武汉城市圈生态网络时空演变及管控分析

武汉城市圈正历经城乡发展转型升级和空间格局调整，生态用地受到一定挤压和切割占用，生态系统功能和景观生态格局受到一定程度的扰动，为贯彻生态文明建设和绿色低碳环保发展的要求，构建以生态廊道、生态节点所组成的整体城市圈的生态网络空间体系。基于形态学空间格局方法和最小累积阻力模型构建4个时期（1990、2000、2010和2018年）的生态网络，利用景观连通性指数和重力模型对源地和廊道进行重要性评价，并提出武汉城市圈生态网络管控的建议。结果表明：（1）1990-2018年，武汉城市圈生态源地总体上表现为逐渐减少的趋势，从16个减少为10个；从空间上看，大型源地斑块并未发生变化，主要分布在研究区南部和北部，林地和水域是生态源地的主要组成景观，但细碎斑块大量减少对区域生态网络具有较大影响。（2）4个时期研究区的生态廊道分别为66条、120条、99条和45条，廊道数量呈现减少的趋势；重要廊道主要分布在研究区北部和东南部，对南北之间的物质和能量交换具有重要作用。（3）景观连通性南北高东西低，中部地区受人类活动干扰综合阻力大，东西部生态节点较少，物种迁移阻碍较大。（4）通过建设踏脚石、修复生态断裂点和廊道差异化保护策略以增强区域景观连通性，促进生物多样性保护，提升生态网络的稳定性。"两型社会"试验区设置后武汉城市圈生态网络水平呈现优化态势，但生态源地之间的相互作用关系还有待增强。研究结果为城市圈未来的国土空间规划和重要生态系统保护和修复工程提供科学参考。     

基于景观地形的小流域单元减灾调控评价研究

近年来,中国诸多大中城市内涝灾害频发。武汉市作为城市内涝频发的典型城市,其建成区地表高度（20.0~24.0 m）大多低于外江常年所处的洪水位高度（23.9 m）,在区域性暴雨条件下,极易引发内涝灾害。武汉由于其内涝典型性,2013年被列为全国31个重点防洪城市之一,2015年被列入首批海绵城市试点城市之一。从城市内涝发生机理出发,以水文角度的小流域单元作为内涝风险区划的基本单元,利用小流域单元分析武汉市景观地形要素（地表高程、地表起伏度、地表粗糙度）与城市内涝积水密度的相关性及其影响程度,量算统计出小流域单元的内涝风险等级。基于此,提出武汉市小流域单元减灾地形调控评价。以武汉市作为城市内涝问题的研究案例,以期为武汉市内涝缓解提供新的思考路径,具有典型性和必要性。     

The db mutation improves memory in younger mice in a model of Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common age-related neurodegenerative disease, while obesity is a major global public health problem associated with the metabolic disorder type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Chronic obesity and T2DM have been identified as invariant risk factors for dementia and late-onset AD, while their impacts on the occurrence and development of AD remain unclear. As shown in our previous study, the diabetic mutation (db, Lepr^db/db) induces mixed or vascular dementia in mature to middle-aged APP^ΔNL/ΔNL x PS1^P264L/P264L knock-in mice (db/AD). In the present study, the impacts of the db mutation on young AD mice at 10 weeks of age were evaluated. The db mutation not only conferred young AD mice with severe obesity, impaired glucose regulation and activated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway in the mouse cortex, but lead to a surprising improvement in memory. At this young age, mice also had decreased cerebral Aβ content, which we have not observed at older ages. This was unlikely to be related to altered Aβ synthesis, as both β- and γ-secretase were unchanged. The db mutation also reduced the cortical IL-1β mRNA level and IBA1 protein level in young AD mice, with no significant effect on the activation of microglia and astrocytes. We conclude that the db mutation could transitorily improve the memory of young AD mice, a finding that may be partially explained by the relatively improved glucose homeostasis in the brains of db/AD mice compared to their counterpart AD mice, suggesting that glucose regulation could be a strategy for prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases like AD.     

Knockout of Nr2e3 prevents rod photoreceptor differentiation and leads to selective L-/M-cone photoreceptor degeneration in zebrafish

Mutations in the photoreceptor cell-specific nuclear receptor gene Nr2e3 increased the number of S-cone photoreceptors in human and murine retinas and led to retinal degeneration that involved photoreceptor and non-photoreceptor cells. The mechanisms underlying these complex phenotypes remain unclear. In the hope of understanding the precise role of Nr2e3 in photoreceptor cell fate determination and differentiation, we generated a line of Nr2e3 knockout zebrafish using CRISPR technology. In these Nr2e3-null animals, rod precursors undergo terminal mitoses but fail to differentiate as rods. Rod-specific genes are not expressed and the outer segment (OS) fails to form. Formation and differentiation of cone photoreceptors is normal. Specifically, there is no increase in the number of UV-cone or S-cone photoreceptors. Laminated retinal structure is maintained. After normal development, L-/M-cones selectively degenerate, with progressive shortening of OS that starts at age 1 month. The amount of cone phototransduction proteins is concomitantly reduced, whereas UV- and S-cones have normal OS lengths even at age 10 months. In vitro studies show Nr2e3 synergizes with Crx and Nrl to enhance rhodopsin gene expression. Nr2e3 does not affect cone opsin expression. Our results extend the knowledge of Nr2e3's roles and have specific implications for the interpretation of the phenotypes observed in human and murine retinas. Furthermore, our model may offer new opportunities in finding treatments for enhanced S-cone syndrome (ESCS) and other retinal degenerative diseases.     

一株高产PLC的CW-W-90-3菌的鉴定

198 9年 ,筛选了 1株高产 phospholipaseC(PLC)的CW W 90 3菌株[1,2 ] ,据其形态特征、生理生化反应 ,初步将其归于弧菌科气单胞菌属[3 ] ,由于该菌株的许多生理生化特性与粘质沙雷氏菌相同。但其极生单鞭毛和无色素及少许生理生化特性与粘质沙雷氏菌相异。后经AutomatedBacteriaIdentificationSystem BiologMicroStationSystem检测 96种C源和N源的利用及其个体群体发育 ,说明其与粘质沙雷氏菌 (Serratiamarcescens)相符 ;并在基因组水平上研究该菌株的系统发育 ,从分子水平上对该菌株进行 16SrRNA序列分析煌同源性比较。根据CW W 90 3菌株 16SrRNA与GeneBank数据库中Serratiamarcescens的 16SrRNA的序列具有 99%的同源性 ,终将CW W 90 3菌株鉴定为粘质沙雷氏菌武汉株 (SerratiamarcescensWuhanstrain)。     

2000—2010年武汉市中心城区湖泊景观变化

武汉雅称"百湖之市",湖泊是武汉市的重要名片。以2000、2005和2010年三期Landsat TM数据为数据源,采用归一化差异水体指数(NDWI)提取湖泊水体信息,建立了各个时期武汉市中心城区湖泊矢量图层,计算了湖泊的面积萎缩率、斑块分维数和破碎度等景观指数,对2000—2010年武汉市中心城区湖泊变化特征进行了分析。研究表明,武汉市各个湖泊均有不同程度的萎缩,湖泊面积萎缩率大小和其所隶属的环线及政策因素有较大的关系;各湖泊斑块分维数在1-1.3之间,并越来越接近于1,表明在人类活动持续影响下,其形状变得越来越规则;同时斑块数目增加,湖泊在面积萎缩的同时,也变得越来越破碎,研究显示主要是道路修建所致导致的湖泊分割,湖泊被分割后,自净能力下降,会导致水体污染而最终被填埋。总之,10年武汉市湖泊景观环境朝着不良方向发展,应该制定更严格的政策进行水域管理。     

武汉和天津园林植物叶片热值比较研究

对天津和武汉两地一些园林植物叶片的春季干重热值、灰分含量和去灰分热值进行了比较 ,结果发现 ,无论在武汉还是天津 ,所测园林植物的干重热值均表现为乔木 >灌木 >草本的递减趋势 ,灰分含量则呈现相反的趋势即草本 >灌木 >乔木 ,去灰分热值在武汉与干重热值的趋势一致 ,但在天津却是乔木 >草本 >灌木。同一类型的植物干重热值都是低纬度的武汉高于高纬度的天津 ,灰分含量相反 :天津高于武汉 ;乔木和灌木的去灰分热值也是武汉高于天津 ,草本植物例外。两地共有的 7种植物平均值相比 ,干重热值和去灰分热值都是武汉 >天津 ,同一植物种相比 ,7种植物中 ,有 5种植物的干重热值和去灰分热值的地区差异与平均值一致 ,即武汉 >天津 ,只有刺槐和白三叶例外。     

基于元胞自动机的城市空间动态模拟

城市空间动态的模拟与预测可以为城市可持续发展规划与管理提供重要的参考依据。SLEUTH元胞自动机模型在城市空间模拟中较强的适用性和可移植性,该模型通过对历史数据的蒙特卡洛迭代自动寻找城市增长误差最小的参数组合,解决了传统元胞自动机模型中转换规则不易确定的问题。以武汉市为研究案例,运用SLEUTH模型进行了城市空间动态模拟与情景预测。2007年至2011年的城市空间模拟结果显示,模拟结果与实际历史数据可以获得良好的空间匹配度,Lee-Sallee形状指数均在0.6以上,显示SLEUTH元胞自动机模型经过本地化校正后具有较强的适用性和满意的模拟精度。进而,设置了现状趋势、基本保护、严格保护等3种情景对武汉2025年城市空间动态进行了预测,结果显示,各情景模式下城市居住用地均明显增长,农业用地、林地、水域等均有所减少;现状趋势情景和基本保护情景下农田、林地、水域减少的幅度较大,会加剧区域的生境破碎、耕地功能下降、水资源匮乏、湖滨湿地萎缩等生态问题,说明这两种情景不能有效满足城市生态系统健康和可持续发展的需要。严格保护情景下,城市居住用地扩张的程度得到了明显的控制,水域和林地得到了有效的保护,对于重要的自然生态系统组分保护及其服务能力维持可以起到显著作用。     

The Potential Value of Preoperative MRI Texture and Shape Analysis in Grading Meningiomas: A Preliminary Investigation

OBJECT: Preoperative knowledge of meningioma grade is essential for planning treatment and surgery. The purpose of this study was to investigate the diagnostic value of MRI texture and shape analysis in grading meningiomas. METHODS: A surgical database was reviewed to identify meningioma patients who had undergone tumor resection between January 2015 and December 2016. Preoperative MR images were retrieved and analyzed. Texture and shape analysis was conducted to quantitatively evaluate tumor heterogeneity and morphology. Three machine learning classifiers were trained with these features to build classification models. The performance of the features and classification models was assessed. RESULTS: A total of 131 patients were included in this study: 21 with high-grade meningiomas and 110 with low-grade meningiomas. Three texture features were selected: Horzl_RLNonUni, S(2,2)SumOfSqs, and WavEnHL_s-3; three shape features were selected: GeoFv, GeoW4, and GeoW5b. The Mann–Whitney test indicated that all six features were significantly different between high-grade and low-grade meningiomas. AUC values were generally greater than 0.50 (range, 0.73 to 0.88). Sensitivities and specificities ranged from 47.62% to 90.48% and 69.09% to 96.36%, respectively. Among the nine classification models obtained, the one built by training the SVM classifier with all six features achieved the best performance, with a sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic accuracy, and AUC of 0.86, 0.87, 0.87, and 0.87, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Texture and shape analysis, especially when combined with a SVM classifier, can provide satisfactory performance in the preoperative determination of meningioma grade and is thus potentially useful for clinical application.     

武汉东湖星形柄裸藻种群与宿主的关系以及生态因子对它的影响

星形柄裸藻与附生宿主之间的相互作用为:它是偏利者,而对宿主无很大影响;当其在宿主体表大量附着时,才对宿主有偏害作用。它的种群密度(N,个/L)与宿主密度(Na,个/L)有密切的正相关关系:N=0.0858e0.0528Na(r=0921,pT,天)对星形柄裸藻的平均附着量(m,个/每个甲壳动物)和附着量(B,个/L)的影响是:在一定的蜕皮间隔时间范围内呈正相关性:m=aebT和B=aebT(a和b为方程常数,下同);超过这个范围呈负相关性:m=aT-b和B=aT-b。而宿主蜕皮间隔时间(T,天)对星形柄裸藻附着率(R,%)的影响则仅为正相关性:R=a+blnT。星形柄裸藻对宿主的附生有一定的选择性。水温(t,℃)与星形柄裸藻种群密度(N,个/L)的关系为:在5-12℃时呈正相关性,N=0.309e0.624t(r=0.914,pN=0.0000617e190.2/t(r=0.941,pR,%)的影响则仅呈负相关关系:R=bln(30-t)-a。水的透明度(d,cm)与星形柄裸藻种群密度(N,个/L)的相关方程为:N=0.020e0.037d(r=0.838,pS,mg/L)与种群密度(N,个/L)有一定的正相关性:N=0.00254e0.178S(r=0.816,pN,个/L)与4个主要因子:宿主密度(N,个/L),透明度(d,cm),水温(t,℃),含钙量(S,mg/L)的多元回归方程为:N=1.208Na+0.698d+5.584t+2.942S-357.957(R=0.853,df=11,k=4,p<0.01)。