Die Bedeutung elektrophoretischer Proteinanalysen bei phytopathogenen Pilzen als Hilfsmittel zu ihrer taxonomischen Charakterisierung

Sunflower is one of the most important oilseed crops, which is grown in many countries. Increasing demand to use sunflower oil has expanded the under cultivation area throughout the world. Sunflower viruses have been reported as one of the pathogens that reduce the quantity and the quality of this product in a number of countries. In our research to study the occurrence and distribution of viruses in sunflower fields of Iran, 562 samples were collected from different fields in Kerman and Isfahan provinces during growing seasons from 2009 to 2011. Potato virus Y (PVY), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) were detected by double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Also, numbers of samples were positive for infection to potyviruses (except PVY) in antigen-coated-plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test using potyviruses general antiserum. Infected plants had symptoms like mosaic, yellowing, deformation, necrotic and chlorotic lesions and mottling on leaves and stunting. The infection rates of potyviruses, PVY, CMV and TSWV in Isfahan province were 33, 22, 4.18 and 3.25% of collected samples, respectively. The corresponding rates for samples from Kerman province were 15, 5, 0.8 and 0.4% of collected samples. According to these results, viral infection in Isfahan province was more than surveyed in Kerman province during the mentioned period of three years. Furthermore, generally there was a decrease in the percentage of viral infection during this three growing seasons in both provinces. This is the first report of the detection of CMV and TSWV in sunflower fields of Isfahan and Kerman and first report of PVY in Isfahan.     

Serological detection of Sharka quarantine disease (Plum pox virus) on stone fruit trees in Golestan province

Sharka disease is one of the most damaging diseases of fruit trees in the world, which is caused by Plum pox virus (PPV) that belongs to the genus Potyvirus in the family Potyviridae. Each year, this virus decreases the yield and causes substantial economic damages to its host plants worldwide. This virus is quarantined in Iran but in recent years, suspicious symptoms of the disease were observed in different grown areas, such as Golestan province. During 2010, 420 samples with mosaic, chlorosis, necrosis, ring pattern, blotches, etc. symptoms were collected from the gardens in Golestan province that included 100 samples from plum, 100 from peach and 240 from nectarine. These samples were evaluated using a double-antibody sandwich-ELISA (DAS-ELISA) method and a polyclonal antibody. The results of this survey indicated that among the total of 420 samples, none of them showed positive reaction in DAS-ELISA test.     

金黄色葡萄球菌A型肠毒素双抗体夹心ELISA检测方法的建立及应用

【目的】建立一种快速、灵敏、特异的金黄色葡萄球菌A型肠毒素(Staphylococcal enterotoxin A,SEA)检测方法。【方法】以原核表达的可溶性重组SEA蛋白为免疫原,获得特异性强、亲和力高的单克隆抗体作为捕获抗体,同时制备抗SEA兔多抗血清作为检测抗体建立双抗体夹心ELISA(Double antibody sandwich ELISA,DAS-ELISA)检测方法。【结果】该方法对SEA的线性检测区间为2-128μg/L(y=1.102x-0.07,R2=0.994),检测下限为1.89μg/L,与SEB、SEC2和SED之间无交叉反应;鲜奶SEA人工污染试验测定回收率为94%-114%,变异系数小于10%。应用该方法对46株金黄色葡萄球菌水产品分离株和164株奶牛乳腺炎金黄色葡萄球菌分离株的体外培养上清进行检测,阳性率分别为4.4%和50.6%,表明SEA污染普遍存在。【结论】建立的DAS-ELISA方法特异性、灵敏度和稳定性好,为检测SEA的食源性污染提供了有效手段。     

侵染菊花的番茄不孕病毒的鉴定及其外壳蛋白基因的克隆

从菊花花叶病标样中分离到一球形病毒分离物 ,直径 2 5～ 2 9nm ,与TAV抗血清反应呈阳性。根据英国报道的番茄不孕病毒 (TAV En)CP基因序列 ,设计合成一对引物 ,对该病毒RNA进行RT PCR扩增 ,得到与预期大小相符的特异扩增带。将其克隆到 pGEM Teasy中 ,经酶切和序列分析表明所克隆的是TAVCP基因 ,与已知的 6个株系相应序列同源性均在 96 .4%以上     

胰腺癌潜在肿瘤标志物的探索及在胰腺癌中的应用

目的:探索胰腺癌新的潜在标志物,建立夹心法ELISA体系,并初步应用于胰腺癌患者的血清检测。方法:应用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)技术对胰腺癌患者术前后血清进行分析,提纯分析差异蛋白并命名为DAP44,通过杂交瘤技术制备出抗DAP44单克隆抗体,用HRP标记法标记抗体,间接ELISA法检测抗体滴度,用制备出的抗体对胰腺癌组织和癌旁组织进行组化染色,采用夹心ELISA(DAS-ELISA)法制备抗DAP44检测试剂盒,检测胰腺癌病人和正常人血清DAP44值,比较两者差异。结果:对差异蛋白进行肽段测序和生物信息分析,并融合了3株能稳定分泌抗DAP44单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞(2D6H5,1E4D6,5B8H12),3株杂交瘤细胞分泌的抗体效价均在107以上,通过抗体配对筛选确定以2D6H5为包被抗体,1E4D6为酶标抗体时,DAS-ELISA法敏感性最高。两株抗体组化染色结果显示:癌组织DAP44表达量远高于癌旁。DAS-ELISA法标准曲线线性范围在0.78-25 ng/mL,检测下线为0.78 ng/mL,此方法检测到的胰腺癌病人和正常人血清DAP44平均含量分别为19.707±1.464和10.653±2.221,两者之间有统计学差异(P0.001)。结论:DAP44可能作为潜在的胰腺癌肿瘤标志物,建立的抗DAP44 DAS-ELISA法体系能够初步用于胰腺癌的临床诊断和疗效评估指标。     

Development of a Sensitive Serological Method for Specific Detection of Latent Infection of Macrophomina phaseolina in Cowpea

A double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) was developed for the specific detection and quantification of Macrophomina phaseolina in plant tissue. Both polyclonal antisera produced against immunogens from mycelium and culture filtrate of M. phaseolina detected the fungus in mycelial and plant extracts, although the antibodies raised against mycelium were more sensitive. No cross-reaction occurred with Rhizopus stolonifer , Pythium ultimum , Mucor hiemalis , Fusarium oxysporum , Septoria nodorum , Rhizoctonia solani , Sclerotinia sclerotiorum , Phytophthora infestans and Aspergillus niger . In enzyme assays, activity of the endo-acting hydrolytic enzymes 1,3-β-glucanase and, less, cellulase, but not xylanase was detected in infected plants. DAS-ELISA was more sensitive than the 1,3-β-glucanase assay. In polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) up to 18 protein bands were observed, with four bands occurring in the 12 tested isolates deriving from various geographical origin in Niger and Nigeria. The enzyme assays and protein patterns were considered not suitable for specific M. phaseolina detection. Macrophomina phaseolina was essentially located in the roots and hypocotyls, and less in epicotyls and leaves of infected plants. The antibodies were also useful to detect latent infection and the infection of cowpea seeds.     

Comparison of DAS-ELISA and qRT-PCR for the detection of cucurbit viruses in seeds

The importance of seeds as virus vehicles for long-distance dissemination makes essential the availability of adequate methods of analysis to guarantee the quality of seed lots. To improve the repertoire of sensitive methods for seed diagnosis, we have developed quantitative real-time RT-PCR assays (RT-qPCR) based on the TaqMan technology to detect three viruses which are seed transmitted in cucurbits, namely, cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), squash mosaic virus (SqMV) and melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV), and compared these assays with DAS-ELISA, the main method used for virus detection in seeds. The estimated RT-qPCR limits of detection were 96, 97 and 740 RNA target molecules for CGMMV, SqMV and MNSV, respectively. The estimated RT-qPCR analytical sensitivity (highest dilution capable of generating a detectable amplification signal) ranged between 10 and 1 pg/μL for the three viruses. Using RT-qPCR, we could reliably detect a single SqMV- or CGMMV-contaminated seed among 999 uncontaminated seeds in a seed lot, and sensitivities were 1,000 and 10,000 times of those provided by DAS-ELISA for SqMV and CGMMV, respectively. Our RT-qPCR assays have proved to be highly suitable for the analysis of seed lots, and the possibility of their implementation into certification programme should be taken into consideration.     

Identification of Tomato black ring virus from tomato plants grown in greenhouses in Saudi Arabia

A survey was conducted in Al-Kharj governorate, Riyadh region to identify viruses causing variety of virus-like symptoms on tomato plants. A total of 135 samples were collected from symptomatic tomato plants. Symptoms included mottling, deformation, necrosis of leaves and fruits. Eighteen viruses were tested by DAS-ELISA. Tomato black ring virus (TBRV) was the virus of concern as it was not detected in Saudi Arabia before and was detected in 52.6% of the collected samples in this study. RT-PCR was used to confirm detection of TBRV and to sequence the amplified products to determine molecular characteristics of this virus. In the host range test study that was performed using a purified isolate of TBRV, sixteen out of the twenty two tested plants showed symptoms. Brassica oleracea was not infected by this virus. Gel electrophoreses (2% agarose) yielded fragments of 978 bp of coat protein gene of TBRV. Nucleotide sequences of purified RT-PCR products for three TBRV Saudi isolates were deposited in the GenBank with the following accession numbers MT274656, MT274657, and MT274658. These isolates of TBRV indicated a close Phylogenetic relationship of (99–100%) among themselves and with five isolates from Poland (95–98%) but a distant relationship of 85% with isolates from England and Lithuania deposited in the GenBank. This is the first report for detection and molecular characterization of TBRV infecting tomato plants in Saudi Arabia.     

Detection of cucumber mosaic virus in some ornamental plants and elimination of nonspecific ELISA reactions

During surveys carried out in 2008 in the nurseries of some ornamental and medical plants, about 90 plant samples belonging to six plant species were collected. Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) was detected by routinely double antibody sandwich-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) in most tested plants. In Vinca rosea, Ocimum basilicum and Pelargonium sp., which reacted positively for CMV, 100% of the samples were infected. High absorbance values were obtained when extracts were prepared from these species and then examined by DAS-ELISA. The results indicated that CMV concentration on O. basilicum is greater than 50 μg ml^?1 when compared with purified CMV standards. High absorbance values occur even under conditions fully unsuitable for the detection of antigens. This result suggested that the strong ELISA absorbance values were nonspecific reactions with materials in plant extracts. So, other detection methods including dot blot, Western blot and bioassay was used for comparing with ELISA test. The nonspecific reactions were substantiated when CMV was not detected by dot blot and Western blot. Also, infectious CMV was not detected in bioassay involving inoculation of extracts onto Chenopodium amaranticolor and Nicotiana tabacum var. White Burley plants as indicator hosts. Addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) or polyvinylpyrolidene (PVP) to extraction buffer or to wells after IgG coating for DAS-ELISA reduced nonspecific reactions. Finally, CMV was isolated from V. rosea symptomatic plants, which give a positive reaction by DAS-ELISA, dot blot, Western blot and bioassay. CMV vinca-isolate was identified based on transmission, host range, serological tests, purification and electron microscope.     

北京地区设施草莓8种病毒的酶联免疫吸附测定检测

【背景】病毒可以随同草莓无性繁殖材料传播扩散,导致产量和品质下降。选育无病毒种苗是草莓病毒病防治的主要措施,高效、灵敏的检测技术可为草莓病毒病防治提供技术保障。【目的】为明确8种能够侵染草莓的病毒在北京地区设施草莓上的发生情况,应用酶联免疫吸附测定(Enzyme-LinkedImmunosorbentAssay,ELISA)进行检测。【方法】将待检病毒的阳性对照样品分别进行间接法和双抗夹心法(Double-Antibody Sandwich,DAS) ELISA检测,以空白对照和阴性对照作参照比较,确定应用DAS-ELISA检测体系结合田间症状对北京地区采集的草莓样品进行病毒检测,并利用逆转录-聚合酶链式反应和序列测定方法对阳性样品进一步验证,确定检测结果的可靠性。【结果】侵染北京地区设施草莓的病毒为草莓轻型黄边病毒(StrawberryMildYellowEdgeVirus,SMYEV)。‘红颜’品种的病毒检出率为8.1%,‘天香’品种的检出率为2.7%,其他品种均未检出病毒。【结论】研究结果为北京地区设施草莓病毒的检测以及草莓病毒病的科学防治提供理论依据。