不同饥饿程度拟小食螨瓢虫对朱砂叶螨的捕食作用

为明确饥饿程度对拟小食螨瓢虫 Stethorus (Allosstethorus) parapauperculus 控害潜能的影响,本研究通过比较不同饥饿程度下拟小食螨瓢虫对朱砂叶螨 Tetranychus cinnabarinus 的功能反应和自身密度干扰效应,探讨不同饥饿程度拟小食螨瓢虫对朱砂叶螨的捕食作用。结果表明,饥饿程度对拟小食螨瓢虫朱砂叶螨的捕食量有明显的影响,瓢虫的取食量与朱砂叶螨的密度呈正相关,表现为饥饿48 h＞饥饿24 h＞未饥饿;拟小食螨瓢虫对各虫态朱砂叶螨的捕食作用均符合Holling Ⅱ模型。在一定空间范围内,拟小食螨瓢虫个体间存在竞争和相互干扰,Hassell Varley模型能较好地反映拟小食螨瓢虫在捕食各虫态朱砂叶螨时受自身密度的干扰情况。在同样饥饿状态下,随着瓢虫自身密度增加,捕食效率降低,干扰效应增大。     

拟小食螨瓢虫成虫对朱砂叶螨的觅食行为

为明确拟小食螨瓢虫的觅食特性,揭示其觅食行为机制,本研究针对拟小食螨瓢虫成虫对朱砂叶螨不同虫态的取食选择、日取食节律以及觅食行为活动特点等进行了观察和阐述。结果表明,拟小食螨瓢虫成虫对朱砂叶螨卵、幼螨、若螨和成螨的取食嗜好性有显著差异,取食量分别为23.2、15.8、10.5和8.0头;瓢虫对成螨的平均日取食量为14.7头,其中在白天其觅食行为较频繁,9∶00-12∶00为捕食高峰期,此时段的平均取食量为4.0头成螨,夜间基本不取食;其觅食行为过程主要分为7个部分:搜索、捕捉、嚼食、梳理、展翅、排泄和静止。     

棉田绿盲蝽微生物多样性研究

昆虫在长期的进化过程中与其体内微生物形成了互利共生的关系,共生微生物参与调节寄主的多种生命活动,例如生殖、代谢等。在黄河流域棉区绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum是棉花的主要害虫之一。为明确绿盲蝽体内共生菌的种类与群落结构,通过HiSeq平台对棉田绿盲蝽体内共生菌的16S rRNA基因V3～V4区进行高通量测序,分析绿盲蝽体内共生菌的种类与多样性。结果显示,变形菌门Proteobacteria(89.18%)、放线菌门Actinobacteria(2.99%)、厚壁菌门Firmicutes(2.48%)为绿盲蝽的3个优势菌门。在属水平上立克次氏体Rickettsia(32.86%)、欧文氏菌属Erwinia(20.21%)为优势菌群。本文初步明确了绿盲蝽体内微生物群落的组成和动态变化,为进一步研究绿盲蝽与共生菌的相互作用提供了基础,为今后从共生菌出发防治绿盲蝽提供新思路。     

综述与专论: 机械敏感性离子通道TMEM63A在髓鞘形成障碍相关疾病中的作用

跨膜蛋白63A（transmembrane protein 63,TMEM63A）是一种机械敏感性离子通道（mechanosensitive ion channel,MSC）,在髓鞘形成过程中发挥重要作用。TMEM63A于2019年与髓鞘形成低下性脑白质营养不良19型（hypomyelinating leukodystrophy 19,HLD19）相关联,确定为HLD19的致病基因。髓鞘是神经系统中由少突胶质细胞形成的兼具营养轴突和加速动作电位传导的结构,髓鞘形成障碍可表现为髓鞘形成低下、髓鞘囊性化和髓鞘变性。髓鞘中脂质含量丰富,不同脂质参与髓鞘形成、修复和胶质细胞与轴突识别等重要过程。TMEM63A变异导致的HLD19为髓鞘形成低下性疾病。TMEM63A变异可引起渗透压改变,细胞上TMEM63A跨膜蛋白受机械刺激产生电流,从而影响少突胶质细胞分化、成熟,导致髓鞘形成异常;同时,TMEM63A变异也可引起细胞膜脂质的分布异常,影响脂质正常功能,异常的脂质通过参与不同的髓鞘形成环节最终导致了髓鞘形成障碍。     

低温对副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂发育及繁殖的影响

副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂是橡副珠蜡蚧的重要寄生蜂。为了探明副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂对低温的适应性,本文在15℃-24℃范围内对该蜂的产卵、发育、出蜂量及性比进行观察。结果表明:副珠蜡蚧阔本跳小蜂在15℃-24℃范围内,随温度的升高,产卵量逐渐增加;该蜂在21℃、24℃时蜂能完成世代发育,在15℃、18℃时少量跳小蜂能发育到蛹,但均不能羽化为成蜂;温度对性比的影响明显,24℃的雌性比例高于21℃。综上所述,副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂对18℃以下的低温适应性较差,室内繁殖或野外放蜂时注意选择较高的温度条件。     

The G protein coupled receptor 3 is involved in cAMP and cGMP signaling and maintenance of meiotic arrest in porcine oocytes

The arrest of meiotic prophase in mammalian oocytes within fully grown follicles is dependent on cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) regulation. A large part of cAMP is produced by the Gs-linked G-protein-coupled receptor (GPR) pathway. In the present study, we examined whether GPR3 is involved in the maintenance of meiotic arrest in porcine oocytes. Expression and distribution of GPR3 were examined by western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy, respectively. The results showed that GPR3 was expressed at various stages during porcine oocyte maturation. At the germinal vesicle (GV) stage, GPR3 displayed a maximal expression level, and its expression remained stable from pro-metaphase I (MI) to metaphase II (MII). Immunofluorescence staining showed that GPR3 was mainly distributed at the nuclear envelope during the GV stage and localized to the plasma membrane at pro-MI, MI and MII stages. RNA interference (RNAi) was used to knock down the GPR3 expression within oocytes. Injection of small interfering double-stranded RNA (siRNA) targeting GPR3 stimulated meiotic resumption of oocytes. On the other hand, overexpression of GPR3 inhibited meiotic maturation of porcine oocytes, which was caused by increase of cGMP and cAMP levels and inhibition of cyclin B accumulation. Furthermore, incubation of porcine oocytes with the GPR3 ligand sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) inhibited oocyte maturation. We propose that GPR3 is required for maintenance of meiotic arrest in porcine oocytes through pathways involved in the regulation of cAMP and cGMP.     

‘波叶金桂’对干旱和高温胁迫的生理生态响应

为了探讨植物对干旱、高温及协同胁迫的响应, 该研究以木犀(Osmanthus fragrans) ‘波叶金桂’为材料, 采用盆栽质量控水法模拟干旱胁迫(对照、轻度、中度和重度)和高温胁迫, 利用动态顶空气体循环吸附法和热脱附-气相色谱-质谱(TDS-GC-MS)联用技术对其挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)进行测定; 同时测定其非结构性碳(NSC)含量及次生代谢酶活性。结果表明: 干旱胁迫对‘波叶金桂’叶片NSC组分含量影响不显著; 可溶性糖和淀粉含量在高温胁迫下显著降低, 在协同胁迫后持续性下降, 重度协同胁迫下, 葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖和淀粉分别比对照降低47.7%、46.4%、34.4%和38.2%。干旱胁迫和协同胁迫下3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶(HMGR)、1-脱氧木酮糖-5-磷酸还原酶(DXR)活性表现出先上升后下降, 而脂氧合酶(LOX)活性表现出持续性上升趋势; 高温胁迫后, HMGR、DXR和LOX活性显著高于对照。干旱胁迫下萜烯类VOCs释放量表现出先上升后下降趋势, 中度干旱胁迫和高温胁迫下分别比对照高37.9%和32.3%; 协同胁迫下萜烯类释放量逐渐降低, 干旱、高温和协同胁迫诱导醛类释放量明显增加。上述结果表明: 干旱胁迫条件下, ‘波叶金桂’通过NSC进行自我渗透调节, 同时合成大量萜烯类化合物来提高抗旱性; ‘波叶金桂’调控萜烯类化合物合成以及绿叶挥发物(GLVs)的释放抵御高温胁迫; 协同胁迫下萜烯类化合物的合成途径受阻, ‘波叶金桂’提高GLVs合成与释放量抵御协同胁迫; 中度和重度协同胁迫导致‘波叶金桂’细胞膜严重受损, 自我调节能力降低。     

Molecules and mechanisms controlling the active DNA demethylation of the mammalian zygotic genome

The active DNA demethylation in early embryos is essential for subsequent development. Although the zygotic genome is globally demethylated, the DNA methylation of imprinted regions, part of repeat sequences and some gamete-specific regions are maintained. Recent evidence has shown that multiple proteins and biological pathways participate in the regulation of active DNA demethylation, such as TET proteins, DNA repair pathways and DNA methyltransferases. Here we review the recent understanding regarding proteins associated with active DNA demethylation and the regulatory networks controlling the active DNA demethylation in early embryos.     

Effects of Postmortem Interval on Mouse Ovary Oocyte Survival and Maturation

To study the time- and temperature-dependent survival of ovarian oocytes collected from postmortem carcass, ICR mice were killed and placed for different periods (0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 h) at different temperatures (25°C, 4°C and 37°C). After preservation, oocyte morphology, germinal vesicle (GV) oocyte number, oocyte meiotic maturation percentage, mitochondrial distribution and intracellular glutathione (GSH) level were evaluated. The results showed no surviving oocytes could be collected by 2h, 6h, and 12 h after carcass preservation at 37°C, 25°C and 4°C, respectively. The number of collected GV oocytes in the ovary deceased as the preservation time lasted at the same temperature. Meanwhile at the same point in time, the ratio of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and the first polar body emission (PBE) gradually reduced as preservation temperature increased. In addition, the percentage of abnormal mitochondrial distribution in the preserved oocytes was obviously higher than that in the control oocytes, while GSH level was not altered in collected oocytes. Unexpectedly, neither chromosome arrangement nor spindle organization was affected as long as the oocytes from preserved carcasses could complete maturation. These data are helpful for proper use of ovary oocytes from postmortem carcass of valuable individuals.