的变化趋势则相反.PI312777植株中的苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性增强,总酚含量升高.0.2 mmol·L^-1的SA诱导水稻化感抑草效应最显著,该浓度下目的基因ZB8的相对表达丰度随处理时间先上调后下调,在24 h达到表达高峰.     

Novel interrelationship between salicylic acid, abscisic acid, and PIP2-specific phospholipase C in heat acclimation-induced thermotolerance in pea leaves

Increasing evidence suggests that heat acclimation and exogenous salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) may lead to the enhancement of thermotolerance in plants. In this study, the roles that free SA, conjugated SA, ABA, and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2))-specific phospholipase C (PLC) play in thermotolerance development induced by heat acclimation (38 degrees C) were investigated. To evaluate their potential functions, three inhibitors of synthesis or activity were infiltrated into pea leaves prior to heat acclimation treatment. The results showed that the burst of free SA in response to heat acclimation could be attributed to the conversion of SA 2-O-D-glucose, the main conjugated form of SA, to free SA. Inhibition of ABA biosynthesis also resulted in a defect in the free SA peak during heat acclimation. In acquired thermotolerance assessment, the greatest weakness of antioxidant enzyme activity and the most severe heat injury (malondialdehyde content and degree of wilting) were found in pea leaves pre-treated with neomycin, a well-known inhibitor of PIP(2)-PLC activity. PsPLC gene expression was activated by exogenous ABA, SA treatments, and heat acclimation after pre-treatments with a SA biosynthesis inhibitor. From these results, PIP(2)-PLC appears to play a key role in free SA- and ABA-associated reinforcement of thermotolerance resulting from heat acclimation.     

Changes in Salicylic and Abscisic Acid Contents during Heat Treatment and Their Effect on Thermotolerance of Grape Plants

Heat treatment (38°C) of young grape plants (Vitis vinifera L., cv. Jingxiu) or leaf spraying with 100 µM salicylic acid (SA) increased leaf thermotolerance. Both treatments led to an increase in ABA content and a decrease in lipoxygenase (LOX) activity. ABA content showed a drastic rise by one hour after treatments and then sharply declined while LOX activity continuously decreased. In the course of heat treatment of grape plants, endogenous SA level and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity rapidly increased during the first hour, then declined. These results showed that endogenous SA and ABA can be involved in grape plant response to heat treatment resulted in improved thermotolerance.From Fiziologiya Rastenii, Vol. 52, No. 4, 2005, pp. 578–583.Original English Text Copyright © 2005 by Wang, Huang, Liu, Zhan.The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Thermotolerance and Related Antioxidant Enzyme Activities Induced by Heat Acclimation and Salicylic Acid in Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) Leaves

Thermotolerance and related antioxidant enzyme activities induced by both heat acclimation and exogenous salicylic acid (SA) application were studied in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Jingxiu). Heat acclimation and exogenous SA application induced comparable changes in thermotolerance, ascorbic acid (AsA), glutathione (GSH), and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) concentrations, and in activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), glutathione reductase (GR), ascorbic peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) in grape leaves. Within 1 h at 38 °C, free SA concentration in leaves rose from 3.1 μg g⁻¹ FW to 19.1 μg g⁻¹ FW, then sharply declined. SA application and heat acclimation induced thermotolerance were related to changes of antioxidant enzyme activities and antioxidant concentration, indicating a role for endogenous SA in heat acclimation in grape leaves.     

Involvement of phospholipase D in the low temperature acclimation-induced thermotolerance in grape berry

Both phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) and salicylic acid (SA) play important roles in response to external stimulation and activating defense system in plants. However, roles of the two signals in plants during the development of thermotolerance induced by low temperature acclimation remain unclear. In the experiment presented in the paper, grape berries (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Chardonnay) were pretreated at 8 °C for 3 h and then transferred to 45 °C for heat stress. Compared with the control without low temperature pretreatment, membrane permeability and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were reduced and the expression of HSP73 increased in the low temperature-pretreated berries under heat stress. During low temperature acclimation, PLD, SA and HSP73 could be activated. Meanwhile, the expression of HSP73 and the accumulation of free SA induced by low temperature can be inhibited by PLD activity inhibitor. All these results suggest that the activation of PLD is an early response to low temperature, and it is involved in the accumulation of free SA and the development of thermotolerance induced by low temperature acclimation.     

拟南芥VQ基因家族响应抗性相关激素表达谱分析

近年来与WRKY转录因子相互作用的VQ-motif蛋白逐渐引起广泛关注.它是一类植物特异性蛋白,目前在拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)中已鉴定到34个成员,据其所编码氨基酸的序列相似性构建系统进化树,这34个成员聚集成两大簇.实时定量荧光PCR分析表明在SA(水杨酸),MeJA(茉莉酸甲酯),ACC(乙烯前体),ABA(脱落酸)处理下AtVQ基因家族中有多个成员分别受SA,JA,ET高倍诱导,部分成员受SA,JA,ET中两种激素诱导,其中AtVQ3,AtVQ18,AtVQ23和AtVQ24同时受SA,JA,ET诱导,仅AtVQ27受ABA诱导,推测拟南芥VQ家族成员在抗病方面起作用.     

Regulation of salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and fatty acids in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) by spermidine promotes plant growth against salt stress

Phytohormones and fatty acids play a significant role in developmental stages of plant growth and defense against biotic and abiotic stresses. The purpose of this study was to determine the spermidine (Spd)-induced phytohormones and fatty acids changes involve the acclimation of cucumber plants against salt stress. Plants exposed to salt stress had significant reduction in their growth. Exogenously applied Spd increased the shoot length and protein content in salt-stressed plants. The accumulation of total phenol and malondialdehyde was higher in salt-affected plants than in their controls and these detrimental effects were mitigated by Spd treatment. Moreover, salt stress caused a significant increase in salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA); while Spd treatment ameliorated these salt stress effects by reducing SA and JA content. The marked accumulation of total free fatty acid was observed in salt-stressed plants, while the application of Spd to salt-stressed plants reduced the total free fatty acid content. In addition, Spd inhibited the stearic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid in salt-stressed plants. The results of current study suggest that exogenous application of Spd-induced phytohormones and fatty acids changes would be a reason for increasing the acclimation of cucumber plants under salt stress condition.     

外源水杨酸预处理对高温胁迫下白菜耐热性和光合特性的影响

采用叶片喷施水杨酸（SA）的方法,研究高温胁迫下外源SA预处理对‘夏帝’和‘苏州青’2个白菜品种耐热性和光合特性的影响。结果表明：SA预处理降低了高温胁迫下白菜叶片的电解质渗透率、MDA和脯氨酸含量以及净光合速率（R）,从而缓解高温对质膜的过氧化伤害,并且通过提高可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量、SOD和POD活性来适应高温环境;然而SA预处理对气孔导度（GS）和蒸腾速率（功的影响在2个品种中变化相反,而对胞间CO2浓度（G）的影响差异不大。与耐热性较强的白菜品种‘夏帝’相比,耐热性较弱的品种‘苏州青’经SA预处理对缓解高温胁迫的影响效果更为明显。     

Metabolic changes associated with cold-acclimation in contrasting cultivars of barley

Cereal plants become more resistant to freezing when first exposed to a period of cold-acclimation. Many physiological and molecular changes have been shown to occur at low temperatures, but the role and the contribution of each to frost resistance is still poorly understood. Two cultivars of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.), the winter barley Onice and the spring barley Gitane, were acclimated under controlled conditions under an 8-h photoperiod at 4°C (light) and 2°C (dark) for 21 days. Changes in free proline, ABA, water-soluble carbohydrates and free fatty acids were measured to assess their involvement in cold-acclimation and to explain the different frost-resistant capacities of the two cultivars. Exposure of barley plants to low temperature resulted in an equal increase in proline in both cultivars. During the first days of cold acclimation, ABA levels showed a peak in the frost-resistant cultivar, lasting about 24 h, followed by a decrease. The water soluble carbohydrates reached their highest content after 3 days of hardening, although after 14 to 21 days of acclimation the carbohydrate content was similar to that of unhardened plants. The frost-resistant Onice had a much higher free fatty acid content than the frost-sensitive Gitane. Furthermore in Onice 86% of free farty acids was represented by unsaturated molecular species. Inolenic acid alone being 71%. In contrast, in the frost-sensitive cultivar only 31% of free fatty acids was unsaturated and a large amount of 9-oxo-nonanoic acid, a product present in the linolenic acid cascade, was also detected.
The ABA content after 2 days of hardening and the free fatty acid composition were clearly different between the two cultivars and may explain, at least in part, the different frost-resistant capacities of Onice and Gitane.     

Metabolic pathways regulated by abscisic acid,salicylic acid and γ‐aminobutyric acid in association with improved drought tolerance in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera)

Abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA) and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) are known to play roles in regulating plant stress responses. This study was conducted to determine metabolites and associated pathways regulated by ABA, SA and GABA that could contribute to drought tolerance in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera). Plants were foliar sprayed with ABA (5 μM), GABA (0.5 mM) and SA (10 μM) or water (untreated control) prior to 25 days drought stress in controlled growth chambers. Application of ABA, GABA or SA had similar positive effects on alleviating drought damages, as manifested by the maintenance of lower electrolyte leakage and greater relative water content in leaves of treated plants relative to the untreated control. Metabolic profiling showed that ABA, GABA and SA induced differential metabolic changes under drought stress. ABA mainly promoted the accumulation of organic acids associated with tricarboxylic acid cycle (aconitic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid and malic acid). SA strongly stimulated the accumulation of amino acids (proline, serine, threonine and alanine) and carbohydrates (glucose, mannose, fructose and cellobiose). GABA enhanced the accumulation of amino acids (GABA, glycine, valine, proline, 5‐oxoproline, serine, threonine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid) and organic acids (malic acid, lactic acid, gluconic acid, malonic acid and ribonic acid). The enhanced drought tolerance could be mainly due to the enhanced respiration metabolism by ABA, amino acids and carbohydrates involved in osmotic adjustment (OA) and energy metabolism by SA, and amino acid metabolism related to OA and stress‐defense secondary metabolism by GABA.